K400V2S02S1Q01-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.  

James Baldwin / Leeming / biography

Arts/Literature

Leeming写的传记干的有点不太对★★☆

①In his biography of James Baldwin, Leeming generally analyzes the sociopolitical, economic, and cultural significance of Baldwin’s principal literary works, even using several of their titles as chapter heading. ②In spite of these meritorious features, the book suffers somewhat from an uneven treatment of Baldwin’s writing. ③For example, “The Fire Next Time” has been widely, and appropriately, acknowledged as one of the great essays of the past half century. ④But rather than an analytical and interceptive discussion, Leeming provides only a summary stitched together from quotations and paraphrases. ⑤He expends considerably more time and space on the play Blues for Mister Charlie, even though Baldwin does not enjoy a widespread reputation as an innovative and substantial dramatist. 

生词摘录：

meritorious 有价值的

interceptive 截断的

stitched 缝纫，装订的

inordinate 过度的，紊乱的

L在JB的传记中大致分析了B主要文学作品的社会政治、经济和文化重要性，甚至部分章节标题直接使用了作品名称。尽管这些地方做的很有价值，这本自传却因为对于B的作品不均衡的处理而落入下乘。 比如，The Fire 被认为是过去半个世纪最伟大的论文之一。 但是L在传记中并没有给出鞭辟入里的讨论，而仅仅是给了一个由引用和转述拼凑成的概述。 L却在BMC这个戏剧上花了更多的时间和笔墨，尽管B并不算一个厉害的剧作家。

1. Which of the following best characterizes what the author of the passage means by “uneven treatment”? 

直接细节题。易

文中说道L在给B写的传记中，不同的作品的处理方式并不均衡。公认的好作品没怎么写，平常作品却写的很多。

B

A. The critical standards that Leeming applies to Baldwin’s writing are different from those that he has applied to the work of other writers. 没有other writers的证据

B. The attention that Leeming devotes to certain works by Baldwin contrasts sharply with the conventional evaluation of those works. 

C. Leeming is more concerned with the sociopolitical, economic, and cultural significance of Baldwin’s works than he is with their literary merit. 没有这个比较的证据。

D. Leeming devotes inordinate space to some of Baldwin’s shorter works while giving short shrift to many of his longer works. 没有长短作品的证据。

inordinate 过分的

E. Leeming devotes more space to summarizing Baldwin’s dramatic works than to subjecting those works to analysis and interpretation. 对于B的戏剧，L更多总结而非分析和解读。最后两句话信息杂糅。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following statements about Baldwin’s literary output? 

态度推断+多选

A

A. Blues for Mister Charlie is a less important work than is “The Fire Next Time.” 符合文中两个作品的比较。

B. Baldwin was more influential as a dramatist than as an essayist. 相反。

C. Baldwin’s reputation as an essayist is not fully justified by the quality of his essays. 名不副实，没有证据

背景拓展：

James Baldwin

詹姆斯·鲍德温（James Baldwin，1924年8月2日——1987年12月1日），美国黑人作家、散文家、戏剧家和社会评论家。一生著述颇为丰厚，共写有六部长篇小说、四部剧本、十几部散文集、一本童书和一卷诗集 ，其作品涉及的范围非常广泛。他的小说《向苍天呼吁》与理查德·赖特的《土生子》和拉尔夫·埃里森的《看不见的人》被并列为20世纪四五十年代美国黑人文学的典范。在二战后的美国黑人文学发展进程中，鲍德温起着承上启下的作用，是一个“真正的必不可少”的作家。

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage. 

the February Revolution / insurrection 

Arts/history

搞不清楚是一群什么人参加了二月革命

①In February 1848 the people of Paris rose in revolt against the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe. ②Despite the existence of excellent narrative accounts, the February Days, as this revolt is called, have been largely ignored by social historians of the past two decades. ③For each of the three other major insurrections in nineteenth-century Paris-July 1830, June 1848, and May 1871- there exists at least a sketch of participant’s  backgrounds and an analysis, more or less rigorous, of the reasons for the occurrence of the uprising. ④Only in  the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of Revolutionary mobilization.  

①Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious. ②First, the insurrections of February has been overshadowed by that of June. ③The February Revolution overthrew a regime, to be sure, but met with so little resistance that it failed to generate any real sense of historical drama.④Its successor, on the other hand, appeared to pit key socioeconomic groups in a life-or-death struggle and was widely seen by contemporary observers as marking a historical departure.  ⑤Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the Revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been diminished.  ⑥Second, like other  “successful” insurrections, the events of February failed to generate the most desirable kinds of historical records. ⑦Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities’ efforts to search out and punish the rebels. 

①Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those ofJuly 1830 and February 1848.  ②Experiences are retold, but participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their activities.  ③Those who played salient roles may become the objects of highly embellished verbal accounts or, in rare cases, of celebratory articles in contemporary periodicals. ④And it is true that the publicly acknowledged leaders of an uprising frequently write memoirs.  ⑤However, such documents are likely to be highly unreliable, unrepresentative, and unsystematically preserved, especially when compared to the detailed judicial dossiers prepared for everyone arrested following a failed insurrection.  ⑥As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful Revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents. 

dossiers 卷宗，案卷

1848年2月巴黎人民起义反抗路易菲利普一世统治下的君主立宪制。尽管存在很多精彩的口头传颂，二月革命在过去的两个年代都被社会历史学家所忽略。1830年的七月革命、1848年的六月革命，以及1871年的五月革命都至少有参与者的简单的背景介绍，以及对革命发生原因的分析。只有二月革命我们完全缺乏对其参与者的描述，进而我们就无法拿它和社会历史研究中关于革命运动过程的判断去进行比较。

有两个明显的原因。第一，二月的这场暴动被六月的那场盖过去了。二月的这场虽说推翻了一个统治，但是并未遇到多少抵抗，因此并没有产生很大的历史戏剧性。而接下来六月的那场，引发了生死决战，并被当代人认为是具备历史转折的意义。正是这种持续影响我们对于革命过程认知的解读使得六月革命的影响被放大，而二月革命的重要性却被无意中忽视。第二，和其他成功的革命一样，二月革命并未产生详尽的历史记录。尽管1848的六月革命和1871的巴黎公社被认为是19世纪法国历史的分水岭，它们同时也给社会历史学家带来一个明显的好处：当权者搜寻惩罚动乱者的行为为这些失败的叛乱带来了大量的有价值的文件。

而七月革命和二月革命的情况就不同了。故事虽被传播，但是回到日常生活的参与者并未记录下他们的行动。那些在革命中扮演重要角色的人在口头传颂中被美化，或在极少数情况下出现在当时期刊中的庆祝文章中。当然，那些起义领袖也常会写回忆录。然而，这种文件并不可靠，不具有代表性，也并没有被系统保存，特别是和起义失败之后的那些记录被捕人员的详细法庭卷宗就更没法比了。因此，我们很难在一次成功的起义之后对它的参与者有一个全面而可信的了解，甚至连他们的社会来源都搞不清楚。

文章符号化框架体系：

para 1  tw: FR [neglect]

para 2  kw’: reasons

                   [kw1... kw2...] (First,... Second,...) 

                   [failed]

para 3  ≠successfu
para 4  tw: author's explanation

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers which of the following essential for understanding a Revolutionary mobilization?  

细节题。推断题。易

从这篇文章中可以推断出，作者认为下列哪一项对于理解革命动员是必要的？根据mobilization 定位到文章第一段最后两句话。作者认为理解革命动员我们需要了解参与者的描述。

E

A. A comprehensive theory of Revolution that can be applied to the major insurrections of the nineteenth century 可适用于十九世纪重大革命的通用革命理论。销误。没有证据。

B. Awareness of the events necessary for a Revolution to be successful 对革命成功所需条件的认识。错误。没有证据。

C. Access to narratives and memoirs written eyewitnesses of a given Revolution 查阅某一革命的见证者撰写的叙述和回忆录。错误。没有证据。

D. The historical perspective provided by the passage of a considerable amount of time 相当长一段时间所提供的历史观点。错误。没有证据。

E. Knowledge of the socioeconomic background of a Revolution’s participants 

了解革命参与者的社会经济背景。正确。作者觉得理解革命动员我们需要了解参与者的社会背景，与原文取同。

4. Which of the following can be inferred about the “detailed judicial dossiers”?  

细节题。推断题。易

文中这些详细记载的法律文书是用来和那些起义者统领写的回忆录作比较的，说明后者的不靠谱。

A

A. Information contained in the dossiers sheds light on the social origins of a Revolution’s participants. 

B. The dossiers closely resemble the narratives written by the Revolution’s leaders in their personal memoirs. 没有resemble的证据

