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原始史料、前人著作(十六)——贝哈基史

2022-07-19 19:54 作者:数学九十分  | 我要投稿



《贝哈基史(Tarikh-i Bayhaqi)》是11世纪伽色尼史家贝哈基(亦称白哈奇,Abu'l-Faḍl Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn Bayhaqī,995-1077)编纂的历史著作。贝哈基出生于呼罗珊地区的拜哈克(Bayhaq,即后来的萨卜泽瓦尔[Sabzevar]),青年时期前往尼沙不尔求学,后效力于伽色尼王朝,凭才干入帝国秘书处(dīvān-e resālat),担任首席秘书阿布·纳斯尔·米什坎(Abu Nasr Mushkan的副手长达二十年。米什坎在1039-1040年间去世,他死前极力推荐贝哈基继承他的位子,但是马苏德认为他太年轻了(当时他46岁),而改任皂赞尼(Abu Sahl Zawzani)。皂赞尼对贝哈基十分看不惯,特别是马苏德死后极力打压,贝哈基曾秘密上疏给苏丹投诉,但无果。在拉希德时期(1049-1052)终于媳妇熬成婆担任首席秘书,然而随着托格鲁尔叛乱,他被关进监狱,家产被夺,直到法鲁克扎德继位(1053-1059)获释,负责外交工作,当时送达各国的公文国书,大多出自于贝哈基之手,可见其文采。在其统治末期逐渐退出政坛,定居加兹纳城,搜集大量资料,开始撰写《贝哈基史》,直到1077年死去。据后世的同乡伊本·封杜克·贝哈基(Ibn Funduq)、以及米尔洪德等史家所言,全书共三十卷,卷帙浩繁,以波斯语写成,记载了自苏布克特勤到易卜拉欣(1059-1099在位)初期的伽色尼王朝历史,从卷5开始记载的都是自己亲身经历或见闻的历史事件。贝哈基十分不看好前人那些仅仅记载“某某苏丹派遣某某将领出征某地;某日与敌作战;某日与敌媾和”的流水账史书,因此他在写作过程中极力避免这种问题,对事件进行生动形象的叙述,精细无比,因此虽然著作风格与《记述的装饰》截然不同,但是同样极具史料价值与文学价值;同时由于长期任官,并处理外交工作,因此有关官场见闻、宫廷阴谋、朝廷倾轧、对外关系等相当详细。然而大都佚失,目前仅剩马苏德时期(卷6后半部分、卷7-9、卷10一部分),目前波斯语有几个版本,附伊朗百科全书的原文:

(1) The Calcutta edition (1862), edited by W. H. Morley and W. N. Lees and published by the Asiatic Society of Bengal, containing no notes or indexes

(2) the lithographed edition by Aḥmad Adīb Pīšāvarī (Tehran, 1305/1887-88), with annotations including definitions of words and explanations of historical and geographical names, occasional variant readings, but mainly general comments on moral and philosophical issues as they occurred to the author;

(3) Tārīḵ-emasʿūdī maʿrūf be Tārīḵ-e Bayhaqī, edited by Nafīsī (Tehran, 1319 Š./1940), containing only half the text;

(4) Tārīḵ-eBayhaqī, edited by ʿA.-A. Fayyāż and Q. Ḡanī (Tehran, 1324 Š./1945), containing the complete text, with an introduction, notes, and indexes

(5) Tārīḵ-emasʿūdī, edited by Nafīsī (Tehran, 1319-32 Š./1940-53), with copious notes in three volumes;

(6) Tārīḵ-eBayhaqī, edited by Fayyāż (Mašhad, 1350 Š./1971; 2nd ed., Mašhad, 1355 Š./1976), with an introduction and incomplete notes and, in the second edition, a glossary of words and phrases prepared by M.-J. Yāḥaqqī (pp. 1021-90);

(7) Tārīḵ-eBayhaqī, edited by ʿA. Eḥsānī (Tehran, 1358 Š./1980) and based on Fayyāż’s edition;

(8) Gozīda-ye tārīḵ-eBayhaqī (selections from the Tārīḵ-e Bayhaqī), edited by M. Dabīrsīāqī, Tehran, 1348 Š./1970;

(9) an edition of the complete work with glossaries and indexes, as well as a selection, prepared by Ḵ. Ḵaṭīb Rahbar is in press.

至于其他语言,目前已知有:

阿拉伯语本:书名Taʾrīḵ al-Bayhaqī,伊历1376年(1956)由Yaḥyā al-Ḵaššāb和Ṣādeq Našʾat出版于开罗

俄文本:书名为Istoriya Masuda,1962年由A. K. Arends出版于塔什干,1969年再版于莫斯科

其英译本同样由咱们的老朋友博斯沃思在2011年出版,书名为The History of Beyhaqi (The History of Sultan Masud of Ghazna, 1030-1041) by Abu'l-Fazl Beyhaqi,Translated with a historical, geographical, linguistic and cultural commentary and notes by C.  E.  Bosworth,Fully revised and with further commentary by Mohsen Ashtiany,共三卷,卷一讲1030-1032年事,卷二讲1032-1041年事兼花剌子模史;卷三则是评注、书目和索引

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