【简译】英格兰的理查一世
Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart (Cœur de Lion), reigned as king of England from 1189 to 1199 CE. The son of Henry II of England (r. 1154-1189 CE) and Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122-1204 CE), Richard was known for his courage and successes in warfare, but he became so busy with the Third Crusade (1189–1192 CE) and then the defence of English-held territory in France, that he would only spend six months of his reign in England. A legend in his own lifetime, famed both for his military leadership and utterly ruthless approach to warfare, Richard the Lionheart has become one of the greatest figures in European history, and his arms of three lions are still used by the British royal family today. Following his death in battle at Chalus in France, Richard was succeeded by his younger brother King John of England (r. 1199-1216 CE).
英格兰的理查一世，也被称为狮心王理查德（Cœur de Lion），公元1189年至1199年在位。理查是英格兰亨利二世（公元1154-1189年）和阿基坦的埃莉诺（公元1122-1204年）的儿子，他以其勇气和战争胜利而闻名，但他忙于第三次十字军东征（公元1189-1192年）和随后保卫英格兰在法国的领土，因此他在位期间只在英格兰呆了六个月。狮心王理查德生前是一个传奇人物，以其军事领导能力和完全无情的战争方式而闻名，他已成为欧洲历史上最重要的人物之一，他的三头狮子的标志至今仍被英国皇室使用。在他死于法国的查卢斯战役后，他的弟弟约翰（R. 1199-1216 CE）继承了英格兰王位。
早期经历
Richard was born on 8 September 1157 CE in Beaumont Palace, Oxford, as the third son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, former wife of King Louis VII of France (r. 1137-1180 CE). Richard's education involved a good dose of chivalric medieval literature thanks to his mother's interest in the subject. Poetry was another favourite pastime and the king composed his own poems in both French and Occitan (a French dialect commonly used in romances). The young prince was said to have been a tall, blue-eyed, handsome fellow with reddish-blonde hair and he was already noted for his courage.
理查于公元1157年9月8日出生在牛津的博蒙特宫，是英格兰国王亨利二世和法国国王路易七世（1137-1180）的前妻阿基坦的埃莉诺的第三个儿子。由于他母亲对骑士文学感兴趣，理查德的教育涉及到了大量的中世纪骑士文学。诗歌是另一个他最喜欢的消遣方式，理查用法语和奥克西坦语（一种浪漫小说中常用的法国方言）创作了自己的诗歌。据说这位年轻的王子是个身材高大、蓝眼睛、长着赤褐色头发的英俊家伙，他一开始就以勇气而闻名。
This was a period of troubled and complex relations between England and France, and Richard, whose family had been the principal cause, would be involved in two rebellions against his father. The first bid to topple the king came in 1173 CE when Richard, his brothers Henry and Geoffrey, the Count of Brittany (b. 1158 CE), and William the Lion of Scotland (r. 1165-1214 CE) all conspired to join forces, almost certainly a pact orchestrated by Eleanor of Aquitaine. Eager to increase their own domains at the expense of the English crown, the murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket (1162-1170 CE), in his own cathedral in 1170 CE proved a rallying point, given Henry's alleged involvement in this shocking crime. Aged just 15, Richard had been knighted by Louis VII, another interested party in seeing the downfall of Henry, and dispatched on a campaign to invade eastern Normandy, then under the English crown. The rebels failed to oust Henry II thanks to his loyal barons and many castles, but Richard was pardoned after he swore allegiance to his father. Eleanor, in contrast, was imprisoned for her troubles. This was not the end of the affair, though, as Henry struggled to keep a grip on his kingdom in his final years.
