Airi Pan Crash Course 07.13
07 Lesson 2 - Crash Course Composition Part 1 - Sizing 101
我上小学的时候，父母给买的台式电视机，When I was in elementary school, My parents bought a very old television that looked kind of like this. It was a very boxy television. 每周都会出去租电影看，And and it was a weekly thing would go out and rent movies to watch. 我记得当初看的影视有《怪物史莱克》《Madagascar》。And I remember watching things like Shrek and Madagascar. 此后，开始出售DVD我不太想解释已经淡出人们生活的DVD是什么。Back then, they sold DVDs and I really hope I don't have to explain what a DVD is. shut off the press living in 20 40.但是DVD是一张插入比如PS4X盒子和蓝光类似的视频播放器的光盘， But a DVD is just a disk that you pop into a video player and it shows up on your screen like a PS4 Xbox or like a blue-Ray player.
P7 - 00:37DVD两种版本。
But anyways, these DVDs came out in two versions.你可以得到其中一个全屏或宽屏， You can get either full screen, or you could get a wide screen. 你可以从标题去分辨全屏和宽屏。You'll be able to tell which one they sold, because you can watch it. here full screen, wide screen. 当时父母和我了解英文很少，但是靠着每周租借DVD我们英文水平长足的进步。My parents knew very little English and I knew even less. But we soon learned that by renting DVDs every week that when you purchase something that was wide screen, it would show up on the little TV kind of like this, with these big-giant-black borders here and here.如果买的宽屏的，小电视展示出来，很粗的电视边框。 therefore my family. And I quickly learned instead of picking the wide screen DVDs, we would pick the full screen DVDs.于是我们选了把宽屏替换成全屏，小电视清晰的展示清楚人物面庞，不被上下粗框遮挡。 And now you can see photos face or shrek's space and a much more beautiful wide version, which is clearly a more satisfying experience. As now I can see the glory of shrek face with no black bars.
P7 - 01:33但是为什么不再买全屏的了呢？
However, looking back, I will never buy a full screen DVD ever again. 现在走进电视卖场看不到小时候用的盒子式的电视，Nowadays when you walk into a TV store, you don't see any more boxes TVS. 取而代之，琳琅满目的是超宽屏的电视。But now you see these super wide screen TVS. 这就是宽屏DVD名字起源。Aha, that's where the name where wide screen DVD it came from.
P7 - 01:56小时候的以为？
当我是孩子的时候，宽屏很可怕。when I was a kid. I thought wide screen was awful. 全屏才是获益匪浅的。That full-screen was where I could get the most benifit for my buck 因为我不喜欢上下的框框。because I hated seeing those black bars. 但是现在我意识到需要买的还是宽屏。But now I realize what I should have actually done was I needed to get a wider screen.
P7 - 02:10为什么买宽屏而不是全屏？
因为全屏等于画幅中重点被缩小尺寸了。Because with full screen, they are actually cutting off half the movie. Like if I was watching it on my tiny TV, it would look like this. And I'm missing literally. All of these are proportions.小TV外貌小而且破旧，但是完成了工作任务。 But hey, you know, like our little TV, it was junky but it did its job. 那个年代有个电视的诞生已经算是完美体验了。But if we got a much older movie, like from the era that are little junky Tv actually came from then it would've been perfect.
P7 - 02:31全屏的比率。
Because you see the full screen is actually a ratio.全屏横宽比是4:3或者1.3321，这是影院和影视中最早的测量方法。 It is known as the 4 to 3, also known as 1.3321. This is the earliest measurement used in cinema and film.你在无声影视中见过，因为那是摄影的标准。 And you'll definitely see it in silent films because it was a standard for photography.
P7 - 02:50当时摄影技术的标准。
回到影院年代对摄影技术的标准，Cinemas back then used photography technology to make Cinema technology.本质上影院是模拟摄影。 So essentially cinema was mimicking photography.
