文明史话，古希腊：源起（03）

到这里我们简单梳理了古希腊人的四大族群，但有一个关键问题需要我们搞清楚，就是关于“多利安人入侵”和“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回归”。这个问题是理解古风时期之前的希腊历史和本期视频的关键。我主要想讲两个关键点。首先，很多资料当中会将这两个概念混着使用，但它们是两件事。其次，“多利安人入侵”是否真的发生过是存疑的。

Here we have briefly sorted out the four major groups of ancient Greeks, but there is a key issue that we need to clarify, and that is about the "Dorian invasion" and the "return of the descendants of Heracles". This issue is the key to understanding Greek history before the Archaic period and this video. I want to make two key points. First, many sources use these two concepts together, but they are two different things. Secondly, it is doubtful that the "Dorian invasion" actually took place.

第一点，“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回归”是一种文学表述。我们可以从两个方面来看这个问题。首先就是故事的形成。通过前面的讲述我们可以明显地看到赫拉克勒斯的故事和多利安人的故事发生了嫁接，这可能是在希腊部族的迁徙过程当中形成的。而这一点并不是希腊文化所独有的。在其他的民族当中，神话和传说随着部族的迁徙而发生融合的事情不仅经常发生，而且这是民族叙事形成的一个很重要的机制。

First, the "return of the descendants of Heracles" is a literary expression. We can understand this point in two aspects. The first thing is the formation of the story. It is obvious from the preceding that the story of Heracles and the story of the Dorians merged, probably during the migration of the Greek tribes. And this is not unique to Greek culture. Among other peoples, the fusion of myths and legends with tribal migrations not only happens frequently, but it is a very important mechanism for the formation of national narratives.

其次是故事的作用。“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回归”在神话中的表述为赫拉克勒斯的后代返回了祖先的土地，自己的家园，并恢复了他们的合法遗产。这种表述主张了赫拉克勒斯家族或多利安人对伯罗奔尼撒统治的合法性，尤其是对于希腊世界里众多的多利安国王们来说，这尤为重要。比如著名的斯巴达国王列奥尼达一世就是斯巴达阿基亚德王室的成员，这个家族可以追溯到赫拉克勒斯的后裔阿里斯托德穆斯的长子欧律斯特涅斯。亚历山大大帝是马其顿阿尔吉德王室的成员，也称泰米尼德王室，这个家族可以追溯到赫拉克勒斯的后裔，伯罗奔尼撒阿尔戈斯的国王泰米努斯。阿尔吉德来自于阿尔戈斯，泰米尼德来自于泰米努斯。这里我们可以看到神话的另一个重要作用，为现实政治服务。

The second is the role of the story. The " Return of the Heracleidae" is expressed in the myth as the descendants of Heracles returning to their ancestral land, their homeland, and restoring their rightful heritage. This expression asserts the legitimacy of the rule of the House of Heracles or the Dorians over Peloponnese, which was especially important for the numerous Dorian kings in the Greek world. For example, the famous Spartan king Leonidas I was a member of the royal family of the Agiad of Sparta, a family that dates back to Eurysthenes, the eldest son of Aristodemus, a descendant of Heracles. Alexander the Great was a member of the royal family of the Argead of Macedonia, also known as the Temenid, a family that can be traced back to Temenus, the king of Argos in the Peloponnese, a descendant of Heracles. Argead is from Argos and Temenid is from Temenus. Here we can see another important role of mythology, which serves politics.

第二点，它可能代表着真实历史当中的人口迁徙。虽然“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回归”里面充满了文学表述，但不能因此而将其完全视为神话。神话是有其现实依据的。

Second, it may represent the migration of people in real history. Although "Return of the Heracleidae" is full of literary representations, it should not be regarded as a myth. The myth has a basis in reality.

第三点，“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回归”和“多利安人入侵”是两件事。这两个词一个是古希腊的文学表述，一个是现代的历史概念。泰米努斯的这次征服在希腊文学中被表述为“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回归”。这一事件被希罗多德所记载。但是荷马或赫西俄德却没有提到过赫拉克勒斯的后裔或他们的入侵。由此可见这个叙事出现的时间比较晚。

Third, the "Return of the Heracleidae" and the "Dorian invasion" are two different things. The two terms are an ancient Greek literary expression and a modern historical concept. The conquest of Temenus is expressed in Greek literature as "Return of the Heracleidae". This event is recorded by Herodotus. But there is no mention of the descendants of Heracles or their invasion by Homer or Hesiod. This shows the late appearance of this narrative.

荷马与赫西俄德可能是同时代的人，生活于约公元前八世纪；希罗多德生活于约公元前五世纪（约公元前484年至约公元前425年）。

Homer and Hesiod probably lived at the same time, around the eighth century B.C.; Herodotus lived around the fifth century B.C. (c. 484 B.C. to c. 425 B.C.).

而“多利安人入侵”是学者们在后来对古希腊历史的研究中发明的概念，这个词出现于十九世纪，它用来解释和希腊文化的不连续性（或者说断层）有关的现象。这个文化断层发生在迈锡尼文明结束到古风时代开始之间的约三百年，被称为“黑暗时代”。

The term "Dorian invasion" is a concept devised by scholars in their historical studies of ancient Greece, and it emerged in the nineteenth century to explain phenomena related to the discontinuity of Greek culture. This discontinuity occurred about three hundred years between the end of the Mycenaean civilization and the beginning of Archaic Greece, and is known as the "Dark Ages".

这个所谓的“黑暗时代”更多的是指没有书写系统和没有留下文字记录，关于当时的人们是否真的生活十分困苦说法不一。至于当时的社会发展是否停滞了，答案是否定的。黑暗时代的文化成果是很丰富的，古风时代和古典时代正是脱胎于黑暗时代。这个我后面会说到。

This so-called "Dark Ages" refers more to the absence of a writing system and the absence of written records, and there are different opinions on whether people were living in great hardship at that time. As to whether the development of society at that time was stagnant, the answer is no. The cultural achievements of the Dark Ages were very rich, and the Archaic and Classical Ages were born out of the Dark Ages. I will talk about this later.

想要搞清楚这个问题我们需要知道一段欧洲考古学的往事。这段故事可以帮助我们更好地理解古希腊历史以及研究古希腊历史的历史。

To figure out this matter we need to know the story of European archaeology. This story can help us better understand the history of ancient Greece and the history of the study of ancient Greek history.

