K400V2S05S1Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.  

Sciences / ecology

coral reefs / algae / environmental stress / ecological health

珊瑚礁被藻类覆盖

①Many publications have recently reported deterioration in the ecological health of coral reefs. ②Although many reefs have declined in health, these reports lament a devastating degree of degradation on all reefs, equating high algal cover with decreased reef health. ③In some cases, algae do take over reefs that were once dominated by coral. ④Environmental stresses, such as hurricanes or diseases, can trigger such shifts, which are generally regarded as a sign of reef degradation. ⑤Such stress-induced shifts no doubt fostered a general impression that algae-dominated reefs are always unhealthy ones. ⑥Yet, algae can dominate a healthy reef where all the essential ecological processes are intact. ⑦In fact, a recent five-year-old study that monitored relatively undisturbed central-Pacific reefs found that coral dominance there is relatively limited.  

最近有很多关于珊瑚礁生态健康的恶化的报道。尽管许多珊瑚礁的健康状况有所下降，但这些报告仍感叹所有珊瑚礁的退化程度，将高藻类覆盖率等同于珊瑚礁健康状况的下降。在某些情况下，藻类确实会占据曾经以珊瑚为主的珊瑚礁。 飓风或疾病等环境压力会引发这种变化，这通常被认为是珊瑚礁退化的迹象。毫无疑问，这种压力引起的变化给人一种普遍的印象，即以藻类为主的珊瑚礁总是不健康的。 然而，就算所有所有基本的生态过程都正常，藻类也可以覆盖健康的珊瑚礁。 事实上，最近一项为期五年的研究监测了相对不受干扰的中太平洋珊瑚礁，发现那里的珊瑚也不多。

1. The author suggests which of the following about the "stress-induced shifts"? 

细节题 推断题 易

文中说，这些shifts给人一种普遍的印象，即以藻类为主的珊瑚礁总是不健康的。

D

A. The likelihood of their occurring on a healthy reef where coral has long dominated is less than is generally believed. 它们发生在珊瑚长期占据主导地位的健康珊瑚礁上的可能性比人们普遍认为的要小。没有likelihood的比较。

B. A study of central-Pacific reefs has provided evidence that they occur frequently. 没有frequently的比较。

C. They can be triggered by a wider variety of phenomena than has previously been believed. 没有这层比较

D. They have resulted in misconceptions that are evident in many recent reports about the ecological conditions of reefs. 符合

E. Their importance has been downplayed in reports dealing with ecological issues. 没有downplayed证据

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

2. The author would probably agree with which of the following assertions about algae? 

态度题 中

A

A. Their presence on a reef can be a sign of the reef’s deterioration. 符合。作者并不反对这件事，只是说也有例外。

B. They rarely occur on reefs that have not recently experienced some forms of environmental stress. 没有rarely的证据

C. They now dominate most reefs that were once dominated by coral.  通过第三句，没有most的证据。

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage

Arts

Mexican American theater / actos 

墨西哥裔美国戏剧的复兴

This passage is adapted from material published in 2009.  

①In the fields of Delano, California, in 1965, Luis Valdez started the Teatro Campesino (Farmworker’s Theater), and with it initiated the renaissance of Mexican American theater. ②The Teatro Campesino had an avowedly political purpose: to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers’ strike then being organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez. ③Dramatic presentations, called actos, were composed of a series of scenes about the strike experienced and acted by campesino volunteers. ④His later actos were presented by a newly constituted professional company, still called the Teatro Campesino, and addressed such themes as the impact of the Vietnam War on Mexican Americans and the dangers of assimilation, themes relevant to urban Mexican Americans as well as to campesinos. ⑤All Valdez’ actos contained elements of song and dance, relied little on stage effects or props, and featured the use of masks. ⑥These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues, which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conversation, are still characteristic both of the actos and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today. 