P7 - 02:56举例子 登月之旅。
This is a shot from a trip to the moon in 1902. 你可以在1902年的《登月之旅》看到拍摄4乘以3的大小。And you can see that the size is a perfect 4 by 3换算成1.33的横宽比。 So here it would be 4 and this would be 3. as a number, it would be considered 1.33 right there. You see, I wrote it down for you.
P7 - 03:15学院派1.37横宽比率。
Next was the academy ratio or 1.37.因为影视录制声音需要空间，所以横宽边缘缩小了。 Now this was because movies actually have sound and leading to record sound. It actually would take up space in the film physically, which is why the edges shrunk just a bit.
P7 - 03:31因为影视声音调节横宽比率例子。
最好的例子是1941年的《公民凯恩》。The best example is citizen Kane of 1941. 稍微宽点或短点。And you can see now it's just ever so slightly wider or ever so slightly shorter. 现在1.37替代1.33几乎没什么变化，And it's now instead of 1.33, it is 1.37, barely a change.但是这种新标准从1932到1952持续20年之久， But this was the new standard. This lasted from 1932 to 1952, 因为在20世纪50年代家庭影院非常流行了。家里电视替代了影院，影院顾客流失导致生意越来越差。because in the 1950s at home television was extremely popular. A lot of people have televisions in their home now, and movies were running out of business and losing customers.
P7 - 03:59宽屏立体电影来源。
So to make the movies more enticing. So they decided to use a process known as the cinerama, where they will use three simultaneous directors to showcase a movie in a very wide format. 这种3放影棚展示出来的宽屏，横宽比率是2.59和之前的1.33或1.37比宽很多。This aspect ratio was 2.59. Quite the leap from the original box like format, and a lot bigger and a lot wider than 1.33 or 1.37.
P7 - 04:28宽屏立体的改良版。
继Cinerama之后20世纪福特公司推出如何用一个投影替代三个点合成变形镜头做出2.35横宽比率Cinemascope为新的命名。Then almost right after cinerama, 20th century fox figured out how to use only one projector instead of three, and used an anamorphic lens for the first time, resulting in a 2.35 aspect ratio. It's a little bit shorter than cinerama, because they don't have three cameras anymore. And this one was called cinemascope.
P7 - 04:49两个宽屏立体的对比。
Yeah, I know. Very original name. 但是有些公司决定做到2.76横宽比更大一些的影视。But during this time, some companies decided they could go even wider than cinerama and cinemascope. And they shot in 2.76. A classic example is BEN HUR. Look at why this scene is. It's so much wider than you'll see in like the movies today.那段时间大家都在尝试不同的横宽比，或长或短。 So during this time, everybody was trying out different kinds of aspect ratios, some a little bit longer and some a little bit shorter. 那时候最具代表性的还是2.76，2.59，2.35三个典型。But at the time, the most iconic was 2.76, which is this one. 2.59, which is cinerama, and 2.35, which is cinemascope.
P7 - 05:32其它横宽比率。
The other ratios kind of died out a bit, because typically with technology restrictions. 因为影院想提供给电视不能带来的体验。And remember the reason why it became so wide screen is because movies wanted to offer an experience that TV simply could not offer. 全凭的电视机43大小。So televisions during this time were still the standard box size of 43. This was known as full screen, which hey looks a lot like my old TV. 卖电视当时还同时销售VHS，因为影视需要被缩小到电视大小，要校正到不失去重要的元素。So selling movies back then when they were still being sold on VHS or something, they were forced to cut off a large portion of the movie and would need to go back into the movie and pan around a little bit so that they don't lose a really important part of the screen.
P7 - 06:15举例子。
For example, 如果你把影视中的缩影到电视大小，这样失去了屏幕中角色小男孩。if you were to be showing off this scene right here and you wanted to portray it on to the full screen down here, then you're losing out the little boy.所以你需要做的回去把展示的屏幕从飞机出镜移动到小男孩出镜。 So what you have to do is you have to go back into that shot and actually pan it so that it actually cuts to the little boy, which is a lot of work.