十九世纪，在考古学领域发生了两件轰动欧洲的大事。1802年至1843年，以罗林森为代表的学者们破译了贝希斯敦铭文。随着楔形文字被破译，美索不达米亚文明有文字记载的历史可以追溯至约公元前3500年。1822年至1824年，以商博良为代表的学者们破译了罗塞塔石碑。随着埃及象形文字被破译，古埃及文明有文字记载的历史可以追溯至公元前3200年。这两件事咱们之前都有提到过。

In the nineteenth century, two major events occurred in the field of archaeology that stirred Europe. Between 1802 and 1843, scholars, represented by Henry Rawlinson, deciphered the Behistun Inscription. With the decipherment of the Cuneiform script, the written history of Mesopotamian civilization can be traced back to about 3500 BCE. Between 1822 and 1824, scholars, represented by Jean-François Champollion, deciphered the Rosetta Stone. With the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics, the written history of ancient Egyptian civilization can be traced back to 3200 BCE. We have mentioned both of these events before.

随着这两种文字被破译，欧洲人意识到东方文明的历史要比自己文明的历史长得多。而这时号称“欧洲文明之源”的古希腊文明的历史最远可以追溯到什么时候呢，约公元前800年。要知道，在当时欧洲文明的发展水平是要高于世界其他地区的，这就给当时的欧洲人带来了很大的精神压力。

With the decipherment of these two scripts, Europeans realized that the history of Eastern civilization was much longer than their own. At this time, the ancient Greek civilization, which is known as the "source of European civilization", dates back to about 800 B.C. You know, at that time European civilization was to be more developed than the rest of the world, and this matter makes Europeans very anxious.

而想要摆脱这种压力他们就需要在考古学上面有所突破。学者们将注意力集中到了古希腊传说上面，因为在公元前800年之前有关于古希腊的记载就只有神话和传说了，而这之中最家喻户晓的就要数荷马的《伊利亚特》。如果可以找到传说中的特洛伊和迈锡尼的遗址，古希腊的历史就可以往前追溯了。

And to get rid of this pressure they need to make a breakthrough in archaeology. Scholars have focused their attention on ancient Greek legends since the only records of ancient Greece before 800 B.C. are myths and legends, of which the most famous is Homer's Iliad. If the legendary ruins of Troy and Mycenae can be found, the history of ancient Greece can be traced back further.

并且公元前800年这个时间点还意味着一件事，这个时侯的古希腊已经是铁器时代了，它缺少青铜时代这一个关键时期。

The year 800 B.C. also means that ancient Greece was already in the Iron Age at this time, and it lacked a key period, the Bronze Age.

事实上，十九世纪的两次关于古希腊的重要考古活动，1870年至1890年施里曼对于特洛伊和迈锡尼遗址的发掘和1900年前后埃文斯对于米诺斯遗址的发掘，就是奔着这个方向去的。这个方向是怎么定的，大家现在应该清楚了。关于这两次考古发掘的内容大家可以参考我之前的一期视频，《爱琴美术》。

The two major archaeological excavations of the nineteenth century concerning ancient Greece, the excavations of Troy and Mycenae by Heinrich Schliemann from 1870 to 1890 and the excavations of Minos by Arthur Evans around 1900, went in this direction. How this direction was set should now be clear to everyone. For more information about these two archaeological excavations, you can refer to my previous video, "Art of the Ancient Aegean".

迈锡尼文明的发现将希腊本土文明的历史向前推进至公元前1750年左右，米诺斯文明的发现将爱琴文明的历史向前推进至公元前3500年左右。这些发现将爱琴及希腊大陆地区青铜时代文明的空白填补了。接下来的问题是，它们和古希腊是什么关系。也就是说，米诺斯文明，迈锡尼文明和古希腊文明，它们究竟是不同的三个文明还是同一个文明的不同时期。这个问题我没找到确定的答案。很多资料都是在讲古希腊的时候捎带着提一嘴米诺斯文明和迈锡尼文明，而一旦涉及到三者的关系都是语焉不详，怎么说的都有。其实这个问题不是古希腊所独有的，我们以后还会遇到。

The discovery of the Mycenaean civilization advanced the history of mainland Greek civilization to about 1750 BC, and the discovery of the Minoan civilization advanced the history of Aegean civilization to about 3500 BC. These discoveries filled in the gaps of the Bronze Age civilization in the Aegean and mainland Greece. The next question is how they are related to ancient Greece. That is, whether Minoan civilization, Mycenaean civilization, and ancient Greek civilization are three different civilizations or different periods of the same civilization. I have not found a definite answer to this question. Many sources mention the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations in the context of ancient Greece, but when it comes to the relationship between the three, they are all incoherent and variously described. This issue is not unique to ancient Greece, we will encounter it again in the future.

这里我想说一下我的理解。我的解题思路是从语言和文字入手。语言的重要性不言而喻，不同的语言往往就意味着不同的文化和文明。还有一点很重要，有语言的文明不一定有文字，而且不同的语言可能使用相同的文字。

Here I would like to say a few words about my understanding. My idea of solving the problem is to start with language and script. The importance of language cannot be overstated, and different languages often mean different cultures and civilizations. It is also important to note that civilizations with languages do not necessarily have scripts and that different languages may use the same scripts.

米诺斯文明使用一种假想的语言，被称为米诺斯语言，它的书写系统被称为线形文字A。这种文字的使用时间约为公元前1800年至公元前1450年。迈锡尼文明使用迈锡尼希腊语，书写系统被称为线形文字B。这种文字的使用时间约为公元前1400年至公元前1200年。古希腊文明使用古希腊语，书写系统为希腊字母，希腊字母出现于约公元前九世纪末或八世纪初（约公元前800年）。

The Minoan civilization used a hypothetical language known as the Minoan language, and its writing system is known as Linear A. This script was in use from about 1800 B.C. to 1450 B.C. The Mycenaean civilization used Mycenaean Greek with a writing system known as Linear B. This script was in use from about 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C. The ancient Greek civilization used the ancient Greek language and the writing system was the Greek alphabet, which appeared in the late ninth or early eighth century B.C. (about 800 B.C.).