这是一个英法关系动荡复杂的时期，以家庭为主因的理查卷入了两次反抗父亲的叛乱。第一次推翻国王的行动发生在公元1173年，当时理查、他的兄弟亨利和杰弗里、布列塔尼伯爵（生于公元1158年）以及苏格兰的“狮子”威廉（公元1165-1214年）都密谋联合起来，这几乎可以肯定是由阿基坦的埃莉诺策划的一个协议。亨利渴望以牺牲英国王室的利益来扩大自己的领地，公元1170年，坎特伯雷大主教托马斯·贝克特（公元1162-1170年）在自己的大教堂被谋杀，这证明了亨利涉嫌参与这一令人震惊的罪行。年仅15岁的理查被路易七世封为骑士，他是另一个希望看到亨利倒台的人，他在后来被派往入侵诺曼底东部的战役中，当时诺曼底在英国王室的统治之下。由于亨利二世拥有忠诚的男爵和许多城堡，叛军没能赶走亨利二世，但理查在宣誓效忠其父亲后被赦免。相比之下，埃莉诺则因为她的行为而被关进了监狱。但这并不是事件的结束，因为亨利在他的最后几年里一直在努力控制着王国。
Richard, as a prince, held the titles of the Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitou (both in France and arranged by his mother), and he cemented his growing reputation as a gifted field commander and besieger of castles by quashing a revolt by the barons of Aquitaine. His taking of the once-thought impregnable castle of Taillebourg in 1179 CE was an especially splendid feather in his prince's coronet. Less splendid were the tales of his ruthless treatment of prisoners and forced prostitution of captured noblewomen. Still, despite his successes, Richard wanted more. Then, the fates intervened and Richard's chief rival for the throne of England, his elder brother Henry the Young King (b. 1155 CE) died in June 1183 CE. Henry II had gone so far as to make his son king-designate in 1170 CE, but the young Henry's death from dysentery scuppered the king's neatly arranged succession plans. In addition, his other brother Geoffrey died in an accident at a medieval tournament on 19 August 1186 CE. Richard was now in prime position to become the next king of England, but he was not prepared to simply wait for nature to take its course.
作为王子，理查拥有阿基坦公爵和普瓦图伯爵的头衔（都在法国，由他母亲安排），他通过镇压阿基坦男爵的叛乱，巩固了他作为天才战地指挥官和城堡围攻者的声誉。公元1179年，他攻占了一度被认为坚不可摧的泰勒堡城堡，这是装饰王子王冠的特别华丽的羽毛。他无情地对待囚犯和强迫被俘的贵族妇女卖淫的故事就不那么光彩了。然而，尽管如此，理查仍然想要更多。然后，命运介入了，理查在英格兰王位上的主要竞争对手，他的哥哥“年轻的国王”亨利（生于公元1155年）于公元1183年6月去世。亨利二世甚至在公元1170年让他的儿子成为候任国王，但年轻的亨利死于痢疾，使国王安排好的继承计划泡汤了。此外，他的另一个兄弟杰弗里在公元1186年8月19日的一次中世纪锦标赛中死于意外。理查处于成为下一任英格兰国王的首要位置，但他不准备简单地等待继承的自然发展。
Richard again challenged his father in 1188-9 CE when he and his younger brother John formed an alliance with Philip II, the new King of France (r. 1180-1223 CE). The rebellion was again supported by Eleanor, and the war included the legendary episode in which the famous medieval knight Sir William Marshal (c. 1146-1219 CE) fought Richard, had the prince at his mercy but chose to kill his horse instead. Notwithstanding their rivalry, or perhaps in gratitude for his chivalry, Richard later gave William Chepstow Castle, as had been promised him by Henry II. Losing control of both Maine and Touraine, Henry eventually agreed to peace terms which recognised Richard as his sole heir. When the king died shortly after, Richard was crowned his successor in Westminster Abbey on 2 September 1189 CE. Also part of his kingdom were those lands in France still belonging to his family the Angevins (aka Plantagenets): Normandy, Maine, and Aquitaine. Richard refused to give John Aquitaine, as he had promised his father he would, and this only acerbated the rivalry between the two brothers.
