K400V2S06S2Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 to 2 are based on this passage:

文同S05S2，题不同

Sciences/ecology

bird population / cattle and buffalo / grazing animals

保护区鸟类数量下降

①In the late 1970s, bird populations were found to be declining in India's Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Rajasthan. ②Grazing cattle and buffalo were the suspected culprits: they were entering the preserve in sufficient numbers to disrupt what was believed to be an otherwise balanced ecosystem. ③Accordingly, grazing was banned in Bharatpur. ④Yet by the mid-1980s, studies found that bird diversity within the preserve had declined further since the ban, and it continued to plummet. ⑤The absence of grazing animals, it turns out, had disturbed the parks' ecology. ⑥weed species were taking over wetlands and choking canals, thereby reducing the fish populations that had once attracted so many birds, and avian species then went elsewhere in search of more suitable nesting places.

1970 年代后期，印度拉贾斯坦邦的巴拉特普尔鸟类保护区的鸟类数量正在下降。牛被认为是罪魁祸首：它们进入保护区破坏了原本被认为是平衡的生态系统。 因此，巴拉特普尔禁止放牧。 然而，到 1980 年代中期，研究发现保护区内的鸟类多样性自禁令以来进一步下降，并且继续直线下降。 事实证明，食草动物的缺失扰乱了公园的生态。 杂草占据了湿地并堵塞了运河，从而减少了曾经吸引如此多鸟类的鱼，鸟类就到其他地方寻找更合适的筑巢地了。

1. The passage suggests which of the following about the decline observed in the late 1970s?

细节题 推断题 难

D

A. It could have been mitigated if limits on grazing had been enacted earlier at Bharatpur. 早不早不是问题。早了反而问题早点出现。

B. It resulted in part from a then-unrecognized change in the number and variety of weed species expanding into Bharatpur's wetlands. 那个时候还没禁止放牧，草还不是问题。

C. It was overestimated because of a mistaken assumption about the effect of grazing animals on Bharatpur's ecosystem. 没有overestimated证据

D. It might have been more severe if fewer grazing cattle and buffalo had been entering Bharatpur. 如果食草动物少一些，问题可能更严重。符合最后两句描述。

E. It was recognized in hindsight as arising from changes in Bharatpur's fish-species diversity. 鱼也是受害者。干扰项。找主要原因。

2. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? 

功能题 目的题 中

高亮句给出一个可能的原因，但是后来被否。

E

A. It describes a measure taken in order to address a problem. 是原因，不是解决办法。

B. It examines a flawed assumption underlying a conclusion. 干扰项。没有conclusion,哪里来的assumption.

C. It bolsters a claim made in the first sentence of the passage. 第一句是个事实，不是观点。

D. It corrects a misconception about a historical situation. 并没有correct

E. It identifies the basis on which a policy decision was made. 符合第三句的顺承。

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage:

Arts/photography

Diane Arbus / documentary photography 

对DA的纪实摄影风格的评判

①The positioning of Diane Arbus as a documentary photographer stems from the two exhibits that made her reputation, both curated by John Szarkowski: the group show New Documents in 1967 claimed to show documentary photography's new direction, which Szarkowski said aimed "not to reform life, but to know it", and Diane Arbus, the posthumous one-woman show five years later, which turned her into an icon. ②Even as Szarkowski identified Arbus' work with the documentary tradition, both the American reformist line and the European taxonomic line represented by August Sanders (who came to be known in the United States in the 1960s), he also indicated the ways in which her work did not fit. ③If the documentary tradition displayed a consistent style of clarity and directness toward reality, it also displayed in the American tradition a particular emphasis on human suffering and a blend of realism and emotional charge, which was meant, in the words of Roy Stryker, the director of the Farm Security Administration, which sponsored the great documentary photography of the Depression era, to "incite change" by mobilizing sympathy. ④These two documentary modes-that of "knowing" and that of "reforming"-were tangling and untangling in the 1960s. ⑤For instance Walker Evans, who made his name with the Farm Security Administration in the 1930s, delivered his important lecture on "lyric documentary" at Yale in 1964 in which he eschewed the social reform agenda; in 1966, the year before New Documents, the Farm Security Administration spirit had been revived by Cornell Capa's exhibition The Concerned Photographer, and its similarly titled catalog, and the documentary practices it celebrated made for some of the most arresting images and photo-essays of the Vietnam War.

