【简译】面粉暴动（Flour War）

2022-09-15 20:56 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

The Flour War refers to the series of approximately 300 riots that swept through France from April to May 1775, because of rising bread prices. The revolts only subsided after soldiers had been deployed, resulting in hundreds of arrests. It was one of the first physical manifestations of the crises that led to the French Revolution (1789-1799).

面粉暴动指的是1775年4月至5月席卷法国的一系列约300起暴乱，暴乱的导火索是面包价格上涨。暴乱在军队的围剿下才得以平息，数百人被捕。这是导致法国大革命（1789-1799年）爆发的最初物质条件之一。

The price of bread was of the utmost importance to the French lower classes in the twilight years of the Ancien Régime. Bread made up three-quarters of most ordinary peoples' diets, and even in normal times, the poorest of workers might spend up to half of their income just on bread. Even modest increases in bread prices, therefore, threatened many with the prospect of starvation, making sudden rises in prices the most dangerous moments for public order. The Flour War itself was sparked when French Controller-General Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-1781) abolished control on the price of bread, believing in laissez-faire, a hands-off approach to the economy. This decision and a famine in 1774 led to rising bread prices, causing riots to break out.

在法国旧政权暮年，面包的价格对于下层阶级来说是最重要的。面包占大多数普通人饮食的四分之三，即使在正常时期，最贫穷的工人也可能将其收入的一半用于购买面包。因此，即使是面包价格的适度上涨，也会使许多人面临饥饿的威胁，而价格的突然上涨会成为公共秩序最危险的时刻。面粉战争本身是由法国总督安·罗伯特·雅克·杜尔哥（1727-1781）取消对面包价格的控制而引发的；他选择相信自由放任，即对经济放手的做法。这一决定与1774年的饥荒，导致了面包价格上涨，从而引发暴乱。

Although bread supply did stabilize following the Flour War, the riots were one of the first major unrests tied to the issues that would cause the French Revolution. During the Revolution itself, bread riots would become a common form of protest and would lead to key revolutionary moments such as the Women's March on Versailles in October 1789.

尽管面包供应在面粉暴动之后确实稳定了下来，但这次暴动是导致法国大革命爆发的第一批大动乱之一。在大革命期间，因面包而骚乱将成为一种常见的抗议形式，并将推动关键的革命脚步，如1789年10月，巴黎妇女向凡尔赛进军。

背景：人们获得面包的权利不可剥夺

By the 1700s, grain had become the most popular crop in France. Although there had not been any widespread, countrywide famines in the six decades prior to the 1770s, localized hunger was still an issue, and the fear of starvation had been enough to spark an obsession with the growing of grain. Other high-yield crops such as maize and potatoes were more rarely grown since these two crops required much more fertilizer than grain, which proved to be difficult in a time when most herds of livestock were neither numerous nor well-nourished enough to provide adequate manure. Aside from Alsace and Lorraine where potatoes were widely cultivated, many French peasants still considered potatoes to be unfit for animal consumption, let alone human, and refused to grow them.

到了17世纪，谷物类作物已经成为法国最受欢迎的作物。虽然在18世纪70年代之前的60年里没有发生过任何广泛的、全国性的饥荒，但局部性的饥饿问题仍然存在，对饥饿的恐惧足以引发人们对粮食种植的痴迷。其他高产作物如玉米和土豆的种植比较少，因为这两种作物需要比粮食多得多的肥料，这在大多数牲畜群既不多也没有足够营养来提供足够粪便的时代被证明是困难的。除了广泛种植马铃薯的阿尔萨斯和洛林地区以外，许多法国农民仍然认为马铃薯不适合动物食用，更不用说人类了，因此他们拒绝种植马铃薯。

The popularity of grain, combined with a lack of consistent access to meats in the lower classes, meant that bread made up a huge portion of ordinary peoples' diets. The lack of diversification in French agriculture also meant that the failure of harvests had a catastrophic effect. Although France had enjoyed many years of good harvests in the first half of the 18th century, from the late 1760s onward, harvests became more uncertain, and yields fluctuated sharply. Between 1770 and 1789, only three harvest seasons were abundant everywhere in France. With each new generation, peasant farmlands were divided up amongst the sons, so that by the late 1700s, many countryside farms were rather small, and therefore yielded unstable harvests.