公元1188-9年，理查再次挑战他的父亲，当时他和弟弟约翰与法国新国王腓力二世（1180-1223）结成联盟。这场叛乱再次得到了埃莉诺的支持，战争中出现了一个传奇性的插曲，中世纪著名的骑士威廉·马歇尔爵士（约公元1146-1219年）与理查交战，王子被他打败了，但威廉爵士却只选择杀了理查的马。尽管他们有竞争关系，或者说是为了感谢他的骑士精神，理查后来把亨利二世答应给威廉的切普斯托城堡赠予他。由于失去了对缅因州和图兰的控制，亨利最终同意了和平条款，承认理查是他唯一的继承人。国王不久后去世，理查于公元1189年9月2日在威斯敏斯特教堂加冕为国王。他的王国还包括那些仍然属于他的家族Angevins（Angevin 这个名字来源于该家族在法国安茹的祖传土地，又称安茹-金雀花家族）的法国土地、诺曼底、缅因和阿基坦。理查拒绝把这些土地授予约翰-阿基坦，因为他曾答应过他的父亲会这样做，但这只会加剧两兄弟之间的斗争。
第三次十字军东征
Richard's first priority, indeed, perhaps his only one, was to make good on his promise made in 1187 CE to 'take the cross' and help capture Jerusalem from the Muslims. The king emptied his kingdom's coffers for his mission, even striking up a deal with William the Lion - giving the Scottish king full feudal autonomy in return for cash. For a monarch who spent most of his reign outside of England, did not speak English, and recklessly spent the kingdom's wealth on foreign wars, Richard has enjoyed a remarkably favourable position in the English popular imagination ever since.
理查一世的首要任务，事实上，也许是他唯一的使命，是兑现他在公元1187年作出的承诺，“背起十字架”，从穆斯林手中夺回耶路撒冷。国王为他的使命掏空了国库，甚至与“狮子”威廉达成协议——给予这位苏格兰国王完全的封建自治权以换取资金。对于一个在位期间大部分时间都不在英格兰，不会说英语，并且不顾一切地将王国的财富用于对外战争的君主来说，理查在英国大众的想象中一直享有非常有利的地位。
The Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE) was called by Pope Gregory VIII following the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 CE by Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1174-1193 CE). No fewer than three monarchs took up the call: Frederick I Barbarossa (King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor, r. 1152-1190 CE), Philip II of France and Richard himself. With these being the three most powerful men in western Europe, the campaign promised to be a more favourable one than the Second Crusade of 1147-49 CE. Unfortunately for Christendom, though, the Crusaders only managed to get within sight of Jerusalem and no attempt was made to attack the holy city. Indeed, the whole project was beset with problems, none bigger than Barbarossa drowning in a river before they even got to the Holy Land. The Holy Roman Emperor's death resulted in most of his army trudging back home in grief which left only the English and French knights, who were not particularly fond allies at the best of times.
第三次十字军东征（公元1189-1192年）是在埃及和叙利亚苏丹萨拉丁（Saladin，公元1174-1193年）于公元1187年攻占耶路撒冷后，由教皇格里高利八世召集的。至少有三位君主接受了这一呼吁。腓特烈一世-巴巴罗萨（德国国王和神圣罗马帝国皇帝，公元1152-1190年）、法国的菲利普二世（腓力二世·奥古斯都）和理查本人。由于他们是西欧最有权势的三个人，这场远征有望比公元1147-49年的第二次十字军东征更加有利。但对基督教来说，不幸的是，十字军只设法进入了耶路撒冷的视线范围，而没有尝试攻击圣城。事实上，整个东征被各种问题所困扰，其中最大的问题是巴巴罗萨在其到达圣地之前就淹死在河里。神圣罗马帝国皇帝的死亡导致他的大部分军队在悲痛中跋涉回国，只剩下英国和法国骑士，他们充其量也不是特别“好”的盟友。
Still, despite the bad start, there were some military highlights to write home about. Richard, who took the sea route to the Middle East, first captured Messina on Sicily in 1190 CE and then Cyprus in May 1191 CE. In the latter campaign the island's self-proclaimed ruler Isaac Komnenos (r. 1184-1191 CE), who had broken away from the Byzantine Empire, was captured and the Crusaders would then govern until the Venetians took over in 1571 CE. However, these detours were not really helping the overall aim of recapturing Jerusalem, even if Cyprus proved to be a useful supply base.