线形文字A和线形文字B是有联系的，两种书写系统共享很多符号。而线形文字B仅能证明迈锡尼希腊语和古希腊语是有联系的以及迈锡尼人和古希腊人是有联系的，但是线形文字B和希腊字母是没有关系的，它们是两套完全不同的书写系统。希腊字母来自于腓尼基字母。到这里我们就能看到在书写系统方面，迈锡尼文明和古希腊文明有一个几百年的，没有文字的时期。

Linear A and Linear B are related, and the two writing systems share many symbols. Linear B only proves that Mycenaean Greek and Ancient Greek were related and that the Mycenaeans and Ancient Greeks were related, but Linear B and the Greek alphabet are not related; they are two completely different writing systems. The Greek alphabet is derived from the Phoenician alphabet. Here we can see that in terms of writing systems, the Mycenaean civilization and the ancient Greek civilization had a period of several hundred years, without script.

这里我还要补充一点信息。线性文字B由英国语言学家迈克尔·文特里斯在1951年至1953年间破译。这种文字在迈锡尼文明中被用于行政目的。在一些留存下来的泥板上面人们发现了用线形文字B书写的神灵，包括了宙斯，赫拉，波塞冬，阿瑞斯，赫菲斯托斯等。而线形文字A目前还没有被破译。

Here I would like to add some more information. Linear B was deciphered by the British linguist Michael Ventris between 1951 and 1953. This script was used for administrative purposes in the Mycenaean civilization. Deities written in Linear B have been found on some surviving clay tablets, including Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hephaestus, and others. Linear A has not yet been deciphered.

那语言方面的情况如何呢。希腊语的发展大概经历了以下几个时期，原始希腊语，迈锡尼希腊语，古希腊语（包括伊奥利克希腊语，爱奥尼克希腊语和多利克希腊语），通用希腊语（或称为“科伊内希腊语”），中古希腊语（或称为“中世纪希腊语”，“拜占庭希腊语”）和现代希腊语。这里的“古希腊语”是指包括迈锡尼希腊语在内的，通用希腊语之前的古希腊语言。

What about the language aspect? The development of the Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods, Proto-Greek language (Proto-Hellenic), Mycenaean Greek, Ancient Greek (including the Aeolic Greek, Ionic Greek, and Doric Greek), Koine Greek, Medieval Greek (or Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek) and Modern Greek. The term "ancient Greek" here refers to the ancient Greek languages that preceded Koine Greek, including Mycenaean Greek.

迈锡尼希腊语被认为是希腊语的最古老形式，它被使用在希腊大陆和克里特岛。希腊语的雏形在迈锡尼文明时期就已经形成，它和古希腊语是有联系的。《伊利亚特》中的希腊人所使用的语言可能就是迈锡尼希腊语。也就是说，除了最早期的假想的米诺斯语言，希腊语在迈锡尼文明和古希腊文明之间是有联系的。他们说着相似的语言却使用不同的文字。这就涉及到一个问题，文字的发展为什么会中断。

Mycenaean Greek is considered to be the oldest form of the Greek language, which was used in mainland Greece and Crete. The contours of the Greek language were already formed at this time, and it is related to the ancient Greek language. The language used by the Greeks in the Iliad may have been Mycenaean Greek. That is, except for the earliest hypothetical Minoan language, Greek was linked between the Mycenaean and ancient Greek civilizations. They spoke a similar language but used different scripts. This brings us to the question of why the development of the script was interrupted.

原因有很多，我想说三点，不需要文字了，文字被替换了或者是掌握文字的人消失了。造成一个问题有很多因素，但这些因素的作用机制往往是很复杂的。也就是说在真实的历史当中一个问题的出现往往是多种因素相互作用的结果，而每一种因素都可以产生一种假说。就这个问题而言，可能是三者皆有。

There are many reasons for this, I would like to say three, scripts are no longer needed, scripts have been replaced or the people who mastered them have disappeared. Many factors contribute to the occurrence of an event, but the mechanism of action of these factors is complex. That is, in real history an event often occurs as a result of the interaction of multiple factors, and each of these factors can give rise to a hypothesis. In the case of this question, it could be all three.

这个问题咱们之前在讲古埃及的那期视频的时候提到过，象形文字的衰落就伴随着埃及宗教的衰落，神庙祭司的消失和外来文化的冲击等因素。同样的，在古代，除非是重要的事情文字不会被轻易书写，因为通信成本太高了。首先，掌握文字的成本很高。其次，线形文字B的保存方式是和楔形文字类似的，也是刻在泥板上的，信息的存储和交流成本也很高。因此，掌握文字的是占社会人口少数的行政人员和神职人员，文字和信息只在社会上层流动，而占多数的平民是接触不到文字的。这就造成了文字的发展极易中断。事实上在印刷术出现之前，由于知识阶层消失而造成文字消失的例子有很多。很多文明就是这样消失的。

The decline of hieroglyphics was accompanied by the decline of Egyptian religion, the disappearance of temple priests, and the impact of foreign cultures, as we mentioned in the video on ancient Egypt. Similarly, in ancient times, unless it was an important matter words would not be written easily, because the cost of communication was too high. First, the cost of mastering the script is high. Secondly, Linear B was preserved in a similar way to cuneiform, which was also carved on clay tablets, and the cost of storing and communicating information was also high. Thus, it was the administrators and priests, who made up a minority of the society's population, who mastered the script; words and information flowed only in the upper echelons of society, while the common people, who made up the majority, did not have access to it. This caused the development of scripts to be extremely susceptible to interruption. In fact, before the advent of printing, there were many examples of the disappearance of scripts due to the disappearance of the intellectual class. That is how many civilizations have disappeared.

到这里我们仅通过文字消失的可能原因就可以进一步推出这一时期的文明发展状况。迈锡尼文明的发展进程很可能由于一些因素而中断，而这些因素通常有三点，外族入侵，内部秩序崩溃以及自然灾害。在这些因素的作用下，可能由于社会不再需要进行行政和祭祀活动，或者人们从城市生活退回到了原始部族生活，文字也就不需要了；由于外来文化的冲击，本土的文字被替换了；由于行政人员和神职人员被替换或死亡，文字也会消失。

By this point, we can further speculate on the development of civilization in this period simply by the possible causes of the disappearance of scripts. The development process of Mycenaean civilization is likely to be interrupted by several factors, which usually include foreign invasion, breakdown of social order, and natural disasters. As a result of these factors, there may have been no need for scripts as the society no longer needed to perform administrative and ritual activities, or as people retreated from the city life to primitive tribal life; local scripts were replaced due to the impact of foreign cultures; and scripts disappeared as administrators and priests were replaced or died.