谷物的普及，加上下层社会缺乏稳定的肉类供应，意味着面包在普通人的饮食中占据很大比重。当时的法国农业缺乏多样性的作物，这也意味着歉收时节会产生灾难性的影响。尽管法国在18世纪上半叶享受了多年的好收成，但从18世纪60年代末开始，作物收成变得不稳定，产量也大幅波动。1770年至1789年间，法国各地只有三个丰收季节。随着每一代人的成长，农民的农田被分给了儿子们，所以到了17世纪末，许多乡村的农场都相当小，因此粮食产量很不稳定。

The fear of famine prompted many French peasants to become protective over their access to bread. It was widely believed that the ability to feed oneself was a right that must be protected by the authorities. For this reason, the king of France had long been nicknamed "the first baker of the kingdom" and was expected to ensure that all his subjects had access to bread. If this right was not protected, such as in the case of bread prices rising beyond what most people could afford, many felt that it was their moral responsibility to act. This practice of ensuring that goods needed for survival were accessible to all would become known as a moral economy. Most people viewed this differently from outright thievery, as when prices rose too high, rioters who took bread or grain would often leave behind whatever price they felt was fair, a concept known as taxation populaire. Hoarding in times of difficulty was also seen as a cardinal sin; during the French Revolution, it was punishable by death.

对饥荒的恐惧促使许多法国农民对他们获得面包的机会产生了保护欲。人们普遍认为，养活自己是一种权利，必须受到当局的保护。由于这个原因，法国国王长期以来被称为 "王国的第一面包师"，他被要求确保所有臣民都能获得面包。如果这项权利没有得到保护，例如在面包价格上涨超过大多数人的承受能力的情况下，许多人认为采取行动是他们的道义责任。这种确保所有人都能获得生存所需物品的做法，被称为道德经济。大多数人对这一做法的看法与公然偷窃不同，因为当价格上涨过高时，拿走面包或谷物的暴动者往往会留下他们认为公平的价格，这一概念被称为人民税。困难时期的囤积也被视为一种大罪；在法国大革命期间，这种囤积行为可被判处死刑。

Since the Middle Ages, this moral economy had been upheld by a series of regulations within the grain market, safeguarded by French authorities to guarantee accessibility to grain. These regulations included control on who could participate in the sale of grain and limitations in business transactions. Cultivators were prohibited from involving themselves any further within the grain market beyond selling the produce they had, for fear of certain entities becoming too powerful and monopolizing trade in any given region. For example, bakers could purchase enough grain to make their bread but were forbidden from reselling it. All trades had to be conducted in a public forum, and regulations ensured that bread prices remained fixed and never rose too high.

自中世纪以来，这种道德经济一直由粮食市场内的一系列法规来维护，由法国当局保障粮食的可及性。这些规定包括对谁可以参与粮食销售的控制和对商业交易的限制。耕种者除了出售他们的产品外，被禁止进一步参与粮食市场，因为当局者担心某些实体变得过于强大，垄断任何特定地区的贸易。例如，面包师可以购买足够的粮食来制作面包，但他们禁止转售粮食。所有的交易都必须在公共场合进行，法规确保面包价格保持固定，不会涨得太高。

安·罗伯特·雅克·杜尔哥与重农主义

King Louis XVI of France (l. 1754-1793) came to the throne in May 1774, wanting to be loved. Yet the Flour War, breaking out less than a year into the start of his reign and mere weeks before his coronation, proved to be a rough start to both the young king's rule and his popularity. The root of the Flour War can be found with one of Louis' first actions as King, the appointment of 47-year-old economist Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot as his Controller-General.

