【标题速读】【nature】【2023年】【4月】
声明：本专栏主要对生命科学领域的一些期刊文章标题进行翻译，所有内容均由本人手工整理翻译。由于本人专业为生物分析相关，其他领域如果出现翻译错误请谅解。
1.Tumour promotion. In 1947, Isaac Berenblum proposed that the development of cancer was a two-stage process: the first step introduces mutations into healthy cells, the second then promotes tumour growth through tissue inflammation. In this week’s issue, Charles Swanton and his colleagues investigate the role of particulate matter in prompting the development of non-small-cell lung cancers and find that cancer initiation in response to pollution conforms to Berenblum’s model. The researchers investigated especially fine particles called PM2.5, which are smaller than 2.5 micrometres and are typically found in smoke and vehicle emissions. Looking at nearly 33,000 people from four countries, they found a clear link between prolonged exposure to PM2.5 and the development of lung cancers observed in people who had never smoked. In further studies in mice, the team found that PM2.5 seems to trigger an influx of immune cells and the release of the signalling molecule interleukin-1β in lung cells, which exacerbates inflammation and helps drive tumour progression in cells in normal tissue with specific cancer-driver mutations. Taken together, the results suggest that PM2.5 could act as a tumour promoter and could aggravate existing cancerous mutations present in normal tissue.
肿瘤促进。 1947年，Isaac Berenblum提出癌症的发展是一个两阶段的过程：第一步将突变引入健康细胞，第二步然后通过组织炎症促进肿瘤生长。在本周的期刊中，查尔斯·斯旺顿（Charles Swanton）和他的同事研究了颗粒物在促进非小细胞肺癌发展中的作用，并发现因污染而引发的癌症符合贝伦布鲁姆的模型。研究人员研究了称为 PM2.5 的特别细颗粒，这种颗粒小于 2.5 微米，通常存在于烟雾和车辆排放物中。他们对来自四个国家的近 33,000 人进行了观察，发现长期接触 PM2.5 与从不吸烟的人患肺癌之间存在明显的联系。在对小鼠的进一步研究中，研究小组发现，PM2.5 似乎会引发免疫细胞的涌入以及肺细胞中信号分子白细胞介素-1β的释放，从而加剧炎症并有助于驱动正常组织细胞中的肿瘤进展，并具有特定的作用。癌症驱动突变。总而言之，结果表明 PM2.5 可以充当肿瘤促进剂，并可能加剧正常组织中现有的癌性突变。
2.Acquired taste. Octopuses use chemotactile receptors (CRs) in the suckers on their arms to ‘taste by touch’ as they explore their sea-floor environment. These proteins evolved from neurotransmitter receptors to allow octopuses to detect poorly soluble natural products on contact. In this week’s issue, two papers by Nicholas Bellono, Ryan Hibbs and their colleagues use cephalopod CRs to probe the structural basis of sensory-receptor evolution. In the first, the researchers describe the adaptations in octopus protein structures that underlie the change in receptor function from neurotransmission to detecting environmental stimuli. In the second paper, the team uses this information to explore how tuning sensory receptors drives new behaviour in various cephalopods, including octopus, squid and cuttlefish. Taken together, the studies offer a basis for understanding how subtle structural adaptations can drive novel traits and behaviours that are suited to specific ecological contexts.
后天的品味。章鱼在探索海底环境时，利用手臂吸盘中的化学触觉受体（CR）来“通过触摸来品尝”。这些蛋白质从神经递质受体进化而来，使章鱼能够在接触时检测到难溶的天然产物。在本周的期刊中，尼古拉斯·贝洛诺 (Nicholas Bellono)、瑞安·希布斯 (Ryan Hibbs) 及其同事发表的两篇论文利用头足类 CR 来探讨感觉受体进化的结构基础。首先，研究人员描述了章鱼蛋白质结构的适应性，这些适应性是受体功能从神经传递到检测环境刺激的变化的基础。在第二篇论文中，研究小组利用这些信息来探索调节感觉受体如何驱动各种头足类动物（包括章鱼、鱿鱼和墨鱼）的新行为。总而言之，这些研究为理解微妙的结构适应如何驱动适合特定生态环境的新特征和行为奠定了基础。
3.Crash course. Although currently there is no known threat to Earth from asteroids, strategies to protect the planet from a collision are being explored. On 26 September 2022, NASA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory successfully tested one such approach: the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft was deliberately crashed into Dimorphos, a moon orbiting the small asteroid Didymos, resulting in a change in the moon’s orbit. In this week’s issue, five papers explore the test and the effects of the collision. One paper reconstructs the impact; a second looks at the change to Dimorphos’s orbit caused by the impact. A third paper reports observations from the Hubble Space Telescope of the material ejected during the collision. A fourth paper uses modelling to characterize the transfer of momentum that resulted from the impact. And the final paper reports on citizen science observations before, during and after the collision.