①That Arbus fulfilled the realist impulse of the documentary tradition could hardly be more obvious, whatever her subject matter. ②But documentary stuck to Arbus through the powerful intervention not only of Szarkowski but also of Susan Sontag, Arbus first and still most influential critic. ③Sontag's essay on the 1972 exhibit, which launched her inquiry into the medium of photography, is still routinely cited in reviews and scholarship on Arbus ' work. ④Sontag framed the problem of Arbus's photographs within the documentary tradition following Szarkowski, and defined her work as a misappropriation of its form. ⑤Sontag claimed that Arbus photographed and collected other people's pain but offered no "compassionate purpose" to the viewer. ⑥In these terms, Arbus lacked empathy and the photographs offered a "self-willed test of hardness," one that inured the viewer to ugliness and pain. ⑦Sontag attached Arbus to one version of the documentary tradition, the US reformist agenda, and found Arbus' ability to mobilize sentiment not only deficient but also corrosive of sympathetic sensibilities more broadly.

黛安·阿勃丝（Diane Arbus）被视为纪实摄影师源于让她声名鹊起的两次展览，均由约翰·萨科夫斯基（John Szarkowski）策划：1967 年的群展 New Documents 声称展示了纪实摄影的新方向，萨科夫斯基称其目的是“不是为了改变生活，但要认识生活”，以及五年后的Diane Arbus的同名展览，这场她身后的独立女性秀将她变成了偶像。即使 Szarkowski 将Arbus 的作品与纪录片传统（美国的和欧洲的）联系起来，他也指出了她的作品并不完全符合。如果说纪录片传统表现出一贯的清晰明了和直击事实，那么它在美国传统中也表现出对人类苦难的特别关注以及现实主义和情感冲动的融合，用Farm Security Administration导演罗伊·史崔克的话来说，这意味着通过引发同情来“引发变革”。这两种纪录片模式——“知”与“改”——在1960年代相互纠缠。例如，沃克·埃文斯（Walker Evans）在 1930 年代在农场安全管理局（Farm Security Administration）成名，他于 1964 年在耶鲁大学发表了关于“抒情纪录片”的重要演讲，其中他避开了社会改革议题；在 1966 年，即New Documents的前一年，康奈尔·卡帕 (Cornell Capa) 的展览“The Concerned Photographer”及其同名的目录以及它所赞扬的纪录片实践，重现了the Farm Security Administration 的精神。

无论她的主题是什么，阿勃丝都满足了纪录片传统的现实主义冲动，这一点再明显不过了。但是，不仅 Szarkowski 不太满意DA的纪实方式，作为DA的第一位且仍然是最有影响力的评论家苏珊·桑塔格（Susan Sontag）也是。桑塔格关于 1972 年展览的文章开启了她对摄影媒介的探索，至今仍经常在关于阿勃丝Arbus作品的评论和学术研究中被引用。桑塔格在 Szarkowski 之后的纪录片传统中界定了 Arbus 的照片问题，并将她的作品定义为对其形式的滥用。桑塔格声称，Arbus 拍摄并收集了其他人的痛苦，但没有向观众提供“富有同情心的目的”。在这些方面，Arbus 缺乏同理心，而这些照片提供了一种“任性的苦难测试”，让观众习惯于丑陋和痛苦。桑塔格将Arbus 与一种纪录片传统，即美国改革议题联系起来，并发现Arbus调动情绪的能力不仅不足，而且更广泛地腐蚀了同情心。

