Passage 118 鱼多了也有“江湖”

★★★

看题：

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to 主旨目的，论证结构 

2. Regarding research on fish, it can be inferred from the passage that 全文推断，难，后置

3. Which of the following can be inferred about the study by Chapman, Ward, and Krause? 有定位的推断，读到可以做

文章讲解：

①Although social learning (the acquisition of specific behaviors by observing other individuals exhibiting those behaviors) is well documented among fish, few studies have investigated social learning within a developmental context in these taxa[JC1] .② Rather than investigating the development of a particular skill, Chapman, Ward, and Krause investigated the role of group density during development in later foraging success in laboratory-housed guppies. ③When raised with a small number of conspecifics (members of the same species), guppies were quicker to locate food by following a trained adult guppy than were guppies raised in large groups. ④This counterintuitive finding is explained by the fact that guppies reared in the high-density condition were less likely to shoal (swim in a group) with others and, therefore, were less likely to learn the benefits of social learning. ⑤Instead, fish reared in high-density situations may learn that conspecifics are to be viewed as competitors, rather than as potential sources of adaptive information. ⑥This finding suggests that at least for guppies, the early social environment may have an effect on the capacity for social learning, if not on the socially learned behaviors themselves.

 [JC1]分类群

shoal: 成群    

题型解析：

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

现象解释

A. note a flaw in a scientific finding 说明文，且没有证据

B. describe a particular scientific study 说明文

C. present an interpretation of a finding 

D. note a difference between two scientific findings 没有证据

E. contrast two conditions in which a particular phenomenon has been observed 

 

2. Regarding research on fish, it can be inferred from the passage that

A. research studies of the acquisition of important skills by fish have only recently begun to document the role of conspecifics in the learning process NE

B. research on social learning in guppies suggests that guppies differ in important ways from most other fish in the means by which they learn particular skills 没有证据

C. research on social learning in fish has generally focused on the acquisition of skills other than foraging 没有证据/相反

D. research has established that social learning occurs in some fish species without investigating the developmental context in which it occurs. 定位①

E. research to investigate social learning has been done more extensively on fish than on other aquatic animals. 没有证据

 

3. Which of the following can be inferred about the study by Chapman, Ward, and Krause? 结合错误标签

A. It was initially designed to investigate something other than social learning 相反

B. It required researchers to observe individual guppies at multiple points in their life spans.

C. It pointed to the possibility that population density may have little to do with guppies’ social learning 相反

D. It required the observation of guppies under conditions that closely mimicked the conditions of guppies in the wild. 没有证据

E. It indicated that guppies gain adaptive information from being reared with a relatively large number of conspecifics. 相反