AMIP
AMIP数据的主要作用
The AMIP and pre-industrial control simulations of the DECK provide opportunities for evaluating the atmospheric model and the coupled system, and in addition they establish a baseline for performing many of the CMIP6 experiments.
一般采用AMIP和工业化前实验进行评估大气模式和耦合系统。
2. For nearly 3 decades, AMIP simulations (Gates et al, 1999) have been routinely relied on by modelling centres to help in the evaluation of the atmospheric component of their models.
模拟中心经常依靠AMIP模拟来帮助评估其模式的大气成分。
3. AMIP sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice concentrations (SICs),
In AMIP simulations, the SSTs and SICs are prescribed based on observations. The idea is to analyse and evaluate the atmospheric and land components of the climate system when they are constrained by the observed ocean conditions.These simulations can help identify which model errors originate in the atmosphere, land, or their interactions, and they have proven useful in addressing a great variety of questions pertaining to recent climate changes.
AMIP模拟中输入了观测的SST以及海冰数据，输入这些数据的主要原因为：在观测海洋背景下评估海洋和大气组成成分。可以帮助确定哪些模式误差源于大气、陆地或它们之间的相互作用
4. The climate found in AMIP simulations is largely determined by the externally imposed forcing, especially the ocean conditions. Nevertheless, unforced variability (noise) within the atmosphere introduces some non-deterministic variations that hamper unambiguous interpretation of apparent relationships between, for example, the year-to-year anomalies in SSTs and their consequences over land. To assess the role of unforced atmospheric variability in any particular result, modelling groups are encouraged to generate an ensemble of AMIP simulations. For most studies, a three member ensemble, where only the initial conditions are varied, would be the minimum required, with larger size ensembles clearly of value in making more precise determination of statistical significance.
基于AMIP数据发现气候在很大程度上是由外部强加的强迫，特别是海洋条件决定的。
AMIP与CMIP
AMIP试验利用1979年以来的观测海温和海冰作为边界条件来驱动大气环流模式。piControl试验是把外强迫（温室气体、太阳辐射、气溶胶、土地利用等）维持在1850年的水平下驱动全球耦合模式进行500 a以上的长期积分。这两组试验是评估大气模式和耦合模式性能的基础,也是其他CMIP6试验的基准。
Historical试验也从piControl试验的某个时间点启动,在基于观测的、随时间变化的各种外强迫（温室气体、太阳辐射、气溶胶、土地利用等）驱动下进行1850年以来的历史气候模拟。该试验用来评估模式对气候变化的模拟能力,包括气候变率的大小和百年尺度的趋势,还被用来分析气候模式的辐射强迫和敏感性与观测记录的一致性;同时,它与piControl试验一道是进行气候变化检测归因的参考基准试验。
来源： Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
周天军, 邹立维, 陈晓龙. 第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）评述 气候变化研究进展, 2019, 15(5): 445-456 doi: 10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2019.193