C. The information that such dossiers contain is untrustworthy and unrepresentative of a Revolution’s participants. 相反。不靠谱的是回忆录。

D. Social historians prefer to avoid such dossiers whenever possible because they are excessively detailed.  没有avoid的证据。

E. The February Revolution of 1848 produced more of these dossiers than did the June insurrection. 没有这层比较。或者也可以认为相反，因为这些卷宗是在失败之后对抓捕到的人的详细记录。

5. Which of the following is the most logical objection to the claim made in the last paragraph? 

细节题。削弱题。中

以下哪个选项最能在逻辑上反驳最后一段的观点？最后一段的观点是成功的革命很难建立靠谱的描述。我们要反驳这个观点，可以举反例，选一个说成功的革命有靠谱的描述的选项。

B

A. The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July insurrection of 1830. 1848年的二月革命的意义远不及1830年七月革命的意义。错误。没有体现成功的革命有描述。

B. The background and motivations of participants in the July insurrection of 1830 have been identified, however cursorily. 1830年的七月革命参与者的背景和动机己经查明，尽管比较粗略。正确。1830年的七月革命由文章第三段可知，是成功的革命，所以这个选项体现了成功的革命有一些描述，尽管比较粗略。这个选项在一定程度上削弱了最后一段的观点。

C. Even less is known about the July insurrection of 1830 than about the February Revolution of 1848. 关于1830年的七月革命的情况，人们所知道的甚至比关于1848年的二月革命的情况还要少。错误。这个选项体现了一个成功的革命（1830年的七月革命）比另一个成功的革命（1848年的二月革命） 人们知道的更少。无论哪个成功革命人们的了解更少，最终体现出来的都是我们对于成功革命的了解少，无法削弱最后一段观点。

D. Historical records made during the July insurrection of 1830 are less reliable than those made during  the May insurrection of 1871. 1830年的七月革命期间的历史记录不如1871年五月革命期间的记录可靠。错误。体现了成功革命（1830年的七月革命）的记录不如失败革命（1871年的五月革命）记录靠谱。与最后一段观点方向一致，无法削弱最后一段观点。

E. The importance of the July insurrection of 1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance  of the February Revolution of 1848. 1830年的七月革命的重要性被夸大了，而1848年的二月革命的重要性却被贬低了。错误。革命的重要性与是否有记录无关。

6. The purpose of the second paragraph is to explain why 

功能题。主旨题。易

第二段的目的是为了解释什么？第二段是为了解释为什么二月革命被历史学家忽路了（也就是二月革命为什么缺乏革命参与者的可靠的描述）

D

A. the people of Paris revolted in February 1848 against the rule of Louis-Philippe 1848年二月巴黎人民反抗Louis-Philippe的统治。错误。无关。

B. there exist excellent narrative accounts of the February Days 关于二月革命的日子，存在着极好的记录。错误。没有证据。

C. the February Revolution met with little resistance 二月革命没有遇到什么阻力。错误。无关。

D. a useful description of the participants in the February Revolution is lacking 缺乏对二月革命参与者的有用描述。正确。第二段就是为了解释二月革命为什么缺乏革命参与者的可靠的描述。

E. the February Revolution failed to generate any real sense of historical drama 二月革命未能产生任何真正意义上的历史戏剧感。错误。无关。

生词摘录：

insurrection 暴动，叛乱

pit 使竞争，使对立

uprising 起义，暴动

dossier  /ˈdɔːsieɪ/ 档案，卷宗

Question 7 is based on this passage. 

Arts/archeology

Maya / carving / iron tools

玛雅有没有用铁制工具雕刻

Centuries ago, the Maya of Central America produced elaborate, deeply cut carvings in stone. Given the technology available to the Maya, the carvings could only have been made with tools of stone or iron. Mayan stone tools have been found, but experiments reveal that these tools are not hard enough to make anything but very small markings in the stone used for carvings. Therefore, the Maya must have used iron tools for the carving. 

