Introduction to Psychology - 0302

You are most likely to stay mentally sharp in old age if:

 1. You remain healthy.

 2. You live in a favorable environment. (You are educated and 

have a stimulating occupation, an above-average income, and 

an intact family.)

 3. You are involved in intellectually stimulating activities 

(reading, travel, cultural events, continuing education, clubs, 

and professional associations).

 4. You have a flexible personality.

 5. You are married to an intelligent spouse.

 6. You maintain your perceptual processing speed by staying 

active.

 7. You were satisfied with your accomplishments in midlife.

The healthiest, happiest older people are:

1. Optimism, hope, and an interest in the future

 2. Gratitude and forgiveness; an ability to focus on what is good 

in life

 3. Empathy; an ability to share the feelings of others and see the 

world through their eyes

 4. Connection with others; an ability to reach out, to give and 

receive social support.

As a group, older people represent a valuable source of skill, 

knowledge, and energy that we can’t afford to cast aside. As we face 

the challenges of this planet’s uncertain future, we need all the 

help we can get.

=Question 3.11: How do people typically react to death?

-Older people more often fear the circumstances of dying, 

such as pain or helplessness, rather than death itself. 

★★★p152 Effective Parenting:

 1. State specifically what misbehavior you are punishing. Explain why you 

have set limits on this kind of conduct.

 2. Parents should separate disapproval不赞同 of the act from disapproval of 

the child. Instead of saying, “I’m going to punish you because you are 

bad,” say, “I’m upset about what you did.” Also remember that the message “I don’t 

love you right now” can be more painful and damaging than any spanking.

 3. Punishment should never be harsh or injurious. Don’t physically punish a 

child while you are angry. If you do use physical punishment, reserve it for 

situations that pose an immediate danger to younger children; for example, 

when a child runs onto the street.

 4. Spanking and other forms of physical punishment are not particularly 

effective for children younger than age 2. The child will only be confused and 

frightened. Spankings also become less effective after age 5 because they tend 

to humiliate the child and breed引起/繁育 resentment怨恨.

 5. Punishment, such as a scolding责骂 or taking away privileges, is most effective 

when done immediately. This is especially true for younger children.

You-messages take the form of threats, name-calling, accusing, 

bossing, lecturing, or criticizing. Generally, you-messages tell children 

what’s “wrong” with them. 

-

An I-message tells children what effect their behavior had on you.So use

I-message.