passage3

注解：标题为红色，翻译为蓝色，分析为绿色。

        When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game游戏，猎物(根据语境，选这个意思), and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

        That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries(渔场,是fishery的复数形式)  around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved(变成一半，是half的改f为ved，变成“减半”的意思) again since then.

        Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels船只 can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated浸透，饱满 with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited带鱼饵的 hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.

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1.记忆vessel这个单词,vessel(人或动物的）血管，（植物的）导管；船，舰；容器，器皿),记忆法谐音“尾蛇”，尾蛇长长的一条，就像(人或动物的）血管的血管一样，就像植物的导管一样，它在水里游起来就跟船只一样，它盘起来的时候就像盛放东西的容器一样。

2.saturate浸透，饱满。在原文是指，使鱼能在捕鱼网上更加饱满，言外之意就是在渔网上捕捞到更多的鱼。

3.bait诱饵，鱼饵，拼音记忆“摆它”，摆好它，因为它就是个摆设，作为诱饵用的。

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        Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.

一、文章结构分析

本文是一篇关于海洋生物变化趋势的文章。

文章第一段用地球上大型动物灭绝来类比海洋生物也面临着同样的现状。

第二、三段则通过学者的研究数据来具体说明了这一现状。

第四段在总结前面论述的基础上，为海洋渔业管理给出了一些自己的建议。

31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that ________.

[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment

[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared

[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today

[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

31．文中提到大型史前动物的灭绝是为了说明________。

[A] 大型动物容易受到环境变化的影响

[B] 当大型动物消失时，小物种幸存下来了

[C] 如今大型海洋动物可能面临同样的威胁

[D] 生长缓慢的鱼类比生长快的鱼类寿命长

32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.

[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%

[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago

[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount

[D] the number of large predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old

32．从迈尔斯博士和沃尔姆博士的论文我们可以推知 。

[A] 一些老渔场中大型捕食动物的物种资源已经减少了 90%

[B] 现在渔场的数量只有 15 年前的一半

[C] 新渔场的捕捉量只占原来的 20%

[D] 新渔场中大型捕食动物的数量比老渔场减少的更快

33. By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that ________.

[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly

[B] then catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded

[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss

[D] the data collected so far are out of date

33．沃尔姆博士说“这些数据是保守的”(第三段第一行)，他的意思是________。

[A] 捕鱼技术已经得到快速发展

[B] 实际捕捞规模比记录的要小

[C] 海洋生物量已遭受了更大的损失

[D] 目前收集的数据过时了

34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ________.

[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time

[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass

[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level

[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation

34．迈尔斯博士与其他研究者们认为 。

[A] 人们应该寻找一个能够在更长时间内起作用的数量基线

[B] 渔场应该将产量保持在生物量的 50%以下

[C] 海洋生物量应该恢复到原来的水平

[D] 人们应该根据变化的形势调整捕捞数量的基线

35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.

[A] management efficiency

[B] biomass level

[C] catch-size limits

[D] technological application

35．作者似乎主要关心大部分渔场的_____。

[A] 管理效率

[B] 生物量水平

[C] 捕捞规模限制

[D] 技术应用

二、核心词汇与超纲词汇

1. game n. 猎物，野禽，野味

2. fishery n. 渔业，水产业；渔场

3. biomass n. (单位面积或体积内)生物的数量

4. halve v. 平分，减少到一半

5. vessel n. 船；容器；血管；导管

6. predator n. 食肉动物；剥削者

7. prey n. 被掠食者，牺牲者

8. sonar n. 声纳，声波定位仪

9. longline n. 多钩长线

10. saturate  v. 使饱和，浸透，使充满

11. trap n. 圈套，陷阱 v. 设圈套，设陷阱

12. stock n. 贮备物，备用物，供应物

13. baseline n. 基础，起点；基线，垒线

14. yield n. 产量，收益

15. crop v. 收获；修剪；种植

三、阅读答案：C A C D B

四、全文翻译： 

        当史前人类到达世界的新区域时，奇怪的事情发生在大型动物身上：它们突然灭绝了。较小的物种幸存下来。大型的、生长缓慢的动物很容易成为猎物，并被迅速猎杀直至灭绝。现在类似的情况可能正在海洋中发生。

        人们很多年前就已经知晓海洋被过度捕捞这个事实。而诸如兰森姆·迈尔斯和鲍里斯·沃尔姆这样的研究者所说明的也仅仅是情形变化有多快。他们研究了全世界半个世纪里渔场的数据。他们的方法不是试图确切估计在特定海域中鱼类的生物量(活生物物种的数量)，而是随着时间推移这些生物量的变化。根据他们在《自然》杂志上发表的最新论文，一个新的渔场在被开发后的 15 年中大型捕食动物的生物量平均减少了 80%。在一些长期捕鱼的地区，在那基数之上又减少了一半。

        沃尔姆博士承认这些数据是保守的。原因之一是捕鱼技术已经有所突破。今天的船只可以使用 50 年前还没有的卫星和声波定位仪来寻找猎物。这就意味着更高比例的海洋物种正在被捕捞，因此现在和过去之间的真正差异可能比用捕捞规模变化所记录的要更糟糕。早些时候，采用多钩长线法本应该捕到更多的鱼。个别的鱼可能会捕捉不到，是因为没有足够挂饵的钩子来捕捉它们，这导致了过去对鱼类资源量的低估。而且，在使用多钩长线捕鱼的初期，许多鱼被钩往后又被鲨鱼夺走。而现在这不再是一个问题，因为附近的鲨鱼更少了。

        迈尔斯博士和沃尔姆博士认为他们的工作将提供一个准确的捕捞数量基线，它是未来渔业

管理层必须要考虑的事情。他们认为这些数据支持了现在海洋生物学家的一种观点，即“变化中的基线”。这种观点认为人们还没发觉海洋中的巨大变化，因为他们只回顾了过去相当短的一段时期的情况。而这很重要，因为理论认为当目标物种的生物量达到原始基数的 50%左右时，从渔场中能够获得最大的可持续产量。大部分渔场都远没达到这个水平，这对于渔业而言是很不利的。