①Innovative as it is, the acto owes much to the theater traditions of other periods and regions. ②Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas, and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. ③The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez’ study of the Italian commedia dell’arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of the Mexican theater. ④The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez’ immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in Spain. ⑤The English-language theater has provided elements as well: Valdez himself has acknowledged his debt to the agitprop socialist theater that appeared in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. ⑥In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semi-allegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique. ⑦Finally, many of Valdez’ later theater pieces freely incorporate characters, plots, and symbols drawn from the indigenous myths and rituals of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Latin America. ⑧In fact, no other art form illustrates more clearly the depth and complexity of the Mexican American heritage itself than do the actos of Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. 

1965 年，在加利福尼亚州德拉诺的田野里，路易斯·瓦尔迪兹创办了 Teatro Campesino（农场工人剧院），并由此开启了墨西哥裔美国戏剧的复兴。 Teatro Campesino 有一个公开的政治目的：召集农民（农场工人）支持由CC瓦尔迪兹组织的农场工人罢工。戏剧性的演示，称为actos，由一系列关于罢工的场景组成，这些场景是由农民志愿者经历和表演的。他后来的表演由一家新成立的专业公司（仍称为农民剧院）呈现，并涉及诸如越南战争对墨西哥裔美国人的影响和同化的危险等主题，这些主题与墨西哥裔美国人以及农民有关。瓦尔迪兹的所有表演都包含歌舞元素，很少依赖舞台效果或道具，并以使用面具为特色。这些戏剧性的元素，加上强烈的社会或政治目的，以及在对话中混合使用西班牙语、英语和墨西哥裔美国人的方言，真实地捕捉到了墨西哥裔美国人的谈话风格，到今天仍然是大多数其他形式的墨西哥美国戏剧的特征。

虽然具有创新性，但这种戏剧性的展示仍很大程度上借鉴了其他时期和地区的戏剧传统。// 像早期的西班牙裔美国人的宗教戏剧、世俗的民间戏剧和稍晚一些的墨西哥carpas一样，演员通常由巡演或当地剧团在户外演出。actos 的即兴喜剧讽刺通常归因于瓦尔迪兹对16 世纪意大利喜剧dell'arte的研究，尽管一些评论家认为它直接反映了更现代的当地墨西哥戏剧carpas 的喜剧和即兴品质。无论瓦尔迪兹的直接灵感来源是什么，他都可能受到了意大利的影响：据说墨西哥 carpas本身起源于一位 16 世纪西班牙作家的戏剧作品，其灵感来自在西班牙巡回演出时与意大利喜剧艺术团的相遇。// 英语戏剧也提供了元素，瓦尔迪兹本人承认他借鉴了二十世纪二三十年代在美国出现的煽动社会主义戏剧。特别是，他的表演包含了与之相同的半寓言角色和相同的音乐、合唱和对话的混合，以及同样激烈的社会和政治批判精神。// 最后，瓦尔迪兹后来的许多戏剧作品都自由地融合了取自拉丁美洲前西班牙裔人民的土著神话和仪式的人物、情节和符号。事实上，没有其他艺术形式比路易斯·瓦尔迪兹 (Luis Valdez) 和坎佩西诺剧院 (Teatro Campesino) 的表演更清楚地说明了墨西哥裔美国人艺术传统本身的深度和复杂性。

3. According to the passage, which of the following elements characteristic of the acto are also found in some agitprop theater pieces? 

细节题 易

定位二段第六句。In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semi-allegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique. 

E

A. The use of masks  无关

B. Comic improvisation 无关

C. An outdoor setting 无关

D. Minimal use of complex stage effects or props 没有证据

E. An assortment of semi-allegorical characters 符合

4. According to the passage, the original impetus behind the establishment of the Teatro Campesino was which of the following?  