速成课程。尽管目前还没有已知的小行星对地球构成威胁，但保护地球免受碰撞的策略正在探索中。 2022 年 9 月 26 日，美国宇航局和约翰霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室成功测试了一种这样的方法：双小行星重定向测试 (DART) 航天器被故意撞向绕小行星 Didymos 运行的卫星 Dimorphos，导致月球轨道发生变化。在本周的期刊中，五篇论文探讨了测试和碰撞的影响。一篇论文重构了影响；第二个是观察撞击造成的迪莫福斯轨道的变化。第三篇论文报告了哈勃太空望远镜对碰撞期间喷射出的物质的观察结果。第四篇论文使用模型来描述撞击引起的动量转移。最后的论文报告了碰撞前、碰撞期间和碰撞后的公民科学观察结果。
4.Loop feedback. In eukaryotes, the protein complex cohesin plays a key role in folding genomic DNA by extruding the DNA into loops. An important element in this process is the DNA-binding protein CTCF, which has been proposed to regulate loop formation. In this week’s issue, Jan-Michael Peters, Cees Dekker and their colleagues shed light on the mechanism behind CTCF’s action. The researchers visualized interactions between single molecules of CTCF (shown in pink on the cover) and cohesin (blue) in vitro, finding that CTCF is sufficient to block loop extrusion by cohesin. They also found that not only does CTCF halt loop extrusion in an orientation-dependent manner, but it also sometimes causes the loops to shrink or changes the direction in which they grow. Crucially, this regulatory role of CTCF’s loop-extrusion blocking activity is itself controlled by the tension of the DNA to which the CTCF and cohesin are bound.
循环反馈。在真核生物中，蛋白质复合物粘连蛋白通过将 DNA 挤压成环，在折叠基因组 DNA 中发挥关键作用。这个过程中的一个重要元件是 DNA 结合蛋白 CTCF，它被认为可以调节环的形成。在本周的期刊中，Jan-Michael Peters、Cees Dekker 及其同事阐明了 CTCF 行动背后的机制。研究人员在体外观察了 CTCF 单分子（封面上的粉色部分）和粘连蛋白（蓝色）之间的相互作用，发现 CTCF 足以阻止粘连蛋白的环挤出。他们还发现，CTCF 不仅会以方向相关的方式停止环挤出，有时还会导致环收缩或改变其生长方向。至关重要的是，CTCF 环挤出阻断活性的这种调节作用本身是由 CTCF 和粘连蛋白所结合的 DNA 张力控制的。
5.Air pollution’s role in the promotion of lung cancer.
空气污染在促进肺癌中的作用。
6.Distant supermassive black holes spotted in galaxy merger.
星系合并中发现遥远的超大质量黑洞。
7.The medieval Moon unveils volcanic secrets.
中世纪的月亮揭开了火山的秘密。
8.From the archive: the wonders of life contained in the soil, and the sociability of cats.
来自档案：土壤中蕴含的生命奇迹，以及猫的社交能力。
9.Cancer cells remodel nuclear actin filaments to resist chemotherapy.
癌细胞重塑核肌动蛋白丝以抵抗化疗。
10.Blue foods brought to the table to improve fish-policy decisions.
蓝色食品被带到餐桌上以改善鱼类政策决策。
11.A close quasar pair in a disk–disk galaxy merger at z = 2.17.
z = 2.17 处盘-盘星系合并中的一对紧密类星体。
12.Real-time quantum error correction beyond break-even.
超越盈亏平衡的实时量子纠错。
13.Beating the break-even point with a discrete-variable-encoded logical qubit.
使用离散变量编码逻辑量子位打破收支平衡点。
14.Gate-tunable heavy fermions in a moiré Kondo lattice.
莫尔近藤晶格中的门可调重费米子。
15.2D fin field-effect transistors integrated with epitaxial high-k gate oxide.
与外延高 k 栅极氧化物集成的 2D 鳍式场效应晶体管。
16.Deforming lanthanum trihydride for superionic conduction.
使三氢化镧变形以实现超离子传导。
17.A LaCl3-based lithium superionic conductor compatible with lithium metal.