法国国王路易十六（1754-1793）于1774年5月登上王位，他希望得到人民的爱戴。然而，在他开始执政不到一年的时间里——在他加冕之前的几个星期，面粉战争爆发了，这对年轻国王的统治和他的声望都是一个艰难的开始。面粉战争的根源可以从路易作为国王的第一个行动中找到，即任命47岁的经济学家安·罗伯特·雅克·杜尔哥为他的总审计长。

Turgot was a proponent of the economic theory known as physiocracy, which advocated for a laissez-faire economic system. Physiocrats believed that an individual would work harder for his or her own benefit compared to the benefit of others, and laborers would be more productive for more profit, which would benefit consumers by providing more of a supply for their demand. This natural economy was inherent in the law of nature and was intended by God. Regulations such as those in the grain market were standing in the way of this natural order and therefore had to go so that "the economy could breathe the pure and heady air of market exchange" (Schama, 81).

杜尔哥是被称为重农主义经济理论的支持者，该理论主张自由放任的经济制度。重农主义者认为，与他人的利益相比，个人会为了自己的利益而更加努力工作，劳动者会为了更多的利润而提高生产力，这将通过为消费者的需求提供更多的供应而使他们受益。这种自然经济是自然法则中固有的，是上帝的旨意。诸如粮食市场上的规定是对这种自然秩序的阻碍，因此必须取消，以便 "经济能够呼吸到市场交换的纯净和令人振奋的空气"（Schama，81）。

Physiocratic measures had been taken in the 1760s when the ministers of Louis XV of France (r. 1715-1774) had last removed grain regulations. This was met almost immediately with shortage and localized riots in 1767 and 1768, and most regulations had been restored by 1770. Four years later, Turgot, faced with the enormous task of fixing the French economy, was still convinced that physiocracy could work in France. He believed that trade and manufacture would flourish under this system, and so, on 13 September 1774, Turgot abolished regulations and announced a free trade in grain.

18世纪60年代，法国路易十五（1715-1774）的大臣们取消了粮食条例，采取了重农学派的措施。这几乎立即引发了1767年和1768年的粮食短缺与局部暴乱，到1770年，大多数规定都重新恢复了。四年后，杜尔哥面临着修复法国经济的艰巨任务，他仍然相信重农主义可以在法国发挥作用。他相信，在这种制度下，贸易和制造业将蓬勃发展，因此，1774年9月13日，杜尔哥废除了各种规定，并宣布实行粮食自由贸易。

杜尔哥 (1727-1781) 的肖像，布面油画，归属于 Antoine Graincourt，1782 年。

面粉战争

Turgot's edict was poorly timed, coming about just before the poor grain harvest of 1774. Although Turgot had been made aware of the unfavorable harvest conditions as early as August 1774, he had been unwilling to postpone his decree. The harvest had not been equally poor in every region of France; consequently, many merchants, no longer inhibited by grain regulations, began buying up the grain in areas that had fared better during harvest and selling them in harder-hit regions for marked-up prices. The attempt by these merchants to corner the market ensured that the food shortage issues of spring 1775 went from a problem affecting several regions to a countrywide emergency. For this reason, the ensuing Flour War became much more widespread than the riots of 1767-1768. The famine began to affect people quickly, and although the French government ordered food shipments from foreign countries, they would not arrive quickly enough.

杜尔哥的法令颁布的时机不佳，它是在1774年粮食歉收之前颁布的。尽管杜尔哥早在1774年8月就意识到了不利的收获条件，但他不愿推迟法令。法国每个地区的收成都不尽相同；因此，许多商人不再受粮食法规的限制，开始在收成较好的地区购买粮食，并以高价将它们卖到受影响较大的地区。这些商人试图垄断市场，促使了1775年春天的粮食短缺问题从影响几个地区的问题演变成了全国性的紧急情况。由于这个原因，随后发生的面粉战争比1767-1768年的暴乱更为广泛。饥荒开始迅速影响人们，尽管法国政府从外国订购了粮食，但它们不会很快到达国内。

On 15 March 1775, the first signs of unrest could be seen in Reims, the city that was preparing to host the coronation of Louis XVI the following June. Unnerved by the food shortage, a crowd of about 200 people formed outside a monastery, asking for reduced bread prices. The monastery doled out bread and the crowd dispersed without violence. A month later, as prices continued to spike, trouble broke out in the Burgundy region when a group of rioters sacked the home of a miller who had been accused of selling bad flour. When the miller went to hide in a friend's house, the rioters sacked the friend's house, too, before stopping a grain barge and forcing the merchants to sell their supply on the spot.

