【简译】双耳瓶（Amphora）

2022-07-21 16:49 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

An amphora (Greek: amphoreus) is a jar with two vertical handles used in antiquity for the storage and transportation of foodstuffs such as wine and olive oil. The name derives from the Greek amphi-phoreus meaning 'carried on both sides', although the Greeks had adopted the design from the eastern Mediterranean. Used by all the great trading nations from the Phoenicians to the Romans, the sturdy-walled amphora spread throughout the ancient world and they have become an important survivor in the archaeological record providing clues as to dates of sites, trade relations, and everyday diet.

双耳瓶（希腊语：amphoreus）是一种有两个垂直把手的罐子，在古代用于储存和运输食品，如葡萄酒和橄榄油。这个名字来源于希腊语amphi-phoreus，意思是 "两边都有"，希腊人从地中海东部地区采用了这种设计。从腓尼基人到罗马人，所有伟大的贸易国家都在使用这种坚固的双耳瓶，它们遍布整个古代世界，成为考古记录中的重要遗存，为遗址的日期、贸易关系和日常饮食提供了线索。

设计

Evolving from the large Bronze Age pithoi vessels, which the Minoans and Mycenaeans used for storage purposes, the amphora became perhaps the most common ancient pottery shape. However, the size and form had a great many variations. Amphorae could also be plain – typically when used for the transport of goods – or highly decorated, just as any other red-figure or black-figure pottery. Specific places, already noted for their pottery production, such as Corinth and Attica, along with famed wine-producing islands like Chios, Lesbos, and Samos all produced distinctive amphora types. So too did colonies in the Black Sea area and Magna Graecia, although some cities were happy enough to copy tried and tested designs. All amphorae were made in stages on the wheel with a period of drying between the addition of a new section.

双耳瓶从青铜时代米诺斯人和迈锡尼人用于储存的大型pithoi容器演变而来，它可能是最常见的古代陶器形状。然而，其尺寸和形式有很多变化。双耳瓶是普通的、通常用于运输货物的器物，或者是高度装饰的、就像其他画有红色图案或黑色图案的陶器。科林斯和阿提卡等因其陶器生产而闻名的特定地方，以及希俄斯、莱斯博斯和萨摩斯等有名的产酒岛屿，都生产了有着独特样式的双耳瓶。黑海地区和大希腊的殖民地也是如此，尽管有些城市很乐意复制经过试验的设计。所有的双耳瓶都是在瓶轮上分阶段制作的，在增加一个新的部分之间有一段干燥期。

The two basic types of amphora were the neck-amphora, which has the shoulder joining the neck at a sharp angle, and the belly amphora (or simply amphora) which curves continuously from neck to foot. Those vessels with broad mouths were known as either kadoi or stamnoi while the plain types for transport were referred to as amphoreus. Gradually the form of the vessel evolved to reflect its primary function as a carrier of wine and for ease of packing. The base foot became a spike and the vessel overall became taller and slimmer. In addition, during the Roman period the contents of amphorae became easily identifiable from the shape of the vessel in question, a useful feature when stored in busy ports. Decorative amphorae with a pointed base would have been kept upright in a bronze stand or deep ceramic ring.

双耳瓶的两种基本类型是颈部双耳瓶和腹部双耳瓶，前者的肩部与颈部呈尖角连接，后者从颈部到脚部连续弯曲。那些有宽口的容器被称为kadoi或stamnoi，而用于运输的普通类型被称为amphoreus。渐渐地，容器的形式发生了变化，以反映其作为酒的载体和便于包装的主要功能。底脚变成了一个尖头，容器整体变得更高更细了。此外，在罗马时期，从有关容器的形状来看，双耳瓶的形状变得很容易辨认，在繁忙的港口储存时，这是一个有用的特征。带有尖底的装饰性双耳瓶会被竖立在一个青铜支架或深陶环中。

功能

The average capacity for amphorae was 20-25 litres, although early versions were considerably larger. The general size became limited by the necessity for one or two persons to easily carry the vessel, and a standardisation, although attempted, was not achieved in practice until the Byzantine period. Foodstuffs transported in them included wine, olive oil, honey, milk, olives, dried fish, dry food such as cereals, or even just water. Non-food contents included pitch, and some were used in tombs as containers for the ashes of the deceased. Another special type was the Panathenaic amphora which was a large vessel of around 36 litres decorated with black-figure designs. They were filled with olives and given as prizes in the Panathenaic Games, held every four years in Athens. Finally, miniature amphorae known as amphoriskoi (sing. amphoriskos) or pelikai (pelike) were used for storing perfume.