不过，尽管开局不利，还是有一些军事亮点值得一提。理查走海路前往中东，先是在公元1190年占领了西西里岛的墨西拿，然后于公元1191年5月占领了塞浦路斯。在后一场战役中，从拜占庭帝国分裂出来的自封统治者塞浦路斯的伊萨克·科穆宁（Isaac Komnenos）（公元1184-1191年）被俘，十字军将在公元1571年威尼斯人接管之前进行统治。然而，即使塞浦路斯被证明是一个有用的供应基地，这些成果并没有真正帮助夺回耶路撒冷的总体目标。
The Crusaders did eventually arrive in the Holy Land and managed to bring a successful conclusion to the siege of Acre (aka Acra) on the coast of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, on 12 July 1191 CE. Begun by the French nobleman Guy of Lusignan, who attacked from the sea, the protracted siege finally worked when sappers, offered cash incentives by Richard, undermined the fortification walls of the city on the land side. The 'Lionheart', as Richard was now known thanks to his courage and audacity in warfare, had achieved in five weeks what Guy had failed to do in 20. According to legend, the king was ill at the time, struck down by scurvy, although he had retainers carry him on a stretcher so that he could fire at the enemy battlements with his crossbow. Richard then rather blemished his 'good king' reputation when he ordered 2,500-3,000 prisoners to be executed. Guy of Lusignan, meanwhile, was made the new king of Cyprus which had been sold by Richard to the Knights Templar.
十字军最终还是抵达圣地，并在公元1191年7月12日成功地结束了对耶路撒冷王国海岸的阿卡（又名阿克拉）的围攻。法国贵族吕西尼昂的居伊（Guy of Lusignan）从海上发动进攻，当工兵们在理查提供的现金奖励下，破坏了陆地上的城墙防御工事时，这场旷日持久的围攻终于奏效了。由于理查在战争中的勇气和胆识，他也获得了“狮心王”的称号，他在五周内完成了盖伊在20年内未能完成的任务。据说，国王当时生病了，受到坏血病的折磨，尽管他让家臣用担架抬着他，以便他能用弩箭向敌人的城垛射击。理查在战后下令处决了2500-3000名囚犯，使他的“好国王”声誉大打折扣。与此同时，吕西尼昂的居伊被任命为塞浦路斯的新国王，而塞浦路斯已经被理查卖给了圣殿骑士团。
There was also a famous victory for the English king over Saladin's army at Arsuf, in September 1191 CE, but the advantage could not be pursued. Richard marched to within sight of Jerusalem but he knew that even if he could storm the city, his reduced army would most likely not be able to hold it against an inevitable counterattack. In any case, domestic affairs in France and England necessitated both kings to return home and the whole Crusade project was effectively abandoned. Richard salvaged something for all the effort and negotiated a peace deal with Saladin at Jaffa. A small strip of land around Acre and the future safe treatment of Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land was also bargained for. It was not quite what was hoped for at the outset but there could always be a Fourth Crusade at some time in the future. Indeed, Richard noted that in any future campaign against the Arabs it could be advantageous to attack from Egypt, the weak underbelly of the Arab empire. It was precisely this plan which the Fourth Crusaders (1202-1204 CE) adopted even if they again were distracted, this time by the jewel of the Byzantine Empire: Constantinople.
在公元1191年9月，英国国王在阿尔苏夫取得了对萨拉丁军队的著名胜利，但这一优势却无法继续保持。理查进军到耶路撒冷的视线范围内，但他知道，即使他能攻入该城，他减少的军队也很可能无法抵御不可避免的反击。无论如何，法国和英国的内政都需要两位国王回国，整个十字军计划实际上被放弃了。理查为所有的努力挽回了一些东西，在雅法与萨拉丁谈判达成了和平协议。阿卡周围的一小块土地和未来前往圣地的基督教朝圣者的安全待遇也是交易的条件。这并不完全是一开始所希望的，但在未来的某个时候，总会有第四次十字军东征的可能。事实上，理查注意到，在未来任何针对阿拉伯人的战役中，从埃及这个阿拉伯帝国的薄弱环节发起进攻可能是有利的。第四次十字军（公元1202-1204年）正是采用了这一计划，即使他们再次分心，这次是被拜占庭帝国的宝石所吸引——君士坦丁堡。
There were also some take-home technology innovations for the English king. The Byzantines had long used a fearsome weapon known as Greek Fire - a highly flammable liquid shot out of tubes under pressure - which, although a state secret for centuries, was eventually stolen by the Arabs. Richard must have acquired the formula from Arab alchemists he came into contact with on the Crusade for he used it to good effect back in England and on his later campaigns in France.