1775年3月15日，在兰斯可以看到动乱的最初迹象，这个城市正准备在次年6月举办路易十六的加冕仪式。由于对食物短缺感到不安，约有200人在一座修道院外聚集，要求降低面包价格。修道院分发了面包，人群在没有产生暴力行为的情况下散去。一个月后，由于面包价格继续飙升，勃艮第地区发生暴乱，一群暴乱者洗劫了一个被指控出售劣质面粉的磨坊主的家。当磨坊主躲到一个朋友的房子里时，暴乱者也洗劫了这个朋友的房子，他们还阻止了一艘运粮船，迫使商人当场出售粮食。

However, the Flour War only really kicked off in Beaumont-sur-Oise, a village in the Paris region. On 22 April, 1 setier (4.43 bushels) of wheat and rye grain was being sold for the high price of 26 livres in the village market. Villagers grumbled at such a price but still paid it if they could. Five days later, on 27 April, the market appeared to be well-stocked, and villagers believed that this would mean prices would have dropped. Far from receiving a discount, the villagers were shocked to see that grain was now being sold for 32 livres per setier. Outraged, arguments broke out between villagers and merchants, and the arguments soon flared into rioting. Rioters drove the merchants from their stalls and ransacked their displays. The rioters, adhering to taxation populaire, made sure not to steal the grain outright but to leave behind the amount of money they felt was the fair price to pay, which in this case was 12 livres per setier. After taking what they needed, the riot fizzled out on its own, and most people had gone home before the authorities had a chance to respond.

然而，面粉战争是在巴黎大区的一个村庄——瓦兹河畔博蒙拉开序幕的。4月22日，在村里的市场上，1setier（4.43蒲式耳）的小麦和黑麦谷物被以26里弗的高价出售。村民们对这样的价格怨声载道，但如果可以买到的话，他们还是会付钱。五天后，即4月27日，市场上似乎有充足的存货，村民们认为这意味着粮食价格会下降。然而，村民们不仅没有得到折扣，反而震惊地发现，现在粮食的售价是每套32里弗。愤怒的村民和商人之间爆发了争论，争论很快演变成了暴乱。骚乱者将商人从他们的摊位上赶走，并洗劫了他们的展品。骚乱者遵守人民税的规定，确保不直接偷窃粮食，而是留下他们认为公平的价钱，在这种情况下，每套支付12里弗尔。在拿走他们需要的东西后，骚乱自行消失了；在当局作出反应之前，大多数人已经回家了。

Early the next morning, 11 people from Beaumont-sur-Oise traveled to the town of Méru and told the townsfolk there what they had done. When the Méru market opened for business some hours later, the townsfolk followed their neighbors' example and rushed to pillage grain. The crowd, mostly made up of women, ripped sacks open with knives and scooped as much grain into their aprons as they could to carry home. Word of this riot spread as well, and the next day in the town of Pontoise, over a hundred people intercepted and ransacked several grain carts while also sacking the homes of six prominent grain and flour merchants.

第二天清晨，来自瓦兹河畔博蒙特的11人前往梅鲁镇，并告诉那里的乡亲们他们在瓦兹河畔博蒙特所做的一切。几个小时后，当梅鲁镇市场开门营业时，人们学着邻居的样子，赶去抢夺粮食。这群人大多是妇女，她们用刀子撕开麻袋，并尽可能多地把粮食舀到围裙里带回家。这次骚乱的消息也传开了，第二天在蓬图瓦兹镇，一百多人拦截并洗劫了几辆运粮车，同时还洗劫了六个当地有名的谷物和面粉商家。

In the days following the initial riot on 27 April, similar uprisings spread to other towns throughout the Paris region growing in number and intensity by the day. As scholar Cynthia Bouton succinctly put it, "once lit, the conflagration spread rapidly and in many directions at once" (Bouton, 92). From relative confinement in the Paris Basin, the riots would spread north into Normandy. On 3 May, a particularly intense riot broke out in Vernon, Normandy, when rioters attacked an important grain and flour magazine. Like their compatriots in other French towns, the Vernon rioters demanded lower prices, and when they started to become violent, the magazine's clerk closed and locked the door, refusing further sales. The rioters then began to attack the locked doors with scissors, knives, and even sledgehammers. They refused to stop, even after the police arrived, who responded by firing into the crowd and wounding 6 people. This only enraged the crowd further, and they threw stones at windows and assailed three mills before finally dispersing.