这是关于文化断层的第一点，文字发展中断。

This is the first point about cultural discontinuity, the interruption of the development of scripts.

关于文化断层的第二点是前面提到的青铜时代晚期崩溃。这是一个突然的、暴力的破坏，它给东地中海地区的各大文明都带来了急剧的经济和文化衰退，并且很多的城镇都遭受到暴力毁坏。迈锡尼文明的城市和宫殿被破坏得最为严重，所有的宫殿都没有幸存下来，它们被大火完全摧毁。

The second point about cultural discontinuity is the Late Bronze Age collapse mentioned earlier. The second point about cultural discontinuity is the Late Bronze Age collapse mentioned earlier. This was a sudden, violent destruction that brought about a sharp economic and cultural decline to all major civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean and the violent destruction of many cities and towns. The cities and palaces of the Mycenaean civilization were the most severely damaged, all of them did not survive, and they were destroyed by fire.

第三点，古典希腊时期前后的语言分布和社会差异。

The third point is the linguistic distribution and social differences before and after the Classical Greek period.

多利安人是古典希腊时期的四个主要部族之一，但在这之前很长的一段时期里关于多利安人的记载非常少。这里我给大家画一条线。在特洛伊战争之前，几乎就没有关于多利安人的记载。而在特洛伊战争之后，他们在文学和史学上的记载开始增多。并且虽然存在种种差异，但对于古希腊人来说他们似乎并没有将多利安人视为异族。多利安人和其他希腊人共享了同一个文化系统。

The Dorians were one of the four major tribes of the Classical Greek period, but very little has been written about the Dorians for a long time before that. Let me draw a line for you here. Before the Trojan War, there was almost no record of the Dorians. And after the Trojan War, they began to be documented more in literature and historiography. And despite all the differences, it seems that the ancient Greeks did not see the Dorians as a foreign race. The Dorians and other Greeks shared the same cultural system.

可能你还记得咱们前面提到过，生活在伯罗奔尼撒的亚该亚人没有自己的语言，他们使用多利克希腊语的一支方言。语言学上的证据表明东希腊语（爱奥尼克希腊语）曾经是伯罗奔尼撒的主要语言，但在后来被多立克希腊语所取代。

As you may remember from what we mentioned earlier, the Achaeans living in the Peloponnese did not have their language and they used a dialect of Doric Greek. Linguistic evidence suggests that Eastern Greek (Ionic Greek) was once the primary language of the Peloponnese, but was replaced by Doric Greek at a later date.

再往后到了古典希腊时期，古希腊语分为了三个大的组群，分别是由爱奥尼克希腊语和阿提卡希腊语组成的东部组群，由伊奥利克希腊语和阿卡迪亚-塞浦路斯希腊语（“阿卡多塞浦瑞特”希腊语）组成的中部组群，由多利克希腊语，西北多立克希腊语和亚该亚-多利克希腊语组成的西部组群。这里需要大家看一下地图。西北多立克希腊语是多立克希腊语的一支，亚该亚-多利克希腊语是亚该亚人所使用的多利克希腊语的一种方言。古马其顿语是古马其顿人的语言，其使用时间约从公元前一千年到公元前四世纪，这种语言通常被归类为西北多立克希腊语。而且在政治制度上马其顿和斯巴达也是有相似之处的，它们都有王室传统，而且斯巴达还有两个王室，两个国王。西部希腊语的分布从希腊西北部地区向东南方向一直延伸至克里特岛。这里我们就可以看到多利安人的语言和族群分布情况是可以在一定程度上和他们的神话与传说相吻合的。

Later, in the Classical Greek period, the ancient Greek language was divided into three large groups, namely the Eastern group consisting of Ionic Greek and Attic Greek, the Central group consisting of Aeolic Greek and Arcadian-Cypriot Greek (Arcadocypriot Greek), and the Western group consisting of Doric Greek, Northwest Doric Greek, and Achaean Doric Greek. Here you need to look at a map. Northwest Doric Greek is a branch of Doric Greek, and Achaean Doric Greek is a dialect of Doric Greek spoken by the Achaeans. Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians and was spoken from about the first millennium B.C. to the fourth century B.C. The language is usually classified as Northwest Doric Greek. And there are similarities in the political systems of Macedonia and Sparta, both of which had royal traditions, and two royal houses and two kings in Sparta. The distribution of the Western Greek language extends from the northwestern region of Greece southeastward to Crete. Here we can see that the language and ethnic distribution of the Dorians can be matched to some extent by their myths and legends.

如果我们像一个侦探一样查阅古希腊的资料，就会发现古风时代之前的希腊历史，很多“变量”的线索都指向了多利安人。

If we look at ancient Greek sources like a detective, we find that many of the "variables" of Greek history before the Archaic period point to the Dorians.

现在我们需要整理一下学者们对于多利安人的种种认知，主要是语言学、考古学和历史学这三个方面。在语言学方面，对于古典时期的语言分布，尤其是以多利克希腊语为主的西部希腊语组群的形成，有学者认为是多利安人在黑暗时代将多利克方言带到了希腊。并且古典时期前后伯罗奔尼撒地区生活习俗和社会结构的差异可能也是由多利安人的迁徙所致。

Now we need to organize the various scholarly perceptions of the Dorians, mainly in the three areas of linguistics, archaeology, and historiography. In linguistic terms, regarding the distribution of languages in the classical period, especially the formation of the Western Greek grouping, dominated by Doric Greek, some scholars believe that the Dorians brought the Doric dialects to Greece during the Dark Ages. And the differences in living customs and social structure in the Peloponnese around the Classical period may also be due to the migration of the Dorians.