一种与锂金属相容的基于 LaCl3 的锂超离子导体。
18.Enantioselective transition-metal catalysis via an anion-binding approach.
通过阴离子结合方法进行对映选择性过渡金属催化。
19.Lunar eclipses illuminate timing and climate impact of medieval volcanism.
月食揭示了中世纪火山活动的时间和气候影响。
20.Ageing threatens sustainability of smallholder farming in China.
老龄化威胁着中国小农农业的可持续性。
21.Four ways blue foods can help achieve food system ambitions across nations.
蓝色食品可以通过四种方式帮助各国实现粮食系统的雄心。
22.Spatial epigenome–transcriptome co-profiling of mammalian tissues.
哺乳动物组织的空间表观基因组-转录组联合分析。
23.An atlas of genetic scores to predict multi-omic traits.
用于预测多组学特征的遗传评分图谱。
24.Thalamus drives vocal onsets in the zebra finch courtship song.
丘脑驱动斑胸草雀求爱歌曲的发声。
25.Gut enterochromaffin cells drive visceral pain and anxiety.
肠道肠嗜铬细胞会引起内脏疼痛和焦虑。
26.Spatial multiomics map of trophoblast development in early pregnancy.
妊娠早期滋养层发育的空间多组学图。
27.Norovirus MLKL-like protein initiates cell death to induce viral egress.
诺如病毒 MLKL 样蛋白启动细胞死亡以诱导病毒流出。
28.Lung adenocarcinoma promotion by air pollutants.
空气污染物促进肺腺癌。
29.RHOJ controls EMT-associated resistance to chemotherapy.
RHOJ 控制 EMT 相关的化疗耐药性。
30.Basis of the H2AK119 specificity of the Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase.
Polycomb 抑制性去泛素酶的 H2AK119 特异性的基础。
31.From primordial clocks to circadian oscillators.
从原始时钟到昼夜节律振荡器。
32.Structural and mechanistic insights into fungal β-1,3-glucan synthase FKS1.
对真菌 β-1,3-葡聚糖合酶 FKS1 的结构和机制的见解。
33.In situ structure of the red algal phycobilisome–PSII–PSI–LHC megacomplex.
红藻藻胆体-PSII-PSI-LHC 巨型复合物的原位结构。
34.Earth’s molten youth had long-lasting consequences.
地球的青春热潮产生了持久的影响。
35.Swift progress for robots over complex terrain.
机器人在复杂地形上的快速进步。
36.Mix-and-match tools for protein injection into cells.
用于将蛋白质注射到细胞中的混合搭配工具。
37.Elusive excited states identified from cutting-edge molecular movies.
从尖端分子电影中发现的难以捉摸的激发态。
38.A metabolic vulnerability of pancreatic cancer.
胰腺癌的代谢脆弱性。
39.Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence.
通用医学人工智能的基础模型。
40.A population of red candidate massive galaxies ~600 Myr after the Big Bang.
大爆炸后约 600 迈尔的红色候选大质量星系群。
41.Giant magnetoresistance of Dirac plasma in high-mobility graphene.
高迁移率石墨烯中狄拉克等离子体的巨磁阻。
42.Orbital-resolved observation of singlet fission.
单线态裂变的轨道分辨观察。
43.Separating single- from multi-particle dynamics in nonlinear spectroscopy.
非线性光谱中单粒子和多粒子动力学的分离。
44.Dehydration of a crystal hydrate at subglacial temperatures.
晶体水合物在冰下温度下脱水。
45.Mechanistic formulation of inorganic membranes at the air–liquid interface.
气液界面无机膜的机械配方。
46.Crop switching can enhance environmental sustainability and farmer incomes in China.
作物转换可以提高中国的环境可持续性和农民收入。
47.Earth shaped by primordial H2 atmospheres.
地球由原始氢气大气层塑造。
48.Interhemispheric competition during sleep.
睡眠时半球间的竞争。
49.An E1–E2 fusion protein primes antiviral immune signalling in bacteria.
E1-E2 融合蛋白启动细菌中的抗病毒免疫信号。
50.Ubiquitin-like conjugation by bacterial cGAS enhances anti-phage defence.
细菌 cGAS 的泛素样缀合增强了抗噬菌体防御。
51.A viral biomolecular condensate coordinates assembly of progeny particles.
病毒生物分子凝聚物协调子代颗粒的组装。
52.Ornithine aminotransferase supports polyamine synthesis in pancreatic cancer.