在4月27日最初暴动之后的几天里，类似的暴乱蔓延到整个巴黎大区的其他城镇，数量和强度与日俱增。正如学者辛西亚·A·布顿（Cynthia Bouton）所言，"一旦被点燃，火势就会迅速蔓延，并同时向许多方向蔓延"（Bouton, 92）。骚乱从相对封闭的巴黎盆地，向北蔓延到诺曼底。5月3日，诺曼底的韦尔农爆发了一场特别激烈的骚乱，骚乱者袭击了当地一个重要的谷物和面粉库。像他们在法国其他城镇的同胞一样，韦尔农的暴乱者要求当局降低粮食价格。当他们开始变得暴力时，粮食社的店员关闭并锁上了门，拒绝进一步销售。然后，暴乱者开始用剪刀、刀子甚至大锤子攻击锁着的门。他们拒绝停止暴乱，甚至在警察到达后也是如此，警察的反应是向人群开枪，造成6人受伤。这只会进一步激怒人群，他们向窗户投掷石块，袭击了三家工厂，最后才散去。

By 6 May, the daily riots hit their peak, reaching 14 markets and 42 separate villages on that day. Trouble had begun to boil into the countryside as well, with some brigands invading and ransacking lands belonging to simple farmers. These attacks were the exception, however, as most of the rioters focused their efforts and anger on profiteers, such as rich millers or members of parlements. Many rioters still adhered to taxation populaire and continued to leave behind 12 livres per setier even as they ransacked merchants' stalls. By 11 May, most of the riots had run their courses.

5月6日，每天的骚乱都达到了顶峰，当天有14个市场和42个独立的村庄发生暴乱。麻烦也开始向农村蔓延，一些强盗侵入并洗劫了属于普通农民的土地。然而，这些攻击是例外，因为大多数暴乱者将他们的精力和愤怒集中在暴发户身上，如富有的磨坊主或议会成员。许多暴动者仍然坚持支付人民税，即使他们洗劫了商人的摊位，也继续留下了每套12里弗尔的价钱。到5月11日，大多数暴乱已经结束。

弗朗索瓦·菲利普·夏彭蒂埃（François Philippe Charpentier）的《贫困家庭》，18 世纪末。

凡尔赛的暴乱和王室的反应

On 2 May, four days before the peak of the Flour War, it was reported to the king that thousands of rioters were marching on Versailles. Although a story later circulated that Louis XVI bravely opened the gates of Versailles to the rioters, faced the crowd upon a balcony, calmed them with sympathetic fatherly words, and he was met with joyful shouts of Vive le Roy! (Long live the King!), this chain of events is unlikely. Police records seemed to indicate that not only did the royal family evacuate Versailles for the safety of Fontainebleau, but the rioters were not even heading for the palace. Instead, they made for the royal flour stores.

5月2日，在面粉暴动高峰期的前四天，有人向国王报告说，成千上万的暴乱者正在向凡尔赛进军。尽管后来流传着这样一个故事：路易十六勇敢地向暴乱者打开了凡尔赛宫的大门，在阳台上面对人群，用同情的话语安抚他们，而且他还得到了欢呼声：Vive le Roy! (国王万岁！），这一连串的事件是不可能的。警方的记录似乎表明，不仅王室成员撤离了凡尔赛，前往安全的枫丹白露宫，而且暴乱者甚至没有前往皇宫。相反，他们去了皇家面粉仓库。

The royal stores contained over 900 sacks of flour, some of which were periodically shipped to bakers as far away as Paris. 5,000 rioters managed to pillage half of these sacks before royal guards arrived to disperse them. To get the rioters to go home without violence, and fearful that they may still attack the palace itself, the Prince de Poix, military governor of Versailles, hastily promised to lower the price of flour to 2 sous a pound. This worked to lull the crowds, but news of this new discount quickly spread throughout Paris. The Prince de Poix was later reprimanded by Turgot for undermining his edict.