在考古学方面，有证据表明迈锡尼文明在青铜时代末期曾遭受过大规模破坏。由此学者们提出了一种假说。这种假说认为迈锡尼文明的发展是由于受到外力干扰而中断的。迈锡尼文明的毁灭可能和外族入侵有关。

In archaeology, there is evidence that the Mycenaean civilization suffered massive destruction at the end of the Bronze Age. This has led scholars to propose a hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that the development of the Mycenaean civilization was interrupted by a foreign invasion. This led to the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization.

而最先注意到多利安人的是历史学家。十九世纪的历史学家们在希腊传说当中看到了一个可能真实的事件，泰米努斯对于伯罗奔尼撒的征服，也就是咱们前面提到的赫拉克勒斯后裔的回归。这个传说为学者们提供了灵感，历史学家，语言学家，考古学家先后以这个传说为切入点进行探索。

And it was historians who first noticed the Dorians. Historians of the nineteenth century saw in Greek legends a possibly real event, the conquest of the Peloponnese by Temenus, the return of the descendants of Heracles, which we mentioned earlier. This legend has inspired scholars, historians, linguists, and archaeologists who have used it as a starting point for their explorations.

这个过程很有趣也很有代表性。历史学家提出假说并确定方向，语言学家将问题的边界定义清晰，考古学家将问题一一考证。这是一个将假说和真相的差距逐渐缩小的过程。

This process is interesting and representative. Historians formulate hypotheses and set directions, linguists define the boundaries of the issue clearly, and archaeologists test the issue. It is a process of gradually narrowing the gap between hypothesis and truth.

对于这些问题最先形成理论的是德国学者（Karl Otfried Müller）。他套用了用于解释日耳曼人部落和语言分布的理论，这种理论是语言学的，被称为“日耳曼人迁徙”，他将这个理论用在了解释古希腊语言分布的问题上，这种假说称为“多利安人迁徙”。这份德语资料（《Die Dorier》）于1824年出版，后来被翻译成了英语。1830出版的英文资料将德语的“多利安人迁徙”翻译为了“多利安人入侵”。这就是“入侵”一词的由来。这一年，施里曼只有8岁，埃文斯还没有出生。

The first to develop a theory on these issues was a German scholar (Karl Otfried Müller). He applied the theory used to explain the distribution of Germanic tribes and languages, a linguistic theory called "Germanic Migration", and applied it to explain the distribution of languages in ancient Greece, a hypothesis called "Die Einwanderung von den Doriern"（literally: the migration of the Dorians）. This German source ("Die Dorier") was published in 1824 and later translated into English, while the English source published in 1830 translated the German term "Dorian migration" as "Dorian invasion". This is where the term "invasion" comes from. In this year, Schliemann was only eight years old and Evans had not yet been born.

从“迁徙”到“入侵”，这一词只差仅仅是翻译的问题吗，这可能需要结合十九世纪的历史才能搞清楚。但我们需要知道的是在十九世纪的古希腊历史研究当中诞生了一种“入侵理论”。这种理论认为，希腊黑暗时代的文化断层是由于多利安人入侵所致。

Is the difference between "migration" to "invasion" a mere matter of translation, which may need to be clarified in the context of nineteenth-century history. But what we need to know is that in the study of ancient Greek history in the nineteenth century, an "invasion theory" was born. This theory suggests that the cultural discontinuity of the Greek Dark Ages was due to the Dorian invasion.

为什么文字的发展会中断呢，因为多利安人入侵。为什么迈锡尼文明毁灭了呢，因为多利安人入侵。为什么古典时期的语言分布是这样的呢，因为多利安人入侵。

Why was the development of the script interrupted? Because of the Dorian invasion. Why was the Mycenaean civilization destroyed? Because of the Dorian invasion. Why was the distribution of languages in the classical period like this? Because of the Dorian invasion.

但问题是，多利安人入侵真的发生过吗。这就是关于“多利安人的入侵”和“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回归”的第四点。“多利安人入侵”的真实性并未得到证实，但学者们并不排斥这种理论。

But the question is, did the Dorian invasion take place? This is the fourth point about the "Dorian invasion" and the "return of the descendants of Heracles". The authenticity of the "Dorian invasion" has not been proven, but scholars do not reject this theory.

从十九世纪“多利安人入侵”的理论提出到现在，尽管已经进行了近两百年的调查，但这种入侵的确切考古证据仍未确定，多利安人大规模迁移到希腊的历史性也从未得到证实，多利安人的起源仍然未知。

Despite nearly two hundred years of investigation, the firm archaeological evidence of this invasion has not been established, the historicity of the mass migration of the Dorians to Greece has never been established, and the origin of the Dorians remains unknown.

但是因为这个理论的解释力很强，尤其是它后来又和“海上民族”以及“青铜时代晚期崩溃”等概念联系了起来成为了一个理论体系，它已经被学者们广泛接受。这是一个看似矛盾的现象，但它却自有其逻辑。而且我们更应该看到在很多的北半球文明当中都曾经发生过北方民族南迁的事件，这通常和气候变化有关，并不稀奇。结合地理因素，这种情况发生在希腊也不足为奇。我们可以这么说，“多利安人入侵”已经变成了一个框，啥都可以往里装。现在这个概念已经被用滥了。

However, it has been widely accepted by scholars because it can explain many events, especially because it was later linked to the concepts of "Sea Peoples" and "Late Bronze Age Collapse" as a theoretical system. This seemingly contradictory phenomenon has its logic. And it is not uncommon to see that many northern hemisphere civilizations have experienced the migration of northern peoples southward, often about climate change. Combined with geography, it is not surprising that this happened in Greece. We can say that the "Dorian invasion" has become a box into which everything can fit. This concept is now overused.

到这里我们就可以回答那个关键的问题了，米诺斯文明，迈锡尼文明和古希腊文明这三者是什么关系。一句话，这三者是有联系的，但不是严丝合缝的。

Here we can answer the key question, what is the relationship between Minoan, Mycenaean, and ancient Greek civilizations? In a word, these three are related, but not very closely.

米诺斯文明催生了迈锡尼文明，迈锡尼文明催生了古希腊文明。它们在民族，语言，文字和文化上是有联系的，但是因为这中间有几处假说所以我们下结论要谨慎。这也就是为什么很多资料提到米诺斯文明，迈锡尼文明和古希腊文明这三者的关系会语焉不详，关键就在多利安人入侵这里。

The Minoan civilization gave birth to the Mycenaean civilization, and the Mycenaean civilization gave birth to the ancient Greek civilization. They are related in terms of ethnicity, language, script, and culture, but because there are several hypotheses in between, we should be careful in concluding. This is why many sources mention the relationship between Minoan, Mycenaean, and Greek civilizations as being incoherent, the key being the Dorian invasion.