鸟氨酸转氨酶支持胰腺癌中的多胺合成。
53.The NK cell receptor NKp46 recognizes ecto-calreticulin on ER-stressed cells.
NK 细胞受体 NKp46 识别 ER 应激细胞上的外钙网蛋白。
54.Programmable protein delivery with a bacterial contractile injection system.
使用细菌收缩注射系统进行可编程蛋白质输送。
55.Large-scale mapping and mutagenesis of human transcriptional effector domains.
人类转录效应域的大规模作图和诱变。
56.Structural basis of sensory receptor evolution in octopus.
章鱼感觉受体进化的结构基础。
57.Sensory specializations drive octopus and squid behaviour.
感官专业化驱动章鱼和鱿鱼的行为。
58.TnpB structure reveals minimal functional core of Cas12 nuclease family.
TnpB 结构揭示了 Cas12 核酸酶家族的最小功能核心。
59.Cryo-EM structure of the transposon-associated TnpB enzyme.
转座子相关 TnpB 酶的冷冻电镜结构。
60.On the evidence of a trend in the CO2 airborne fraction.
空气中二氧化碳含量趋势的证据。
61.Molecular portraits of lung cancer evolution.
肺癌进化的分子肖像。
62.DART’s data verify its smashing success at deflecting asteroid moon Dimorphos.
DART 的数据证实其在偏转小行星卫星 Dimorphos 方面取得了巨大成功。
63.Metal-oxide cages open up strategy for processing nuclear waste.
金属氧化物笼开辟了处理核废料的策略。
64.Genome reveals how the skate got its wings.
基因组揭示了鳐鱼是如何长出翅膀的。
65.Epstein–Barr virus is an agent of genomic instability.
爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒是一种基因组不稳定因素。
66.Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence.
成功对小行星进行动力撞击以防御行星。
67.Orbital period change of Dimorphos due to the DART kinetic impact.
由于 DART 动力学影响，Dimorphos 的轨道周期发生变化。
68.Ejecta from the DART-produced active asteroid Dimorphos.
来自 DART 产生的活跃小行星 Dimorphos 的喷射物。
69.Momentum transfer from the DART mission kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos.
DART 任务对小行星 Dimorphos 的动能撞击产生的动量传递。
70.Light curves and colours of the ejecta from Dimorphos after the DART impact.
DART 撞击后 Dimorphos 喷射物的光曲线和颜色。
71.Quantum-well states at the surface of a heavy-fermion superconductor.
重费米子超导体表面的量子阱态。
72.Ballistic two-dimensional InSe transistors.
弹道二维 InSe 晶体管。
73.Selective methane oxidation by molecular iron catalysts in aqueous medium.
在水介质中通过分子铁催化剂选择性氧化甲烷。
74.Ultrafiltration separation of Am(VI)-polyoxometalate from lanthanides.
Am(VI)-多金属氧酸盐与镧系元素的超滤分离。
75.Depolymerization of plastics by means of electrified spatiotemporal heating.
通过通电时空加热来解聚塑料。
76.The little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing-like fins.
小鳐鱼基因组和翼状鳍的进化出现。
77.Chromosomal fragile site breakage by EBV-encoded EBNA1 at clustered repeats.
EBV 编码的 EBNA1 在成簇重复序列处导致染色体脆弱位点断裂。
78.Plastic and stimulus-specific coding of salient events in the central amygdala.
中央杏仁核显着事件的可塑性和刺激特异性编码。
79.Blinded, randomized trial of sonographer versus AI cardiac function assessment.
超声检查师与人工智能心脏功能评估的盲法、随机试验。
80.The evolution of lung cancer and impact of subclonal selection in TRACERx.
肺癌的演变以及 TRACERx 中亚克隆选择的影响。
81.The evolution of non-small cell lung cancer metastases in TRACERx.
TRACERx 中非小细胞肺癌转移的演变。
82.Genomic–transcriptomic evolution in lung cancer and metastasis.
肺癌和转移的基因组-转录组进化。
83.Tracking early lung cancer metastatic dissemination in TRACERx using ctDNA.
使用 ctDNA 在 TRACERx 中追踪早期肺癌转移扩散。
84.Antibodies against endogenous retroviruses promote lung cancer immunotherapy.
抗内源性逆转录病毒的抗体可促进肺癌免疫治疗。
85.Tracking chromatin state changes using nanoscale photo-proximity labelling.