皇家仓库中有900多袋面粉，其中一些定期运给远在巴黎的面包师。5000名暴乱者在皇家卫队赶来驱散他们之前，设法掠夺了这些麻袋中的一半。为了让暴乱者不实施暴力而回家，并担心他们仍会袭击皇宫本身，凡尔赛军事总督普瓦亲王急忙承诺将面粉的价格降至每磅2苏。这起到了安抚群众的作用，但这个新折扣的消息很快就传遍了巴黎。普瓦亲王后来因为破坏了杜尔哥的法令而受到其训斥。

At 8 am on 3 May, rioters from villages surrounding Paris entered the city and raided hundreds of bakeries. Before now, Parisian authorities had taken few courses of action; the lieutenant-general of the police, Jean-Charles-Pierre Lenoir, had only alerted the watch but had posted no guards and deployed no troops, despite multiple towns in the Paris region undergoing riots. Only after the Parisian riots on 3 May did French authorities muster a coordinated response. In the following days, around 25,000 soldiers were mobilized, some of them sent to patrol the countryside while others guarded marketplaces and bakery doors. Under the protection of the soldiers, the police were then free to start arresting suspects.

5月3日上午8点，来自巴黎周边村庄的暴徒们进入城市，袭击了数百家面包店。在此之前，巴黎当局几乎没有采取任何行动；尽管巴黎地区的多个城镇发生了暴乱，但警察中将讓·查爾斯·皮埃爾·勒諾瓦（Jean-Charles-Pierre Lenoir）只是提醒人们注意，但没有派人看守，也没有部署军队。只有在5月3日的巴黎骚乱之后，法国当局才作出协调反应。在接下来的几天里，大约有25000名士兵被动员起来，其中一些被派往农村巡逻，另一些则守卫在市场和面包店门口。在士兵的保护下，警察可以开始自由地逮捕嫌疑人。

Hoping that things would calm down in Reims in time for the king's coronation, Turgot ordered the mobilization of charity workshops in the city and along the route to Paris to provide disgruntled commoners with work. On 5 May, Louis XVI officially called for a swift and severe repression of the riots, and on 9 May, he offered a general amnesty to all rioters who returned their stolen goods in kind or in cash, except for any leaders or instigators. Because of the Crown's response as well as a general loss of momentum, the Flour War was over before 11 June 1775, the date of Louis XVI's coronation, although unrest remained high throughout the summer before the supply recovered.

杜尔哥希望兰斯的局势能在国王加冕典礼前平静下来，他下令动员该市和通往巴黎的沿途的慈善工场，为心怀不满的平民提供工作。5月5日，路易十六正式要求迅速、严厉地镇压暴乱，5月9日，他对所有以实物或现金形式归还其赃物的暴乱者实行大赦，但任何领导人或煽动者除外。由于王室的回应以及暴动的普遍失势，面粉暴动在1775年6月11日，即路易十六的加冕日之前就已经结束了；尽管在粮食供应恢复之前，整个夏天的动乱仍然很严重。

父亲的自我牺牲，雅克·萨布莱特（Jacques Sablet），18 世纪下半叶。

后果与遗留问题

Just as the king promised, the government's crackdown on Flour War rioters was indeed severe, at least when compared to previous, smaller-scale food riots. In previous riots, arrests usually only numbered in the dozens, with few prosecutions and light punishments. In the days following the Flour War, police arrested 548 people for their roles in the disturbances, 92% of the arrests taking place in the Paris region. French authorities sought out leaders and instigators to make examples out of, few of whom denied their involvement. Of the convicted riot leaders, two were condemned to hang, 15 to servitude as galley slaves (five of these were life sentences), and nine received sentences to royal prisons.