对英国国王来说，还有一些带回家的技术革新。拜占庭人长期以来一直使用一种被称为 “希腊火”的可怕武器，这是一种在压力下从管道中射出的高度易燃液体。虽然几个世纪以来一直是拜占庭的国家机密，但最终被阿拉伯人偷走了。理查一定是从他在十字军东征中接触到的阿拉伯炼金术士那里获得了配方，因为他在英国和后来在法国的战役中使用了这种武器，效果很好。
Before King Richard could return home, though, there would be one final sting of the ill-fated Crusade, for on the return journey in 1192 CE Richard was shipwrecked, arrested by Leopold of Austria (r. 1075-1095 CE) - whom Richard had gravely insulted during the Crusade - and taken to Vienna. Passed on to Henry VI, the new Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1191-1197 CE), the English King was held for ransom. Richard would only be released in 1194 CE, and one can imagine the frustration for the swashbuckling king almost two years of captivity. The ransom was a massive 150,000 marks (which equates to several million dollars today) so that it was largely through new taxes in England and Normandy that the money was raised. Indeed, the sum was so high that even taxation could not raise enough, and Richard was forced to provide a number of noblemen hostages to make up for the shortfall.
不过，在理查回国之前，这场命运多舛的十字军东征还有最后一场劫难，在公元1192年的回程中，理查遭遇船难，被奥地利的利奥波德（Leopold，公元1075-1095年）逮捕并被带到了维也纳。理查在十字军东征期间曾严重侮辱过他。这位英国国王被转交给新任神圣罗马帝国皇帝亨利六世（公元1191-1197年），并被扣押以获取赎金。理查在公元1194年才被释放，可以想象，这位英勇的国王在被囚禁的近两年时间里所受到的挫折。赎金高达15万马克（相当于今天的几百万美元），因此主要是通过在英格兰和诺曼底征收新的税收来筹集资金。事实上，这笔钱是如此之高，甚至税收也无法筹集到足够的资金，理查被迫提供一些贵族人质来弥补不足。
国内政策
While the king was fighting abroad, English politics was left in the capable hands of Hubert Walter, who was Bishop of Salisbury in 1189 CE and was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1193 CE. Walter proved himself an able statesman and events would unravel which required exactly that at the helm of the ship of state. While captive in the Holy Roman Empire, Richard's younger brother John, conspiring with Philip II of France, made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the throne, but Walter managed to contain the usurper thanks to the help of another able if somewhat insensitive minister: he who looked after the realm's purse strings in Richard's absence, the chancellor, William Longchamp. The war was principally one of sieges and control of strategically important castles such as at Nottingham and Windsor Castle but in the end, the crown prevailed. Richard forgave his brother his excessive ambition and even nominated him as his successor. Hubert Walter was also responsible for raising the hefty ransom which had gained his king's release. In 1193 CE Walter was made Chief Justiciar and given overall responsibility for government, a position he held until 1199 CE.
当国王在国外作战时，英国的政治就交给了休伯特·沃尔特，他在公元1189年担任索尔兹伯里的主教，并在公元1193年成为坎特伯雷的大主教。沃尔特证明了自己是一个能干的政治家，而事件的发展也正是需要他来掌舵国家之船。当理查被囚禁在神圣罗马帝国时，他的弟弟约翰与法国的菲利普二世合谋，企图夺取王位，但沃尔特成功地遏制了篡位者，这要归功于另一位能干的大臣，尽管他有些麻木不仁：在理查不在时负责王国财政的大臣威廉·德隆尚的帮助。这场战争主要是对诺丁汉和温莎堡等具有战略意义的城堡的围攻和控制，但最终王室取得了胜利。理查原谅了弟弟，甚至提名他为自己的继承人。休伯特·沃尔特还负责筹集巨额赎金，让国王获释。公元1193年，沃尔特被任命为首席司法官，全面负责政府工作，他一直担任这一职务，直到公元1199年。
One area the king was wary of was tournaments, those events where knights attacked each other in mock cavalry battles. Richard only permitted their organisation under license - allowing five places to host them - and made knights pay an entrance fee. The latter measure and the imposition of heavy fines for anyone daring to hold an unofficial event were a useful means to fill the state's coffers which were so often emptied by the king's expensive military escapades. Still, Richard also appreciated that tournaments could be a useful training ground for his knights and, soon to be up against the French, whose knights were famed for their horsemanship, he would need as skilled an army as he could muster.