P7 - 06:33为了解决这问题。
So to fix this problem. 为了简化流程，选择宽屏在电视放映，就出现上下黑框，但是人们误以为是影视被剪辑了，没有给到自己花钱买到的价值。They decided to sell wide screen format where they were at these giant thick black bars to the movie. But the problem is that just like with my family and I thought when people saw the black bars, they thought that the movie was getting cut off, that it was too small. So they felt like they were losing money or that it was a rip off.
P7 - 06:55然而20世纪90年代前后不同。
when in reality it was actually the other way around. Eventually around the 1990s, 电视机转变成宽屏格式，是1.78或经典的16乘9比率，也是1920乘以1080的格式。television began a transformation into what is known as the wide screen format. It is a 1.78 or the classic 16 by 9 ratio, which is also the 1920 by 1080. Yeah,
P7 - 07:14
这样你艺术和数学一箭双雕。 I know this art class was just a fraction class in disguise. Ha ha! You're learning both art and math. Two for the price of one.
P7 - 07:27用16乘以9的原因？
介于全屏和宽屏格式的中间。 But actually, the reason that screens are 16 by 9 is because that is the average between the fullscreen format and the wide screen format. 不管你看哪一个电影，4乘以3的还是2.35巨屏的，并没有太多的裁剪。It's just that no matter which film you watch, whether it's the 4 by 3 or the super wide 2.35, there isn't that much of a cut off.很少的黑框。 And you see a lot less black bars.
P7 - 07:44几乎16乘9是个标准。
And so almost everything now holds 16 by 9 as a standard. 比如油管频道，计算机显示器，我录制课程也是按照16乘以9标准录制的。YouTube videos are 16 by 9. Computer monitors are 16 by 9. This very class is 16 by 9. In fact, when I record my screen, I have to make sure that I keep it 16 by 9.
P7 - 08:02影视比16乘9宽一点。
Movies nowadays to make sure that they still feel a little bit longer and more cool than your average YouTube video To make you feel a little more grand, 影视是1.85的标准。用下数学16乘以9换算成1.78，所以影视比普通视频稍微长一点。 they have a standard of 1.85. And in case you forgot your fractions, super quick, 16 by 9 will be a 1.78. So a cinema being 1.85 is a little bit longer. But you'll still notice that today when you go to the movie theaters, some movies are still longer than others, 因为我们如今都是艺术要求的选择，已经不囿于技术限制了。because we are really no longer bound by technology. The length of our screen in the final product is an artistic choice.
P7 - 08:34举例说明艺术性选择。
比如Christopher Nolan导演的《星际穿越》是70毫米2.39超长的电影。Directors like Christopher Nolan. He likes the super long 70 millimeter film. Look also using a 2.39. 实际上在他的影视，喜欢不同比率之间切换的用。In fact, in his movies, he actually likes to jump around between different aspect ratios. 但是更多喜欢互道超长比率影视，But he always loves to go back to the super long aspect ratio. 给观众感觉很长很壮观。You can see that the shots are always extra wide and feel kind of extra grand.
P7 - 08:59另一个导演作品举例说明。
比如导演Wes Anderson喜欢学院派回到1.37比率。 You get directors like wes Anderson, who wanted to go all the way back and film his movie in the academy ratio, which if you remember is 1.37 incredibly short. 比如他导演的《Budapest酒店》作品，和《黑暗骑士》并排放在一起会看到明显的不同。for his movie, the grand Budapest hotel. When you put it side by side next to the dark knight, you can see some pretty big differences and。
P7 - 09:25《正义联盟》经典例子。
actually a great example is a movie that kind of recently came out when I recorded this, which is the exact Snyder cut of the justice league movie. 后来被Zack Snyder重新编导的。So essentially, for those of you guys who don't know the justice league movie was remade by Zack Snyder. So the original is this one, and the second one by Zack Snyder will call it zs was this one.改编的是4乘以3比率，原版是经典的宽屏。 And he shot it in a 4 by 3 ratio, whereas the original was your more stereotypical wide screen format.