几个世纪前，玛雅人在石头上留下了深深的石刻图案。考虑到当时玛雅的科技，这些图案只能是由石头或者铁制工具雕刻。但是发现的玛雅石制工具太软了，只能刻很小的记号，因此玛雅人一定使用了铁制工具。

7. Which of the following is an assumption on which the arguments depends? 

逻辑单题。中。

这是一道假设题。要找到论证框架成立的前提条件。已知雕刻只能通过石头或铁，这是给定的条件。所以只要我们能确定石头没法刻，就一定是铁了。找到那个能帮助我们继续排除石头可能性的选项。

D

A. Nearby cultures in North and Central America used iron tools for carving stone. 不能通过附近的文化来类比。附近的说明不了这里的问题。

B. The Mayans did not use tools made from softer metals than iron for other purposes. 玛雅人不用比铁软的金属干别的。这个选项比较干扰。不用就不用呗，也不能说明他们就用铁来雕刻了。因为还没有完全排除石头的可能。不算前提。

C. The stone from which these carvings are made is no softer than the stone used in the carvings of other Central American peoples. 我管你other peoples呢，我问的是这里的情况。

D. The stone tools that have been found are among the hardest stone tools used by Maya. 发现的石制工具已经是最硬的了。石头已经没可能了，只有铁了。

E. Iron tools were found at the same Mayan sites at which the stone tools were found. 但是还是有可能用更硬的石头来刻的。

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage. 

Sciences/ecology

evolutionary history / fossil record

化石记录并不一定能说明问题

①According to one current hypothesis, the typical evolutionary history of a species involves a quick origin, followed by a long period of stability of form, or stasis, and then rapid disappearance.  ②The sudden appearance of new species, once attributed to supposed gaps in the fossil record, is thought to represent accurately the histories of species. 

①There is, however, doubt about some of the scientific evidence for this evolutionary pattern, particularly the extent to which species exhibit stasis. ②For example, species with a large population are more likely to exhibit relative stasis, but they are also more likely to be found in the fossil record. ③Moreover, it is invariably only the hard body parts of any organism that are fossilized. ④Variations over time in soft body parts, in biochemistry, and in behavior largely escape the fossil record; thus, fossil traces preserve only a minute portion of a species’  traits. ⑤Furthermore, since so few individual organisms leave fossils, the record of a species is likely to understate variation in that species. 

一个关于物种进化的现有观点认为，物种会快速出现，保持一个长期的稳态，然后会快速消失。 之前被认为是化石记录断层而表明的新物种的突然出现，曾被认为准确表明了物种进化史。

然而，这种进化模式下的证据不禁让人怀疑，特别是考虑到物种所表现出来的稳态程度。比如，数量比较大的物种更容易表现出相对稳态，但也更容易出留下化石记录。另外，只有比较硬的身体部分才有可能变成化石。而那些软组织上的生化变化，还有行为上的变化都无法通过化石保留下来。因此，化石其实仅能保存很小一部分的物种特征。而且，本身留下化石的个体就很少，更加降低了物种的多样程度。

8. The author of the passage provides evidence to refute which of the following aspects of the hypothesis described in the first paragraph? 

细节题。易

通过二段首句可知，文章不认为物种长时间保持稳定状态不变。

B

A. The belief that species disappear rapidly 无关

B. The contention that from remains stable over long periods of time 

C. The notion that gaps occur in the fossil record 无关

D. The assertion that new species appear suddenly 无关

E. The presumption that an evolutionary history can be typical  无关

9. Regarding the “doubt” mentioned in the passage, the author would probably agree that it 

态度题。易

C

A. will be resolved once scientists have gathered more data relevant to certain critical case 只要有足够的关键数据就能解决。没有证据 

B. arise only because scientists assume that the sudden appearance of new species in the fossil record accurately represents the speed with which new species arose 会有怀疑只是因为科学家认为化石证据所表现出的物种的突然出现准确表明了新物种出现的速度。选项来自一段最后一句。而怀疑出现的原因在第二段。无关。同时没有only的证据。

C. results partially from tendencies in the fossil record that allow for uncertainty 怀疑来自化石证据的不确定性，符合化石不靠谱。

10. In the context in which it appears, “pattern” most nearly means  

词汇题。易

pattern 模式

C

A. archetype 原型

B. precedent 先例

C. model 模型，模式

D. relationship 关系

E. grouping 分组，类别