国王警惕的一个领域是锦标赛，即骑士们在模拟骑兵战中互相攻击的比赛活动。理查只允许在有许可证的情况下组织这些活动——允许在五个地方举办，并让骑士们支付入场费。后一项措施以及对任何敢于举办非官方活动的人处以重罚，是填补国库的有效手段，而国库经常被国王昂贵的军事行动掏空。不过，理查也意识到，锦标赛可以成为骑士们的一个有用训练场，而且，他很快就会与法国人对抗，法国人的骑士以其骑术而闻名，他需要一支善战的军队。
Given Richard's need to fund his armies throughout his reign it is perhaps not surprising that he was nowhere near the big spender on English castles that his father had been. There was a major investment in revamping and extending the Tower of London in 1189-90 CE as indicated in the Pipe Rolls expenditure records but, otherwise, castle-building came to halt as the decade of the 1190s CE wore on. Yet another fund-raising strategy of the perennially cash-strapped king was to open up royal forests to local lords for hunting, with an appropriate fee, of course. Clearly, Richard needed all the money he could get his hands on for the conflicts yet to come.
鉴于理查在整个统治期间都需要为他的军队提供资金，他在英国城堡上的花费远没有他父亲那么大，这一点也许并不令人惊讶。在公元1189-90年，有一项重大投资用于改造和扩建伦敦塔，这在大卷宗支出记录中有所体现，除此之外，随着12世纪90年代的到来，城堡建设也逐渐停止了。然而，这位常年资金紧张的国王的另一个筹款策略是将皇家森林开放给当地领主用于狩猎，当然要收取适当的费用。显然，理查需要所有他能得到的钱来应对即将发生的冲突。
在法国的战役与死亡
After a brief stint back in England and a second coronation in April 1194 CE at Winchester, Richard then spent much of his time on campaign in France where he defended the Angevin lands against his former Crusader ally, Philip II of France. The pair had fallen out when Richard did not marry Philip's sister Alice, despite the pair being engaged for 20 years. Richard instead had married Berengaria of Navarre (c. 1164-1230 CE) on 12 May 1191 CE, as arranged by his mother. Berengaria would be the only reigning English queen never to set foot in her own realm.
在短暂回到英格兰并于公元1194年4月在温彻斯特举行第二次加冕仪式后，理查将大部分时间花在了法国的战役上，在那里他保卫了安茹的土地，对抗以前的十字军盟友法国的腓力二世。尽管理查和菲利普的妹妹爱丽丝已经订婚20年了，但他们俩却没有结婚，因此关系闹翻了。理查在他母亲的安排下，于公元1191年5月12日与纳瓦拉的贝伦加丽亚（约公元1164-1230年）结婚。贝伦加丽亚是唯一一位从未踏足她自己王国的英国女王。
The English king assembled an army to attack Philip by requiring his barons to merely supply the king with only seven knights each instead of the usual vassal fighting force. As an alternative, Richard demanded cash with which he could purchase his own mercenaries. It was an arrangement the barons were only too happy to agree to as it meant they could remain, and defend, if necessary, their own castles and lands rather than abandon them to opportunists while far away in France.
查理集结了一支军队来攻击菲利普，要求他的男爵们仅仅为国王提供每人仅有的七名骑士，而不是通常的附庸战斗力。作为替代方案，理查要求用现金来购买自己的雇佣兵。这是一个男爵们非常乐意同意的安排，因为这意味着他们可以保留并在必要时保卫自己的城堡和土地，而不是在远在法国的时候将它们抛给机会主义者。
Richard might have neglected English fortifications but he invested big in Normandy, notably constructing the Chateau Gaillard by the River Seine from 1197 CE to better defend his territorial claims there. Then disaster struck. Richard was mortally wounded in Aquitaine during his siege of the castle of Chalus in 1199 CE. The king, hit in the neck by a crossbow bolt, died on 6 April after the wound had become gangrenous. Richard was buried alongside his parents at Fontevraud Abbey near Chinon while his effigy at Rouen contains his heart.