双耳瓶的平均容量为20-25升，尽管早期的样式要大得多。一般来说，由于需要一到两个人方便地搬运容器，因此尺寸变得有限；虽然人们尝试过标准化，但直到拜占庭时期才在实践中实现。运送的食品包括葡萄酒、橄榄油、蜂蜜、牛奶、橄榄、鱼干、谷物等干粮，甚至只有水。非食物的内容包括沥青，有些被用在坟墓中作为死者骨灰的容器。另一种特殊的类型是泛雅典双耳瓶，这是一种大约36升的大容器，上面有黑色的图案装饰。它们装满了橄榄，并在每四年一次在雅典举行的泛希腊运动会上作为奖品发放。最后，被称为amphoriskoi（单指amphoriskos）或pelikai（pelike）的微型双耳瓶被用来储存香水。

The Romans used amphorae in much the same way as the Greeks but with the addition of such Roman staples as fish sauce (garum) and preserved fruits. For this reason, amphorae were sealed using clay or resin stoppers, some also had a ceramic lid when used to store dry goods. Very few lids have survived in proportion to amphorae but those that do commonly have a single knob handle, sometimes made into the shape of a fruit. Finally, amphorae were used for completely unrelated purposes to their original design such as burial whole in marshy land to provide more solid foundations for buildings and walls or in roof domes as a means to provide additional support between courses.

罗马人使用双耳瓶的方式与希腊人基本相同，但他们加入了鱼露（garum）和腌制水果等罗马主食。出于这个原因，双耳瓶用粘土或树脂塞子密封，有些用来储存干货时还有一个陶瓷盖子。很少有与双耳瓶成比例的盖子留存下来，但那些盖子通常有一个单把手，有时做成水果的形状。最后，双耳瓶被用于与其原始设计完全无关的目的，如在沼泽地中的集体埋葬、为建筑物和墙壁提供更坚实的基础、或在屋顶穹顶中作为一种手段，在屋顶各层之间提供额外的支持。

印章

Many amphorae (but certainly not all) used to transport goods were given a stamp before firing, typically placed on the neck, rim, or handles. This identified the place of origin (pottery workshop), indicated the vessel was part of a particular batch, named a controlling official, or guaranteed the content volume and quality. The name or monogram of the manufacturer might appear on the stamp, a month, or a regional adjective or symbol (Rhodes, for example, used a rose emblem). In the case of wine, the age of good wine was indicated and the drink-by-date (year) for cheap wine. Stamps were also a means by which authorities could exercise a control on customs duties. Stoppers could be stamped for the same purpose. In addition to stamps, the Romans painted information labels on their vessels to make their contents easily identifiable.

许多用于运输货物的双耳瓶（但肯定不是全部）在烧制前都有一个印章，通常是放在颈部、边缘或手柄上。这确定了原产地（陶器作坊），表明该容器是特定批次的一部分，指定了一个控制官员，或保证了内容的数量和质量。印章上可能会出现制造商的名字或单字，也可能是一个月份，或者是一个地区性的形容词或符号（例如，罗得岛使用的是玫瑰标志）。就葡萄酒而言，好的葡萄酒会标明酒龄，便宜的葡萄酒会标明饮用日期（年份）。印章也是当局对关税进行控制的一种手段。为了同样的目的，瓶塞也可以被盖上印章。除了印章之外，罗马人还在他们的船只上绘制信息标签，以使其内容易于识别。

All of this information has often been invaluable for archaeologists when attempting to date a site which contains amphorae, especially shipwrecks. Finally, the discovery of amphorae whose origin can be identified and their quantities are helpful in determining the extent of trade in the ancient world. The Monte Testaccio in Rome is an artificial mound of pottery shards coming from some 53 million discarded amphorae; impressive testimony to the fact that the amphora was one of the most common and useful objects in antiquity.

这些信息对于考古学家在试图确定含有羊皮制品的遗址，特别是沉船的日期时往往是非常宝贵的。最后，人们发现可以确定其来源和数量，以此确定古代世界的贸易程度。罗马的蒙特泰斯塔乔是一个人工堆积陶器碎片的土墩，在那里人们发现了大约5300万个双耳瓶残骸；双耳瓶是古代最常见和有用的物品之一。