使用纳米级光邻近标记跟踪染色质状态变化。
86.De novo design of modular peptide-binding proteins by superhelical matching.
通过超螺旋匹配从头设计模块化肽结合蛋白。
87.Structural basis for GSDMB pore formation and its targeting by IpaH7.8.
GSDMB 孔形成的结构基础及其 IpaH7.8 的靶向。
88.Structural mechanisms for regulation of GSDMB pore-forming activity.
GSDMB 成孔活性调节的结构机制。
89.CFTR function, pathology and pharmacology at single-molecule resolution.
单分子分辨率的 CFTR 功能、病理学和药理学。
90.Insufficient evidence for non-neutrality of synonymous mutations.
同义突变的非中性证据不足。
91.Mixed plastics upcycled dynamically.
混合塑料动态升级回收。
92.Extrachromosomal DNA appears before cancer forms.
染色体外 DNA 在癌症形成之前就出现了。
93.Yo-yoing stem cells defy dogma to maintain hair colour.
溜溜球干细胞打破了维持头发颜色的教条。
94.Human–AI team halves cost of designing step in microchip fabrication.
人类-人工智能团队将微芯片制造中的设计步骤成本减半。
95.When influenza viruses don’t play well with others.
当流感病毒不能与其他病毒相互作用时。
96.Learning the metabolic language of cancer.
学习癌症的代谢语言。
97.Computational approaches streamlining drug discovery.
简化药物发现的计算方法。
98.A ring-like accretion structure in M87 connecting its black hole and jet.
M87 中的环状吸积结构连接着黑洞和喷流。
99.Continuous symmetry breaking in a two-dimensional Rydberg array.
二维里德伯阵列中的连续对称性破缺。
100.Build-up and dephasing of Floquet–Bloch bands on subcycle timescales.
Floquet-Bloch 带在子周期时间尺度上的建立和移相。
101.Tracing attosecond electron emission from a nanometric metal tip.
追踪纳米金属尖端的阿秒电子发射。
102.Human–machine collaboration for improving semiconductor process development.
人机协作改进半导体工艺开发。
103.Self-powered perovskite photon-counting detectors.
自供电钙钛矿光子计数探测器。
104.pH-dependent water permeability switching and its memory in MoS2 membranes.
pH 依赖性水渗透性切换及其在 MoS2 膜中的记忆。
105.Controlled growth of perovskite layers with volatile alkylammonium chlorides.
用挥发性烷基氯化铵控制钙钛矿层的生长。
106.Dynamic crosslinking compatibilizes immiscible mixed plastics.
动态交联使不混溶的混合塑料相容。
107.Net greenhouse gas balance of fibre wood plantation on peat in Indonesia.
印度尼西亚泥炭纤维木种植园的温室气体净平衡。
108.Clonal haematopoiesis and risk of chronic liver disease.
克隆造血和慢性肝病的风险。
109.Aberrant activation of TCL1A promotes stem cell expansion in clonal haematopoiesis.
TCL1A 的异常激活促进克隆造血中干细胞的扩增。
110.Astrocyte–neuron subproteomes and obsessive–compulsive disorder mechanisms.
星形胶质细胞-神经元亚蛋白质组和强迫症机制。
111.Dedifferentiation maintains melanocyte stem cells in a dynamic niche.
去分化使黑素细胞干细胞保持在动态生态位中。
112.Mirusviruses link herpesviruses to giant viruses.
病毒将疱疹病毒与巨型病毒联系起来。
113.Lactate regulates cell cycle by remodelling the anaphase promoting complex.
乳酸通过重塑后期促进复合物来调节细胞周期。
114.Extrachromosomal DNA in the cancerous transformation of Barrett’s oesophagus.
巴雷特食管癌变过程中的染色体外 DNA。
115.STING inhibits the reactivation of dormant metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma.
STING 抑制肺腺癌中休眠转移的重新激活。
116.Ageing-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence longevity.
与衰老相关的转录延伸的变化会影响寿命。
117.CTCF is a DNA-tension-dependent barrier to cohesin-mediated loop extrusion.
CTCF 是一种 DNA 张力依赖性屏障，可防止粘连蛋白介导的环挤出。
118.mRNA recognition and packaging by the human transcription–export complex.
人类转录-输出复合体的 mRNA 识别和包装。
119.Establishment and function of chromatin organization at replication origins.
复制起点染色质组织的建立和功能。
120.The Smc5/6 complex is a DNA loop-extruding motor.
Smc5/6 复合体是 DNA 环挤出马达。
