鱼骨图(Ishikawa diagram)
鱼骨图(也称为人字形图、因果图或鱼川图)是由石川馨(1968)创作的、显示特定事件原因的因果图。鱼骨图的常见用途是产品设计和质量缺陷预防,以识别导致整体影响的潜在因素。缺陷的每一个原因(cause)或理由(reason)都是变化的来源。原因通常分为主要类别(categorie),以确定这些变化源。类别通常包括:

People: Anyone involved with the process 人:流程中涉及的所有人
Methods: How the process is performed and the specific requirements for doing it, such as policies, procedures, rules, regulations and laws 方法:流程的执行方式和具体要求,如政策、程序、规则、法规和法律
Machines: Any equipment, computers, tools, etc. required to accomplish the job 机器:完成工作所需的所有设备、电脑、工具等。
Materials: Raw materials, parts, pens, paper, etc. used to produce the final product 材料:用于生产最终产品的原材料、组件、笔、纸等
Measurements: Data generated from the process that are used to evaluate its quality 测量:用于评估流程质量的、在流程中产生的数据
Environment: The conditions, such as location, time, temperature, and culture in which the process operates 环境:流程运行的条件,例如位置、时间、温度、文化