【简译】埃尔塔欣（El Tajin）

2022-07-24 12:02 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

El Tajin is located near the coast of eastern Mexico and was an important Mesoamerican centre which flourished between 900 and 1100 CE. A part of the Veracruz culture, the city's architecture also displays both Maya and Oaxacan influences, while the most famous monument at El Tajin is the splendid Early Classic temple known as the Pyramid of the Niches. The site boasts several other important pyramids, monumental platforms, and 17 ballcourts, justifying its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

埃尔塔欣位于墨西哥东部的海岸附近，这里是中美洲一个比较重要的中心，在公元900年至1100年期间十分繁荣。作为韦拉克鲁斯文化的一部分，该城市的建筑也显示出玛雅和瓦哈卡的影响，而埃尔塔欣最著名的建筑是辉煌的早期古典主义神庙——壁龛金字塔。该遗址还拥有其他几个重要的金字塔、纪念性平台和17个球场，证明其作为联合国教科文组织世界遗产的地位是正确的。

历史概述

El Tajin is a more modern name derived from the Totonac rain god or, more precisely, the twelve old men or Tajin who were considered lords of thunderstorms and who were thought to live in the ruins of the city. The surrounding fertile land was (and still is) ideal for the cultivation of maize, cacao, vanilla, and tobacco, an ideal basis to support a prosperous trade centre. There is evidence that El Tajin was first settled in the 1st century CE, and the city underwent twelve distinct building phases up to the 12th century CE. The early centuries at the site show evidence of influence from Teotihuacan both in pottery and architecture, notably with the first stepped pyramids. The first ballcourts at the site appear around 500 CE. The oldest surviving large pyramid dates to El Tajin V during the 6th century CE. Tajin VI from 600 CE saw the construction of the north ballcourt. From the early 7th century CE, El Tajin began to conquer the smaller surrounding settlements to establish itself as the dominant force in the area. In the 8th century CE, the Pyramid of the Niches was completed and the huge raised acropolis platform of Tajin Chico was constructed. El Tajin was destroyed by fire and abandoned around 1100 CE or even earlier.

埃尔塔欣（El Tajin）是一个更现代的名字，源于托托纳克雨神，或者更准确地说，十二个老人或Tajin，他们被人们认为是雷暴的主宰，住在城市的废墟里。周围肥沃的土地是（现在也是）种植玉米、可可、香草和烟草的理想之地，也是支持一个繁荣的贸易中心的理想基础。有证据表明，埃尔塔欣在公元1世纪就开始有人在此定居，直到公元12世纪，该城市经历了12个不同的建筑阶段。早期的几个世纪在陶器和建筑方面都显示出来自特奥蒂瓦坎的影响，特别是第一个阶梯式金字塔。该遗址的第一个球场出现在公元500年左右。现存最古老的大型金字塔可以追溯到公元6世纪的埃尔塔欣五世。公元600年，塔欣六世建造了北面的球道。从公元7世纪初开始，埃尔塔欣开始征服周围较小的部落，以确立自己在该地区的主导地位。在公元8世纪，壁龛金字塔完成，人们还建造了巨大的塔欣——奇科的高架卫城平台。在公元1100年左右或更早的时候，埃尔塔欣被大火摧毁并被遗弃。

布局与结构

The core of Epiclassic El Tajin covered some 60 hectares (146 acres) and may be divided into two distinct areas with the oldest being in the south and the newer, known as Tajin Chico, in the northern part of the city. The former is built according to the cardinal compass points, consists of rectangular platforms, and is dominated by the Pyramid of the Niches. Tajin Chico is more elevated than the earlier portion of the city, and its buildings are aligned along a north-west to south-east axis so that the whole is set at a 60 degree angle to the structures of older El Tajin. The reason for this change in orientation is unknown but may simply be a question of geographical limitations. Many of the buildings are typical of the Classic Veracruz style and so were richly decorated with relief carvings which would also have been brightly painted. In addition, El Tajin displays advanced construction techniques as many structures have concrete slab roofs, the liquid concrete having been poured over wooden frames.

伊壁鸠鲁的核心区占地约60公顷（146英亩），可分为两个不同的区域，最古老的区域在南部，较新的区域被称为Tajin Chico，在城市的北部地区。前者是按照罗盘的万向点建造的，由长方形平台组成，并以壁龛金字塔为主。Tajin Chico比城市的早期部分更高，它的建筑物沿西北到东南的轴线排列，因此整个城市与老的埃尔塔欣的结构成60度角。这种方向上的变化原因不明，但可能只是一个地理限制的问题。许多建筑都是典型的韦拉克鲁斯古典风格，因此都有丰富的浮雕装饰，也会有鲜艳的彩绘。此外，埃尔塔欣向我们展示了先进的建筑技术，因为许多结构都有混凝土板屋顶，液体混凝土被浇筑在木制框架上。

