文集简介 与 各部分内容概述 - 社区与公共卫生 第5-11部分
本文集的第二大类为社区与公共卫生，文集本部分的课程设置来源于 University of the People. 本文集的核心基础类包括了七个部分：传染性疾病、营养学、社区与公共卫生学、流行病学、统计推断与生物统计学、卫生政策与管理，以及 全球视野下的人类发展。
第1-4部分的介绍请见上一篇专栏。
第五部分：传染性疾病 Infectious Diseases
文集的这一部分主要概述了疾病传播的过程。 涉及的主题包括病毒，细菌和其他传染原的微生物学； 宿主-寄生虫的关系和共同进化； 传播媒介； 和社交网络的传播模式。 这些概念适用于现实世界的案例研究，在该案例研究中，学生学习如何预防疾病的传播，如何处理感染力强的患者以及如何处理诸如隔离等干预措施的社会影响。
This course provides an overview of the process by which disease is transmitted. Topics to be covered include the microbiology of viruses, bacteria and other infectious agents; host-parasite relations and coevolution; vectors of transmission; and social network models of transmission. These concepts are applied to real world case studies where students learn how to prevent the spread of disease, handle highly infectious patients, and deal with the social ramifications of interventions such as quarantines.
第六部分：营养学 Nutrition
本课程提供介绍食品历史，食品制备和食品储存/保存的一般背景。 将介绍有关食品化学的基本知识，涉及人体能量平衡和代谢，宏观和微量营养素需求以及食物组功能以及营养素缺乏和摄入过多的疾病。 将特别强调饮食在代谢综合症中的作用，在某些社会中的肥胖病流行以及在其他情况下的饥荒的政治和地球物理原因。
This course provides a general background introducing the history of food, food preparation and food storage/preservation. Basic knowledge about food chemistry will be presented with respect to human energy balance and metabolism, macro-and micronutrient needs and food group functions, and the diseases of nutrient deficiency and excess intake. Particular emphasis will be placed on the role of diet in metabolic syndrome, the obesity epidemic in some societies, and the political and geophysical causes of famine in other contexts.
第七部分：社区与公共卫生 Community and Public Health
健康是一个具有具体和社会定义的多维概念。在文集的本部分内容中，将探讨健康和疾病的概念，以检查环境环境以及我们的出生，成长，工作，娱乐和年龄条件如何影响我们的个人，社区和人口健康。该课程还研究健康的结构和中介决定因素，例如社会环境，社会资本，行为和生物学。文集的本部分为学生提供了一个机会，使他们可以进一步研究关键主题，包括社会不平等及其对健康的潜在影响，重点是边缘化和受污名化的人群；资源分配在卫生保健中的作用；公共卫生规划和国家在公共卫生中的作用；作为社会机构的卫生保健系统；以及卫生保健系统如何通过关键的决策过程和沟通与人口，社区和个人进行互动。
Health is a multidimensional concept with both a concrete and a social definition. In this course concepts of health and illness are explored to examine the ways in which the environmental surroundings, as well as the conditions under which we are born, grow, work, play, and age, shape our personal, community and population health. The course also investigates the structural and intermediary determinants of health such as social environment, social capital, behavior, and biology. This course provides an opportunity for students to delve further into key topics including social inequalities and their potential impact on health, with emphasis on marginalized and stigmatized populations; the role of resource allocation in health care; public health programming and the role of the State in public health; the health care system as a social institution; and how the health care system interfaces with populations, communities, and individuals through key decision making processes and communications.
第八部分：流行病学 Epidemiology
文集的本部分向学生介绍流行病学和人口健康的基本概念和方法。学习如何衡量疾病的发生率，患病率，风险，相对风险和相关概念。学生还将学习如何设计，分析和解释采用病例对照，队列研究和随机对照试验（RCT）等方法的研究。探索了困扰此类研究的问题，包括损耗，审查，抽样有偏差，模型规格不正确，变量混杂或潜伏。最后，讨论了疾病传播动态以及试图描述它们的网络模型。
This course introduces student to basic concepts and methods of epidemiology and population health. In this course, students learn how to measure disease incidence, prevalence, risk, relative risk and related concepts. Students also learn how to design, analyze and interpret studies that deploy methodologies ranging from case-control, cohort and randomized control trials (RCTs). Problems that plague such studies are explored including attrition, censoring, biased sampling, model misspecification, confounding or lurking variables. Finally, disease transmission dynamics are addressed along with network models that attempt to describe them.
第九部分：统计推断与生物统计学 Statistical Inference & Biostatistics
文集的本部分将以基础统计学为起点，逐渐介绍各种统计学方法。生物统计学介绍了统计学中选定的主题，因为它们适用于生物学和健康问题。 在讨论不同形式的生物/医学/健康数据以及用于分析它们的工具时，学生将学习如何描述数据的集中趋势和变化。 它们还解开了样本统计数据与总体值之间的关系（即推断），并被引入了诸如假设检验，功效分析和研究设计以及抽样方法之类的概念。
Biostatistics provides an introduction to selected topics in statistics as they apply to biological and health issues. In discussing different forms of biological/medical/health data and the tools used to analyze them, students learn how to describe the central tendency and variation in data. They also unpack the relationship between sample statistics and population values (i.e. inference) and are introduced to concepts such as hypothesis testing, power analysis and study design, and sampling approaches.
第十部分：卫生政策与管理 Health Policy and Management
今天的卫生政策是由特定社会中与健康相关的决策的目标和行动所决定的。 因此，卫生政策可以通过确定优先事项，角色和责任，并影响变革，最好是朝着改善人民的健康水平，来确定未来的愿景。 文集的本部分将介绍卫生政策的发展和使用，特别强调管理，护理经济学，卫生系统和服务的发展以及卫生政治。 在理解卫生政策的构建过程中，学生探索卫生管理的关键方面，并获得在卫生提供，护理和领导的各个层面上整合和实施政策的实践技能。
Health Policy today is determined by the goals and actions of health related decisions in a given society. As such, health policy can define the vision for the future by identifying priorities, roles and responsibilities, and affecting change, preferably towards the betterment of health for the population. This course examines the development and the use of health policy with specific emphasis on management, economics of care, the development of health systems and services, and health politics. In understanding constructions of health policy, students explore key aspects of health management, and gain a practical skill set for the integration and implementation of policy at various levels of health provision, care, and leadership.
第十一部分：全球视野下的人类发展 Human Development in a Global Perspective
文集的本部分对从婴儿期到青春期和成年期，到老年和死亡的生命历程和阶段进行比较分析。 解决了各种发展过程，包括社会情感，认知和身体发展。 从社会科学中探索了各种观点，包括对各种生活状态下的仪式和仪式的通过和作用的分析，以及生物学中学生研究月经初潮，生育能力，大脑发育以及身心衰退阶段的预测因子。 在整个课程中，都特别强调了人类发展中的跨文化差异。
This course provides a comparative analysis of the life course and stages from infancy through adolescence and adulthood, to old age and death. Various developmental processes are addressed, including socio-emotional, cognitive, and physical. Various perspectives are explored from the social scientific including an analysis of rituals and rites of passage and roles at various life states, to the biological where students study predictors of menarche, fertility, brain development as well as stages of physical and mental decline. Particular emphasis on cross-cultural differences in human development are explored throughout the course.