另外，如果我们将古希腊的历史从大约公元前800年开始的古风时期开始算也不会对我们对它的理解有多少影响。事实上在施里曼和埃文斯发现米诺斯文明和迈锡尼文明的遗迹之前，古希腊的历史最多也就到公元前800年左右。

Moreover, if we count the history of ancient Greece from the Archaic period, which began around 800 B.C., it will not have much effect on our understanding of it. Before Schliemann and Evans discovered the remains of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, the history of ancient Greece would have been up to about 800 BC at most.

到这里，本期视频最难的部分就过去了。

By this point, the hardest part of this video is over.

然后我想接着聊一下关于希腊字母和希腊语的相关内容。

Then I want to move on to talk about the Greek alphabet and the Greek language.

关于希腊字母的内容我们需要从一个更古老的字母，腓尼基字母说起。腓尼基字母的前身是原始西奈字母，这是一种在古代迦南地区使用的闪米特语言的书写系统，它源自于埃及象形文字。

About the Greek alphabet, we need to start with an older alphabet, the Phoenician alphabet. The predecessor of the Phoenician alphabet was the Proto-Sinaitic script, a writing system of the Semitic languages used in ancient Canaan that was derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics.

腓尼基人是东地中海地区一个古老的民族，他们生活的地区相当于今天的黎巴嫩和叙利亚的沿海地区。他们是东地中海地区的主要商业力量，通过其发达的海上贸易网络他们能够接触到美索不达米亚和埃及这两个文明发达的地区。

The Phoenicians were an ancient people of the Eastern Mediterranean who lived in an area equivalent to the coastal areas of present-day Lebanon and Syria. They were the main commercial force in the Eastern Mediterranean, and through their well-developed maritime trade network, they had access to Mesopotamia and Egypt, two well-developed civilizations.

在古代世界虽然有文字，比如楔形文字和埃及象形文字，但它们非常难以掌握。比如埃及象形文字结合了音节和字母有大约1000个不同的字符，这种书写系统需要长期的专业训练才能掌握。而且象形文字没有元音字母，因此如何阅读和理解它就存在很大难度，这在很大程度上限制了它的传播。

Although there were scripts in the ancient world, such as cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics, they were very difficult to master. Egyptian hieroglyphics, for example, combined syllables and alphabets with about 1,000 different characters, a writing system that required a long period of professional training to achieve proficiency. Moreover, hieroglyphs do not have vowel letters, so it is very difficult to read and understand them, which largely limits their spread.

腓尼基字母由原始西奈字母发展而来。它由22个辅音字母组成，同样没有元音，从右到左书写，字形棱角分明。腓尼基字母的创新是它的语音性质，它的每个音符都由一个符号表示，因此只需要学习几十个符号就可以将其掌握。相比于楔形文字和象形文字，腓尼基字母的学习难度已经大大降低了。

The Phoenician alphabet was developed from the Proto-Sinaitic script. It consists of 22 consonant letters with no vowels, written from right to left and the letters are angular. The innovation of the Phoenician alphabet is its phonetic nature; each of its notes is represented by a symbol so that only a few dozen symbols need to be learned. Compared to cuneiform and hieroglyphics, the Phoenician alphabet has become much less difficult to learn.

腓尼基字母随着腓尼基商人的海上贸易在地中海地区广泛传播，并很快成为了使用最广泛的书写系统之一。从公元前九世纪开始，腓尼基字母被许多其他的文化接受并改编。

The Phoenician alphabet spread widely in the Mediterranean with the maritime trade of Phoenician merchants and soon became one of the most widely used writing systems. Beginning in the ninth century BC, the Phoenician alphabet was accepted and adapted by many other cultures.

公元前九世纪末或八世纪初，希腊人接触到了腓尼基字母并对其进行了改编。在书写系统消失了几百年之后，希腊人重新学会了书写。希腊人最重要的创新是他们在腓尼基字母当中添加了元音，早期希腊字母由此诞生。希腊字母是已知最早的拥有元音的字母文字，元音的添加大大提高了书写系统的准确性和可读性。

In the late ninth or early eighth century B.C., the Greeks came into contact with the Phoenician alphabet and adapted it. After centuries of the disappearance of the writing system, the Greeks relearned to write. The most important innovation of the Greeks was their addition of vowels to the Phoenician alphabet, giving birth to the early Greek alphabet. The Greek alphabet is the earliest known alphabetic script with vowels, and the addition of vowels greatly improved the accuracy and readability of the writing system.

自此，腓尼基字母产生了两个分支分别演化。一支延续了腓尼基字母的形式，这些书写系统仍然是由辅音字母组成，比如阿拉米字母，阿拉伯字母和希伯来字母等；而另一支则在其中加入了元音，变成了希腊字母，拉丁字母和西里尔字母等。

Since then the Phoenician alphabet has evolved into two separate branches. One branch continued the form of the Phoenician alphabet, and these writing systems still consisted of consonantal letters, such as the Aramaic alphabet, the Arabic alphabet, and the Hebrew alphabet, while the other branch added vowels to them and became the Greek alphabet, the Latin alphabet, and the Cyrillic alphabet, etc.

几乎所有字母文字的祖先都可以追溯到腓尼基字母和埃及象形文字。

The ancestry of almost all alphabetic scripts can be traced back to the Phoenician alphabet and Egyptian hieroglyphs.

早期的希腊字母就像腓尼基字母一样，是从右到左书写的，但抄写员可以自由交替书写方向，诞生了“牛耕式转行书写法”。这是一种方向交替的书写方式，这种书写方式就像牛耕地一样，两行之间首尾相连。交替的书写行是颠倒的，字母也以镜像形式反向书写。在古典时期，从左到右的书写方向成为了常态，字母的形状也发生了镜像，由此诞生了标准希腊字母。标准希腊字母有24个字母，其中7个是元音，全部由大写字母组成。

The early Greek alphabet, like the Phoenician alphabet, was written from right to left, but the scribe was free to alternate the direction of writing, giving birth to the "boustrophedon". This is an alternating-direction writing style, which is written like an ox plowing the ground, with the first and last lines connected. The alternate lines of writing are reversed, with letters also written in reverse in mirror image form. During the classical period, the left-to-right writing direction became the norm and the shape of the letters mirrored, thus giving birth to the standard Greek alphabet. The standard Greek alphabet has 24 letters, 7 of which are vowels, all of which are composed of capital letters.