生词摘录：

curate 策划展览

inure 使...习惯

3. The passage is primarily concerned with

功能题 主旨题 中

文章在讨论DA的纪实摄影风格，虽然纪实，但有问题。

C

A. analyzing the impact of curators and critics on a specific photographer's career 没有impact的证据。他们只是评论，不知道DA本人是否受到影响。

B. demonstrating that certain genres of photography have long been subjects of disagreement among critics 是在聊人，不是在聊作品

C. discussing how a specific photographer was situated within a genre of photography 符合

D. tracing the evolution of a particular genre of photography 同B

E. arguing that the work of a certain photographer has been misunderstood by critics 没有misunderstood证据

4. Which of the following statements about Susan Sontag can be inferred from the passage?

细节题 推断题 难

C

A. She admired much of the work sponsored by the Farm Security Administration. 没有证据

B. Her views on documentary photography were influenced by Cornell Capa's aesthetic practices. 没有证据

C. She largely agreed with Roy Stryker about the purpose of documentary photography 符合。通过二段5句可知，桑塔格不同意Arbus 只是拍摄并收集了其他人的痛苦，但没有向观众提供“富有同情心的目的”。而一段3句说导演罗伊·史崔克也认为应该通过引发同情来“引发变革”。

D. Her essay on the 1972 exhibit Diane Arbus was partly a response to Walker Evans' lecture on "lyric documentary." 没有证据

E. Her definition of documentary photography was unduly influenced by Szarkowski's exhibitions. 没有influenced证据

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

5. According to the passage, Sontag criticized Arbus' photographs on which of the following grounds?

细节题 中

对应信息从二段4句开始

AC

A. They did not entirely conform to a specific genre. 符合二段4句

B. They included subjects who were undeserving of sympathy. 没有证据

C. They could cause the sympathy of a viewer to be diminished. 符合二段6句中的inured to

6. The passage suggests that which of the following pairs of artists or critics would be most likely to share similar views about the purposes of documentary photography?

态度题 难

信息来自于一段最后一句中：the Farm Security Administration spirit had been revived by Cornell Capa's exhibition。而Roy Stryker是the Farm Security Administration的导演

B

A. Arbus and Capa

B. Capa and Stryker

C. Stryker and Sanders

D. Sanders and Sontag

E. Sontag and Evans 

Questions 7 is based on this passage:

重复S05S2Q6

Sciences

enbargo / fungus / fruit

水果禁运防止真菌传播

Partha’s five-year-old embargo on the importation of fruit from Vallone was intended to keep a fungus from being accidentally brought into Partha. The fungus was nevertheless discovered to be present in Partha about a year ago. At about that time, it was also discovered in neighboring Morland. Clearly, what must have happened is that Vallonean fruit exporters circumvented the embargo by exporting fruit to Morland and then reexporting it from there to Partha. 

P五年不从 Vallone 进口水果为了防止真菌被意外带入 。 然而大约一年前，人们还是在P发现这种真菌。 大约在那个时候，旁边的M也有真菌。 显然，一定是瓦隆尼水果出口商绕过禁运，将水果出口到Morland，然后再从那里出口到Partha。

6. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

逻辑单题 逻辑反对 易

有他因。M搞不好还是P传染的呢。

B

A. Morland’s annual crop fruit is just large enough to support its own domestic marker adequately. 也就是想说，M自己种的水果刚够吃，自己水果不出口。那又不影响从V来的水果出口。不能削弱。

B. The fungus colonies discovered in Partha and in Morland with a distinct strain that has never been found to occur in Vallone. 你这俩地儿的真菌都跟我V没关系啊。可以削弱

C. The yields from Vallonean fruit crops have been well below normal in the last two years because of unexpected late frosts. 自己收成少了，就不能出口了么。不能削弱。

D. The fungus had been only a minor nuisance in Vallone until Vallone’s Great Valley was converted, about ten years ago, into a major fruit-growing area. 你想表达什么。。