理查可能忽视了英国的防御工事，但他在诺曼底投入大量资金，特别是在公元1197年在塞纳河边建造了盖拉德城堡，以更好地捍卫在那里的领土。然后灾难降临了。公元1199年，理查在阿基坦围攻查鲁斯城堡时受了致命伤。国王的脖子被弩箭射中，在伤口坏死后于4月6日死亡。理查和他的父母一起被埋葬在希农附近的丰特弗罗德修道院，在鲁昂的墓地则埋葬了他的心脏。
继承人问题
As he had no heir Richard I was succeeded by his brother John who would reign until 1216 CE. King John of England (aka John Lackland) managed to make himself one of the most unpopular kings in English history, and his oppression and military failures brought about a major uprising of barons who obliged the king to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 CE, upon which a constitution was based with the power of the monarch curbed and with the rights of the barons protected.
由于他没有继承人，他的兄弟约翰继位了，他将在位至公元1216年。英格兰国王约翰（又名“无地的约翰”）使自己成为英国历史上最不受欢迎的国王之一，他的压迫及其军事上的失败导致了男爵们的大起义，他们迫使国王在公元1215年签署了《大宪章》，在此基础上制定了一部宪法，君主的权力受到遏制，男爵们的权利得到保护。
Richard, meanwhile, gained legendary status as one of the great medieval knights and kings thanks to his daring deeds and the love and respect of his soldiers. After his death the myths only grew bigger, starting with the Anglo-Norman novel Romance of Richard Cœur de Lion published around 1250 CE. Already having proven himself as courageous, a determined foe of the Saracens and a composer of poetry to boot, Richard was the very model of the chivalrous knight and so his legend grew along those lines. Medieval artworks depicted the king improbably jousting Saladin, he was attributed fine speeches about saving his men or he would not be worthy of his crown, and stories sprang up of him being such a determined foe of the Arabs that he cooked and ate those he captured. Even today, the presence of a dramatic statue of the king outside the Houses of Parliament in London is an indicator of the special place Richard has gained and continues to hold in the hearts of Englanders.
同时，由于理查的大胆行为与士兵们的爱戴和尊重，他获得了作为中世纪伟大骑士和国王之一的传奇地位。在他死后，这些神话从公元1250年左右出版的盎格鲁-诺曼小说《狮心王理查的浪漫史》开始愈演愈烈。理查已经证明了自己的勇气，他是萨拉森人的死敌，也是一位诗歌作曲家，他是骑士精神的典范，因此他的传奇故事沿着这些路线发展。中世纪的艺术作品描绘了这位国王与萨拉丁角逐的情景，他被赋予了拯救部下的精彩演讲（否则他就不配拥有王冠），并且出现了他是阿拉伯人死敌的故事，他把俘虏煮了吃。即使在今天，伦敦议会大厦外有一尊引人注目的国王雕像，这表明理查在英格兰人心中赢得并继续占有的特殊地位。
Finally, Richard has left a lasting legacy in medieval heraldry. The king's choice of three golden lions (although they may originally have been leopards) on a red background on his shield were an extension of his family's traditional two lions. The three lions, perhaps originally rearing figures ('rampant' in heraldic terms) but subsequently established as strolling forward with their heads turned at the onlooker ('passant guardant') have become not only a part of the English royal coat of arms ever since but also appear today in many other badges, especially sporting ones such as the England national football and cricket teams.
最后，理查在中世纪的纹章学中留下了一笔持久的遗产。国王在他的盾牌上选择了红底的三只金狮子（尽管它们最初可能是豹子），这是他家族传统的两只狮子的延伸。这三只狮子，也许最初是骑马的形象（在纹章学术语中是“横冲直撞”），但后来被确定为向前漫步，扭头看向旁观者（“穿行守护”），从那时起不仅成为英国皇家纹章的一部分，而且今天也出现在许多其他徽章上，特别是体育徽章，如英格兰国家足球队和板球队。
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作者：Mark Cartwright
驻意大利的历史作家。他的主要兴趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神话和发现所有文明的共同思想。他拥有政治哲学硕士学位，是《世界历史百科全书》的出版总监。
原文网址：https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-17011/ricardo-i-de-inglaterra/
封面：亨利二世和理查一世