细节题 易

定位首段二句to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers’ strike then being organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez

E

A. To help urban Mexican Americans understand the problems confronting striking campesinos in California 没有problems的证据

B. To promote an attitude of pride in the depth and richness of the Mexican American heritage among striking campesinos 无关

C. To provide striking campesinos an opportunity to use their creative talents to express their political opinions 没有creative talents的证据

D. To allow its founder to express his personal support of the campesinos’ strike effort 没有personal support的证据

E. To mobilize campesinos to support the farm workers’ strike in California  符合

5. Which of the following best describes the author’s evaluation of the views of the cited “critics”? 

态度题 易

actos 的即兴喜剧讽刺通常归因于瓦尔迪兹对16 世纪意大利喜剧dell'arte的研究，尽管一些评论家认为它直接反映了更现代的当地墨西哥戏剧carpas 的喜剧和即兴品质。通过后文可知，作者并不认同：无论瓦尔迪兹的直接灵感来源是什么，他都可能受到了意大利的影响。

A

A. Their views, if correct, do not preclude the existence of an Italian influence on the acto. 符合

B. Their views are unlikely to be correct, given the differences existing between Mexican and Mexican American theater. 没有这层因果的证据

C. Their views concerning the Mexican carpa are essentially correct, but they lack familiarity with the acto. 没有but之后的证据

D. Their views are probably more correct than the views of those who have attributed the comic and improvisational elements of the acto to earlier sources. 没有比较关系的证据

E. Their views betray a lack of familiarity with the commedia dell’arte. 他们的观点暴露出他们对dell'arte的不熟悉。没有证据  

6. The passage suggests that which of the following explains the characteristic use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the works of Mexican American playwrights? 

细节题 推断题 难

第二段都在说墨西哥戏剧虽然具有创新性，但仍很大程度上借鉴了其他时期和地区的戏剧传统。题干对应的是其中一种对拉丁美洲前西班牙裔人民借鉴。也就是就算创新，也能寻根。

C

A. Mexican American playwrights wish to include in their works elements drawn from the traditions and history of the pre-Hispanic America. 他们的这个wish没有证据

B. Mexican American playwrights try to guarantee that their works are fully understood by the broadest possible audience, including those who may speak only one language. 没有证据

C. Such a linguistic mix faithfully reflects the linguistic diversity of Mexican American culture, and is easily understood by most Mexican Americans. 这种语言的混合忠实地反映了墨西哥裔美国人文化的语言多样性，并且很容易为大多数墨西哥裔美国人所理解。  

D. Many Mexican American playwrights are quite familiar with both the Spanish-language and the English-language theater traditions. 没有证据

E. Many different languages are still spoken within the of the United States, although English is still the most common first language of its citizens. 没有证据

Questions 7 is based on this passage

Sciences/biology

sunlight / fish / well below 1,000 meters / large, light-sentive eyes

大眼睛鱼之前也不一定生活在浅水

Sunlight penetrates seawater in diminishing amounts down to a depth of 1,000 meters, below which no sunlight penetrates at all. Fish species living at depths approaching 1,000 meters are adapted to see very faint sunlight, having larger, more light-sensitive eyes than those living nearer the surface. Researchers have found fish species with large, light-sensitive eyes well below 1,000 meters. However, this provides no support for the hypothesis that these fish species originally inhabited shallower waters, because _________. 

阳光穿透海水逐渐减少，直至 1,000 米的深度，在此深度以下完全没有阳光。生活在接近 1000 米深处的鱼类适应了这种环境，他们的眼睛更大，对光更敏感。 研究人员在1,000 米以下发现了这种鱼类。但是，这并不支持一种假设认为这些鱼类最初栖息在较浅的水域，因为_______。

7. Which of the following most logically completes the passage? 

逻辑单题 逻辑支持 易

给深水鱼有大眼睛这件事找个他因。

E

A. blue sunlight penetrates seawater to a greater depth than the other colors in sunlight do, and the eyes of these fish see only blue light 既然能看到蓝光那也不需要卡姿兰大眼睛了。

B. the average depth of the ocean is 4,000 meters 我管你海有多深。。

C. many of these fish often swim downward to prey on fish that live at even greater depths 那不还是生活在较浅区域。。

D. food chains of marine organisms that live at depths well below 1,000 meters are dependent on nutrients that sink down from sunlit waters overhead 跟这个有毛线关系。。