E. Partha’s embargo on Vallonean fruit was put in place after Parthan fruit growers had suffered losses because of accidentally imported insect pests. 禁令在P遭受虫灾之后生效。那跟我V也没关系咯。

Questions 8-10 is based on this passage:

Sciences/geology

erosion and deposition / surface water / faint yound Sun paradox / greenhouse gases

太古时期温室气体使地球表面有液态水

①The Isua rock formations in southwestern Greenland, which formed 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago, include a variety of sedimentary rocks, which are records of erosion and deposition by surface water. ②Their testimony to abundant water at Earth's surface 3.8 billion years ago would seem to be at odds with models of stellar evolution, which predict that our Sun, a yellow dwarf star, would have been about 30% less luminous than it is today. ③With so much less incoming solar energy, any water on Earth should have been frozen. ④This is the faint young Sun paradox first recognized by astrophysicist Carl Sagan in 1972. ⑤Although there have been many creative proposals about how to reconcile this apparent contradiction between astrophysical theory and the rock record , the prevailing view is that an atmosphere dominated by greenhouse gases could have compensated for the dimmer Sun and made the early Earth's climate clement enough to keep ancient rivers rolling down to an open sea. ⑥Based on the atmospheres of neighboring Venus and Mars—the lingering breath of volcanoes—carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor are likely to have been the primary heat-trapping gases, although methane, ethane, nitrogen, ammonia, and other compounds may also have acted as additional blankets that kept the Archean world warm.

格陵兰岛西南部的伊苏阿岩层形成于 38 至 37 亿年前，包括各种沉积岩，是地表水侵蚀和沉积的记录。它们表明 38 亿年前地球表面有大量的水似乎与恒星演化模型不一致，因为当时我们的太阳，一颗黄矮星，比今天的亮度要低 30%。由于传入的太阳能如此之少，地球上的任何水都应该被冻结。这就是 1972 年天体物理学家卡尔·萨根首次发现的弱太阳悖论。尽管有很多可以调和天体物理学理论与岩石记录之间明显矛盾的创见，但普遍的观点是，大气层中的温室气体可能补偿了较暗的太阳，并使早期地球的气候变得温暖，足以让古老的河流流向大海。根据邻近的金星和火星的大气——火山长期的喷发——二氧化碳（CO2）和水蒸气可能是主要的温室气体，尽管甲烷、乙烷、氮气、氨和其他化合物同时使太古宙世界保持温暖。

8. Which of the following statements about the "Isua rock formations" is best supported by the passage?

细节题 中

E

A. The age assigned to them is most likely incorrect. 没有age的证据

B. They have little in common with other sedimentary rock formations on Earth's surface. 没有other rock formation的证据

C. Their composition is more homogeneous in nature than had been assumed. 没有homogeneous的证据

D. Their formation contributed to the presence of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere. 干扰项。注意不是was contributed to。因果关系弄反。

E. Their presence suggests that early Earth was likely subject to significant volcanic activity. 只有这个最合适。火山可能带来温室气体。

9. In the context in which it appears, "reconcile" most nearly means

词汇题 易

reconcile: restore friendly relations between 调和矛盾

A

A. resolve: settle or find a solution to 解决争端

B. conform: comply with rules, standards, or laws 遵守，顺从，符合

C. relegate: 降级

D. restore: 恢复

E. coordinate: bring the different elements in to a relation that will ensure efficiency or harmony 

10. According to the passage, "the prevailing view" explains

细节题 易

D

普遍的观点认为大气层中的温室气体使早期地球的气候变得温暖。

A. why less solar energy was emitted by the Sun in the past than is emitted in the present 不能够解释太阳的情况

B. why greenhouse gases were formed on Earth some 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago 不能解释为什有温室气体

C. how the Earth's atmosphere likely differed from those of neighboring planets 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago 不是在解释与其他行星的大气不同。同时相反，应是相同。

D. how certain temperatures could have existed on Earth 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago 符合

E. how the ages assigned to certain rock formations were determined 没有ages的证据