正如国王所承诺的那样，政府对面粉战争暴乱者的镇压确实很严厉，至少与以前规模较小的粮食暴乱相比是如此。在以前的暴乱中，被捕者通常只有几十人，被起诉的人很少，惩罚也很轻。在面粉暴动之后的几天里，警方逮捕了548名在骚乱中的煽动者，92%的逮捕行动发生在巴黎大区。法国当局寻找暴动领导人和煽动者，杀鸡儆猴，他们中很少有人否认自己的参与。在被定罪的骚乱领导人中，2人被判处绞刑，15人被判处作为船坞奴隶的劳役（其中5人被判处终身监禁），9人被判处皇家监狱的监禁。

Turgot saw the riots as an attack against his position and the very concept of physiocracy itself. Pamphlets attacking his edicts circulated throughout the kingdom that summer, causing Turgot to see enemies everywhere and become convinced that the Flour War was nothing more than an elaborate conspiracy, where people were pretending to be hungry to embarrass him and his policies. Many of those arrested were subjected to interrogations about this supposed conspiracy to undermine free trade, but such interrogations revealed nothing. Turgot tried to save face by shifting the blame, calling for and receiving the resignation of Lieutenant-General of Police Lenoir, but it was clear his physiocratic experiment had failed for the time being. A year later, Turgot himself would be fired from the king's cabinet, for a variety of different reasons.

杜尔哥认为暴乱是对其地位和重农主义概念本身的攻击。那年夏天，攻击法令的小册子在整个王国流传，这使杜尔哥认为到处都是敌人，并确信面粉暴动只不过是一个精心策划的阴谋，人们假装饥饿是为了让他和他的政策难堪。许多被逮捕的人接受了关于这个所谓的破坏自由贸易的阴谋的审讯，但这种审讯什么也没发现。杜尔哥试图通过推卸责任来挽回面子，他要求并得到了警察局长勒诺尔的辞职，但很明显，他的重农主义实验暂时失败了。一年后，杜尔哥本人也因为各种不同的原因被国王的内阁开除了。

Although Louis XVI tried to show solidarity with the poor by eating the lower-class maslin bread, a mix of wheat and rye, rather than the elite manchet white bread, many still blamed him for the food shortages. Some even adopted the Pacte de Famine conspiracy theory, which claimed that the king and other interest groups were purposely withholding grain from the masses in order to better control them. While the lower classes blamed the king, the upper classes blamed the riots on the moral decadence of the poor, believing that the poor desired chaos for chaos' sake. The social tensions exacerbated by the Flour War would only deepen over the course of the next decade.

尽管路易十六试图通过吃下层的马斯林面包（一种小麦和黑麦的混合物）而不是精致的曼彻特白面包来表示对穷人的声援，但许多人仍然将粮食短缺归咎于他。一些人甚至采用了"饥荒条约"的阴谋论，声称国王和其他利益集团故意扣留大众的粮食，以便更好地控制他们。下层阶级指责国王，而上层阶级则将骚乱归咎于穷人的道德堕落，认为穷人为了混乱而渴望混乱。面粉暴动加剧的社会紧张局势，在接下来的十年里只会愈发严重。

The Flour War was by no means the first, nor the most important food riot of the 18th century. It was a relatively bloodless affair, apart from the two executions, and did nothing to change the status quo. Yet coming so soon after the ascension of Louis XVI, the Flour War seemed to be one of the first warning signs that there was deep unrest not only in pockets of France but across much of the kingdom. In the succeeding years, as harvests failed to improve, bread riots would become more common, with one breaking out in the southern provinces in 1778, as well as in Normandy in 1784 and again in 1785. It could be said that the Flour War was therefore akin to the first drizzle of rain preceding the coming storm that was the French Revolution.

面粉暴动绝不是18世纪的第一次、也不是最重要的食品暴动事件。除了两起处决事件外，它是一个相对不血腥的事件，对改变现状没有任何作用。然而，在路易十六登基后不久，面粉暴动似乎是大革命爆发的第一批警告信号之一，这表明不仅在法国的局部地区，而且在整个王国的大部分地区都存在着严重的动荡。在接下来的几年里，由于粮食收成没有改善，面包暴动变得越来越普遍，1778年在南部省份爆发了一次；1784年在诺曼底爆发，次年再次爆发。因此，可以说面粉暴动类似于法国大革命这场风暴来临前的第一场细雨。