P7 - 09:53总结趋势方向。
流行趋势是16乘以9或者1.78，或者是1.82或2.39之间的尺寸，2.39方向是当下发展趋势。 Typically the ones that you know most today, however, it's going to be you're 16 by 9 or 1.78 for most screens. Then it will be a mixture between 1.85 or 2.39 for movies. Some movies go for 1.85, but right now we're seeing a trend that goes more towards 2.39 kind of length.
P7 - 10:10被淘汰的取向。
原来4乘以3逐渐被淘汰掉。And then lastly, you have the 4 by 3 full screen that is slowly dying out.
P7 - 10:17结合当下，下一步展望。
We finished history class in math class. Wow.现在竖屏手机发展起来了。But nowadays there is a new ratio of the vertical ratio of the phone. 这是下一个探索的前沿。This is the next frontier that we have to tackle. 幸运的是，手机也是16乘以9比例研发的。Thankfully, those are also now typically built for 16 by 9, 竖屏横屏手机像是随身携带的显示器。because you just flip it around and you carry a mini monitor. How convenient.
P7 - 10:44新兴社交媒体对视频大小要求。
But with new social media platforms like instant gram or a tick talk,可以看到很多竖屏的，视频和游戏都是竖屏设计的。 or seeing a lot more content that's completely vertical, for example, games like candy crush or pokemon go are designed to be, well, a vertical and 。
P7 - 10:55未知尚待研究的领域VR。
don't even get me started on VR like, I don't even know what the aspect ratio of that would be. That increases our possibility by so much as the person who's watching this in 2040. Maybe you guys have already figured out by then.
P7 - 11:12理解发展史明白为什么现在宽屏。
But what I need you to realize is that there is a reason for why our screens are made the way they are today. This is the reason why movies are wide. And it's not because some god of movies came down and said it is the law. Your ratio must be 1.85,经过漫长的技术和认知突破演变而来的不成文的规律。 but rather it was through the restrictions of technology and improvements in technology experience that made our screens the way they are today.
P7 - 11:40传统艺术不在我们研究范围内。
And notice I only talked about screens. I didn't even begin to cover traditional media or canvases are out of the wazoo in terms of different shapes and sizes.因为概念艺术用于影视娱乐界。 Since concept art is used for entertainment on the big screen. 我不认为屏幕一时半会会被淘汰掉。And I don't think screens are going to go away anytime soon. We'll save that talk to the future. 我们只是研究到目前的发展史。We'll just do what history lesson for today. We're not going to talk about traditional campuses.
P7 - 12:04职业要求的常识。
So now that we've discussed the reason why screens look the way they do, what does that have to do with composition? Like Airi, Why did you just walk us through an entire history class about fractions? Well, I hope it's obvious, 取决于你给谁设计的，你的屏幕或画布的比率就不同。but depending on what you're designing for, your composition aspect ratio or your canvas should be the appropriate aspect ratio as well. 如果你给影视绘制插画比率是超长的。If you're designing for a movie, then you're going to be using a pretty long canvas.给游戏视频做插画用16乘以9或1920乘以1080比率的。 If you're designing an illustration or splash art for a video game on the PC, then you're gonna wanna use a 16 by 9 or 1920 by 1080 ratio. 随着智能手机娱乐游戏的开发，提供竖屏的设计版图。And now that mobile phone games and entertainment is rapidly growing. If you're designing for a vertical game, your art should be turned in. Obviously, a vertical format. There's exceptions to each of these rules, of course, but that's the basic gist of it. 我不希望谁拿出竖屏的插画给到影视设计总监。I hope that makes sense because I don't want anyone to turn in a vertical painting to their art director for a feature film movie. 因为总监认为这是基本的常识，应该知道的。Because if they do, clearly they did not take this class. And oftentimes your art director will expect you to simply know this. So when you work for a film or a movie or a game, make sure that you yourself turn in the right aspect ratio.否则一次做不成功，还被打回来修改，很尴尬。 Otherwise they'll just come back to you and ask you to change it, which might be a little bit embarrassing, because you didn't know what it was. So now let's dive into this concept a little further, because we've only scratched the very surface of composition. And yes, boiler alert, there is more fractions, but don't worry. Don't worry. Don't worry. It only gets more fun from here, I promise.