E. a significant number of marine organisms that live at depth below 1,000 meters emit light in the form of bioluminescence  不是因为“由浅入深”所以眼睛进化，而是本身就为了看到海底的生物发光，所以需要大眼。

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage

Arts

An Introduction to Botany / young women / self-improvement

PW写书带领女性自我提升

①In writing her book An lntroduction to Botany (1796), Priscilla Wakefield wanted to affirm the benefits of botany for young women. ②Aspiring to have botany "act as an antidote to idleness," which in her opinion was endemic among "young ladies of fashionable manners,” Wakefield's strategy was to represent botanical study as a pursuit that linked the cachet of a socially approved "accomplishment" to a philosophy of self-improvement. ③Yet while An Introduction to Botany invited young women over the threshold into botany as a self-improving pursuit, it did not challenge the dominant late-eighteenth-century British ideologies restricting women to the domestic arena. ④Notably, Wakefield does not exhort young women to venture beyond the domestic garden and adjacent fields. ⑤Nevertheless, Wakefield clearly drew botany into a female orbit, recommending it as a means of teaching young women and girls good habits and healthy behavior. ⑥Moreover, unlike many writers of her day, she did not warn against "female learnedness," nor did she elevate modesty, deference, and piety in women above all else. 

Priscilla Wakefield在写她的《植物学导论》（1796 年）一书时想要肯定植物学对年轻女性的好处。PW希望植物学“作为无所事事的解毒剂”，在她看来在“时髦的年轻女士”中充斥着无所事事。Wakefield的希望将植物学研究塑造为一种追求，这种追求将社会认可的“成就”的声望与一种自我提升的哲学联系起来。然而，虽然《植物学概论》带领年轻女性跨过植物学的门槛，以此作为一种自我提升的追求，但它并没有挑战 18 世纪后期英国将女性限制在家庭中的主流意识形态。值得注意的是，Wakefield也不鼓励年轻女性冒险走出家中花园和邻近的田野。尽管如此，Wakefield明确将植物学纳入女性轨道，建议将其作为教年轻女性和女孩养成良好习惯和健康行为的一种手段。此外，不像她那个时代的许多作家，她不反对“女性博学”，也没有将女性的谦虚、顺从和虔诚提升至高于一切。

8. The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss  

功能题 主旨题 易

文章讨论了PW写植物学导论的目的。

C

A. the effect that a book about botany had on women’s access to the sciences in late-eighteenth-century Britain 文章并未写到对女性接触科学的影响。

B. some of the obstacles that prevented young eighteenth-century British women from studying botany 没有obstacles的证据

C. certain features and ramifications of a late-eighteenth-century book about botany aimed at young women 符合

D. several contradictions in the stated positions of the author of a late-eighteenth-century book about botany aimed at young women 没有contradictions的证据

E. the beginnings of women’s widespread involvement in the study of the natural sciences in Britain  没有beginnings的证据

9. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following, if it had appeared in An Introduction to Botany, would most clearly have constituted a challenge of the “ideologies”? 

细节题 削弱题 易

对应三四句。18 世纪后期的主流意识形态是女性依然保持家庭角色。

B

A. An exhortation that young women abandon the pursuit of intellectually stimulating accomplishments 没有这个pursuit的证据

B. The encouragement of young women to travel extensively to acquire botanical samples 符合。女性不要到处冒险。

C. A suggestion that the lives of grown women of “fashionable manners” needed improvement 无关

D. An argument favoring regular physical exercise for young women 没有关系

E. A suggestion that young women should have tutors to help them study botany 没有证据

10. According to the passage, Wakefield sought to accomplish which of the following with An Introduction to Botany? 

细节题 易

对应二句、五句信息

D

A. To challenge prevailing ideologies that restricted women to the domestic area 相反

B. To encourage young women to venture beyond their immediate surroundings 相反

C. To enlarge the range of professional possibilities open to educated British women 没有professional的证据

D. To provide a relatively serious activity for young women of a certain class 符合

E. To establish that botany could be as appropriately pursued by a young women as by young men 跟男的没关系。

生词摘录：

endemic 流行的；特有的

cachet 威望；印记