此后，希腊字母随着希腊人的扩张而广泛传播。约公元前八世纪，希腊人在意大利建立殖民地，当地的伊特鲁利亚人将希腊字母改编为了伊特拉斯坎字母（或“伊特鲁利亚字母”）。到了约公元前七世纪，罗马人将伊特拉斯坎字母改编为了拉丁字母，并且他们在这种字母的基础上将字母的数量增加到了26个，比如由“I”衍生出了“J”，由“V”衍生出了“U”和“W”。

Thereafter the Greek alphabet spread widely with the expansion of the Greeks. Around the eighth century B.C., when the Greeks established colonies in Italy, the local Etruscans adapted the Greek alphabet into the Etruscan alphabet. Around the seventh century BC, the Romans adapted the Etruscan alphabet to the Latin script, and they increased the number of letters to 26 based on this alphabet, such as "J" from "I", "U" and "W" from "V".

之后随着罗马帝国的扩张，拉丁字母和拉丁语一起从意大利传播到了整个环地中海地区。罗马帝国的东半部，包括希腊、小亚细亚、黎凡特和埃及，继续使用希腊语作为通用语；而在帝国的西半部，拉丁语被广泛使用。大多数的欧洲语言，包括英语、法语、德语、意大利语、葡萄牙语、西班牙语等使用的都是拉丁字母。

Later, with the expansion of the Roman Empire, the Latin alphabet spread from Italy to the areas around the Mediterranean, along with the Latin language. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, including Greece, Asia Minor, the Levant, and Egypt, continued to use Greek as the lingua franca; while in the western half of the Empire, Latin was widely used. Most European languages, including English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, used the Latin alphabet.

在中世纪，随着基督教的传播，讲斯拉夫语言的民族接触到了希腊字母的安色尔体，他们将其改编为了西里尔字母。

In the Middle Ages, with the spread of Christianity, Slavic-speaking peoples were exposed to the Uncial script of the Greek alphabet, which they adapted to the Cyrillic script.

在九世纪和十世纪的拜占庭，希腊小体取代安色尔体成为手写体的主要方式。这种字体更小，更圆润，更连贯并且使用许多连字。希腊小体中使用的基本字母形状是现代小写希腊字母的祖先。此后将小写字母和大写字母混合使用的做法变得很常见，大写字母通常用于强调，标题和首字母。现代希腊字母的大小写拼写系统正是由此而来。

In Byzantium in the ninth and tenth centuries, the Greek minuscule replaced the Uncial script as the main form of handwriting. This script was smaller, more rounded, more connected, and used many ligatures. The basic letter shapes used in Greek minuscule are the ancestors of the modern lowercase Greek alphabet. Since then it has become common to use a mixture of lowercase and uppercase letters, with uppercase often used for emphasis, titles, and initials. From this practice, the modern orthographic system of letter cases for the Greek alphabet arose.

十六世纪以来，拉丁字母随着欧洲的殖民传播到了美洲、大洋洲、亚洲、非洲和太平洋地区。经过两千多年的演化，拉丁字母成为了当今世界上使用最广泛的字母书写系统。

Since the sixteenth century, the Latin alphabet spread with European colonization to the Americas, Oceania, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After more than two thousand years of evolution, the Latin alphabet has become the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today.

今天的希腊字母还广泛应用于数学，科学和其他领域。我经常在各种公式里面见到它。例如小写的“epsilon”（ε）表示电容率。小写的“pi”（π）表示圆的周长和其直径之比。大写的“sigma”（Σ）表示求和，小写的“sigma”（σ）表示标准差。大写的“lambda”（Λ）是斯巴达的符号，小写的“lambda”（λ）代表波长以及游戏《半条命》（或者“半衰期”）的符号。“omega”（Ω）是希腊字母的最后一个，大写的“omega”（Ω）表示电阻，战锤40K中极限战士的符号就是一个倒着的“omega”（Ω）。八十八个星座中，最亮的恒星被称为“阿尔法星”，次亮的恒星被称为“贝塔星”。“字母表”这个单词就是希腊字母的前两个字母，“alpha”（α）和“beta”（β）的组合。

Today the Greek alphabet is also widely used in mathematics, science, and other fields. I often see it in various formulas. For example, the lowercase "epsilon" (ε) represents the permittivity. The lowercase "pi" (π) represents the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The uppercase "sigma" (Σ) represents the summation, and the lowercase sigma "sigma" (σ) represents the standard deviation. The uppercase "lambda" (Λ) is the Spartan symbol and the lowercase "lambda" (λ) represents the wavelength and the symbol for the half-life of the game. "omega" (Ω) is the last of the Greek letters, capital "omega" (Ω) indicates resistance, the symbol of the Ultramarines in Warhammer 40K is an upside down "omega" (Ω). Among the eighty-eight constellations, the brightest stars are called "Alpha stars" and the next brightest stars are called "Beta stars". The word "alphabet" is a combination of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, "alpha" and "beta".

接着我们再来说一下希腊语。公元前四世纪，亚历山大大帝征服了希腊世界。随着希腊地区的统一，希腊语也开始了一个标准化的过程，诞生了通用希腊语（或称“科伊内”希腊语）。通用希腊语是以阿提卡方言为基础并通过均一化其他方言混合而成的。通用希腊语在随后的希腊化时期随着希腊秩序的扩张而广泛传播并在后来成为了罗马帝国和拜占庭帝国的主要语言。其使用地区包括了地中海地区和西亚的大部分地区。

Then we come to the Greek language. In the fourth century B.C., Alexander the Great conquered the Greek world. With the unification of the Greek region, a process of standardization of the Greek language began, giving birth to the Koine Greek. Koine Greek is mainly based on the Attica dialect and is mixed by leveling with other varieties of dialects. Koine Greek spread widely during the Hellenistic period with the expansion of the Greek order and later became the dominant language of the Roman and Byzantine empires. It was spoken throughout much of the Mediterranean and Western Asia.