壁龛金字塔

The Pyramid of the Niches was constructed in the 8th century CE and has 365 symmetrically arranged square niches (each 60 cms deep) and these, along with the heavy scroll carvings typical of Veracruz architecture, create a constantly shifting play of light and shadow when the monument basks in sunshine. Undoubtedly then, the structure had some connection with the solar year. The pyramid has six platforms, is 20 metres high, whilst each side is 26 metres wide. A richly decorated stairway leads to a small structure on the top platform. The balustrades of the stairway are decorated with scroll or meander designs, and the whole displays a similar architectural design to Maya Copan. It is also noteworthy that a stela depicting a standing ruler figure in relief was discovered at the base of the pyramid and is another strong artistic link to the Maya. Inside the pyramid is a smaller one, contemporary with the outer facing which was originally painted bright red.

壁龛金字塔建于公元8世纪，有365个对称排列的方形壁龛（每个深60厘米），这些壁龛与韦拉克鲁斯建筑典型的厚重卷轴雕刻一起，在纪念碑沐浴在阳光下时创造出不断变化的光与影。毫无疑问，该结构与太阳年有某种联系。金字塔有六个平台，高20米，每边宽26米。一个装饰丰富的楼梯通向顶部平台上的一个小建筑。楼梯的栏杆上装饰着卷轴或蜿蜒的设计，整个建筑显示出与玛雅科潘相似的建筑设计。同样值得注意的是，在金字塔的底部发现了一块描述浮雕式站立统治者形象的石碑，这是与玛雅人的另一个强有力的艺术联系。在金字塔内部有一个较小的、与外侧同时存在的、最初被涂成鲜红色的金字塔。

Tajin Chico

Constructed between the 9th and 10th centuries CE, Tajin Chico was probably used as a residential area for the city's aristocracy. The higher placed the buildings, the newer they are, so that the large three-level platform building on the north-west hill is the most recent, as proven by the presence of older pottery shards in its masonry. Built in the 10th century CE, it originally had a six-column colonnade on its eastern façade and is approached by a short stairway with retaining walls. The columns carry relief carvings which narrate scenes from the life of probably El Tajin's last ruler, 13 Rabbit. Once again, architectural decoration on several Tajin Chico structures often remind of a Maya influence, this time from Uxmal.

Tajin Chico建于公元9世纪和10世纪之间，可能被用作城市贵族的住宅区。建筑物的位置越高，它们就越新，因此西北山丘上的大型三层平台建筑是最近的，其砖石中的旧陶器碎片证明了这一点。该建筑建于公元10世纪，其东侧立面原本有一个六柱柱廊，通过一个带有护墙的短梯可以上去。柱子上有浮雕，叙述了可能是埃尔塔欣最后一位统治者13 Rabbit的生活场景。Tajin Chico建筑上的建筑装饰再次让人联想到玛雅人的影响，这次是来自乌斯马尔。

球场

There are no fewer than 17 ballcourts at El Tajin, an unusually high number, which has led the historian M. E. Miller to speculate that the city may well have held great sporting festivals much like those at Olympia in Ancient Greece. Indeed, El Tajin seems to have been a repository for rubber which was used to make the solid black balls used in the Mesoamerican ballgame. Most courts were deliberately positioned so that background topographical rises were framed by the sloping sides as one looked down the length of the court.

埃尔塔欣有不少于17个球场，这个数字异常之高，这使得历史学家M.E.米勒推测，这个城市很可能举办过类似古希腊奥林匹亚的大型体育节。事实上，埃尔塔欣似乎是一个橡胶库，用来制造中美洲球赛中使用的纯黑球。大多数球场的位置都是刻意安排的，以便人们在俯视球场的长度时，背景地形的起伏被倾斜的侧面所框住。

The south ballcourt is of particular interest because of its relief sculpture depicting rituals, including human sacrifice. Dating to between 700 and 900 CE, four of the six relief panels (each composed of several slabs) have a large skeleton figure rising from a pot on their left sides. One panel shows two ball players cutting out the heart of a third player above whom is another skeletal figure hungry for the victim's soul. Another panel shows a warrior ritual with a central figure dressed as an eagle standing over a person reclining on a couch and flanked by two musicians. All the panels have a decorative double frame, a typical feature of Veracruz art.

南边的球场特别引人注意，因为它的浮雕描绘了包括人类牺牲在内的各种仪式。六块浮雕中的四块（每块都由几块石板组成）可以追溯到公元700年至900年之间，它们的左侧都有一个巨大的骷髅头从锅里升起。有一块板子显示两名球手正在切割第三名球手的心脏，第三名球手的上方是另一个渴望得到受害者灵魂的骷髅像。另一个板块显示了一个战士仪式，中心人物装扮成鹰，站在一个躺在沙发上的人身上，两边是两个音乐家。所有的面板都有一个装饰性的双层框架，这是韦拉克鲁斯艺术的一个典型特征。