希腊语不仅跨越了西方文明的诸多时期，并且它还是基督教发展早期所使用的语言。包括《七十士译本》和《新约全书》在内的诸多早期基督教经典都是用希腊语撰写的。也因此，通用希腊语也被称为希腊化希腊语，亚历山大方言，圣经希腊语或新约希腊语。通用希腊语在拜占庭帝国进一步发展为中古希腊语，并在1453年之后演变为现代希腊语。在今天，很多希腊东正教会和一些希腊天主教会仍然在使用通用希腊语作为他们的礼仪语言。

Greek not only spans many periods of Western civilization, but it was also the language used in the early development of Christianity. Many of the early Christian classics, including the Septuagint and the New Testament, were written in Greek. For this reason, Koine Greek is also known as Hellenistic Greek, Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, or New Testament Greek. Koine Greek further developed into Medieval Greek in the Byzantine Empire and evolved into Modern Greek after 1453. Today, many Greek Orthodox Churches and some Greek Catholic Churches still use Koine Greek as their liturgical language.

至少在文字和语言的方面，“古希腊是西方文明之源”这句话所言非虚。

The statement "Ancient Greece is the source of Western civilization" is true, at least as far as writing and language are concerned.

讲完古希腊地区和希腊人之后，接下来咱们再来了解一下古希腊的经济。

After talking about the region of ancient Greece and the Greeks, let's move on to the economy of ancient Greece.

古希腊经济

The Economy of Ancient Greece

古希腊的经济有三个关键词，农业，手工业和商业。

The economy of ancient Greece had three keywords, agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce.

农业是古希腊经济的基础，约80%的人口从事农业生产。希腊本土遍布高山和丘陵，适宜耕种的土地很有限，食物主要是谷物。但这种地理条件十分适合种植经济作物，尤其是橄榄和葡萄。谷物，橄榄和葡萄就是古希腊的三大农作物。其他的农产品还有各种蔬菜，药草和蜂蜜。蜂蜜是希腊人主要的糖的来源。牲畜主要是山羊、绵羊和猪，牛和马比较稀少。

Agriculture was the foundation of the ancient Greek economy, with about 80% of the population engaged in agricultural production. The Greek mainland was dotted with high mountains and hills, with limited land suitable for cultivation and food consisting mainly of cereals. However, this geography was very suitable for growing cash crops, especially olives and grapes. Cereals, olives, and grapes were the three major crops of ancient Greece. Other agricultural products include various vegetables, herbs, and honey. Honey is the main source of sugar for the Greeks. Livestock are mainly goats, sheep, and pigs; cattle and horses are rare.

古希腊的手工业，尤其是制陶在古希腊很发达，在地中海沿岸的大多数地区都发现了古希腊陶器的遗存。今天留存下来的古希腊的绘画作品当中很大一部分是画在陶器上面的，这些陶器绘画是古希腊艺术的一个很重要的类别。陶器绘画的风格发展贯穿了古希腊文明的所有时期，主要的有黑绘风格和红绘风格。

The craft industry, especially pottery making, was well-developed in ancient Greece and remains of ancient Greek pottery have been found in most areas along the Mediterranean coast. A large proportion of the surviving ancient Greek paintings are on pottery, which is an important category of ancient Greek art. The style of pottery painting developed throughout all periods of ancient Greek civilization, with black-figure and red-figure being the main ones.

金属在古代世界是非常珍贵的。金，银，铜，铁这些珍贵的金属会优先应用于经济，军事和生产领域，也就是用于铸币，兵器和农具，少量用于工艺制品。希腊周边的地区金属分布广泛。锡夫诺斯岛拥有金和银。阿提卡东南部的拉里昂拥有大量的银矿。萨索斯岛是希腊最北端的岛屿，这里拥有金，银，铜，铁，铅和大理石。塞浦路斯，位于安纳托利亚半岛以南，这里是东地中海地区铜的重要产地。

Metals were very precious in the ancient world. Gold, silver, copper, and iron were used in the economic, military, and production fields, i.e. for minting coins, weapons, and agricultural tools, and to a lesser extent for craftwork. The area around Greece has a wide distribution of metals. The island of Sifnos has gold and silver. Lavrio, southeast of Attica, has a large silver deposit. Thasos, the northernmost island of Greece, has gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and marble. Cyprus, located south of the Anatolian Peninsula, is an important source of copper in the Eastern Mediterranean.

如果你喜欢玩《文明6》的话，在了解了古希腊的地理以及东地中海地区的资源分布情况之后，你可能就会有一个大概的发展思路了。地理和资源的分布情况在很大程度上决定了文明的走向。而对于一个文明的发展来说其地理因素和人的因素这两者的关系经常被讨论。我个人对这个问题的看法是这样一句话，“三分天注定，七分靠打拼”。

If you enjoy playing Civilization 6, you may have a general idea of how to develop it after learning about the geography of ancient Greece and the distribution of resources in the Eastern Mediterranean. Geography and the distribution of resources largely determine the course of civilizations. The relationship between geographic and human factors for the development of a civilization is often discussed. My personal view on this issue is the phrase, "Thirty percent is determined by the environment, seventy percent is determined by the people".

由于资源的相对稀缺（或匮乏），古希腊的经济十分依赖贸易。古希腊的出口产品主要是橄榄油，葡萄酒，陶器，金属制品和其他手工制品，进口来自埃及，古迦太基和西西里岛的粮食。

Due to the relative scarcity of resources, the economy of ancient Greece was very dependent on trade. Ancient Greece's exports were mainly olive oil, wine, pottery, metalwork, and other handicrafts, and imported grain from Egypt, ancient Carthage, and Sicily.

纺织和铸造等手工业制品都是在家庭作坊当中完成的。在古希腊的价值体系中农民的地位是要比工匠高的，从事手工业的人被看作是低贱的。一些在当代被看作是艺术的事物在古希腊其实是手工业的一部分。

Handicrafts such as weaving and casting were done in the family workshops. In the ancient Greek value system, the peasant had a higher status than the artisan, and those who worked in crafts were seen as inferior. Some of the things that are considered art in contemporary times were part of the crafts in ancient Greece.