【简译】塞尔苏斯图书馆（以弗所）

2022-09-18 11:21 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

The Library of Celsus in ancient Ephesus, located in western Turkey, was a repository of over 12,000 scrolls and one of the most impressive buildings in the Roman Empire. Constructed in the 2nd century CE, it was named after the city's former Roman governor. Today, only the library's impressive facade remains of this once great building and is a silent witness to the city's stature as a great centre of learning and early Christian scholarship during the Roman period.

古代以弗所的塞尔苏斯图书馆位于今土耳其西部，曾是一个拥有12000多卷书的图书馆，是罗马帝国最令人印象深刻的建筑之一。它建于公元2世纪，以该市前罗马总督的名字命名。今天，这座曾经的伟大建筑只剩下图书馆令人印象深刻的外墙，它无声地见证了这座城市在罗马时期作为一个伟大的学习与早期基督教学术中心的地位。

以弗所

Ephesus (Ephesos), located on the west coast of Turkey, was once an important harbour city in the Greek world and then the Roman Empire. Settlement at the site dates back to the Bronze Age with the Mycenaeans, and it became renowned in the Classical period thanks to its cult of Artemis; the city being the most important site in the ancient Mediterranean honouring that deity. The city's great 6th-5th century BCE temple, now widely known as the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, would become one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and would pull in many ancient travellers and pilgrims. When Ephesus took over from Pergamon as the capital of Rome's Asian province (after 129 BCE) the city became even more cosmopolitan with immigrants coming from across Asia Minor and a large number of merchants from Italy settling there. As a great Roman city and administrative centre, it is no surprise, then, that it should boast an impressive public library, one of the amenities many Roman cities enjoyed.

以弗所（Ephesos），位于土耳其的西海岸，曾经是希腊世界和罗马帝国的重要港口城市。该地的定居可以追溯到青铜时代的迈锡尼人，而在古典时期，由于对阿耳特弥斯的崇拜，它变得非常有名；该城是古代地中海地区最重要的敬仰该神的地方。该城市有一座伟大的、建于公元前6-5世纪的神庙，即现在广为人知的以弗所的阿尔特弥斯神庙，它是古代世界七大奇迹之一，并吸引了许多古代旅行者和朝圣者。当以弗所取代佩加蒙成为罗马亚洲省的首府时（公元前129年后），这座城市变得更加国际化，来自小亚细亚的移民和来自意大利的大量商人在此定居。作为一个伟大的罗马城市和行政中心，它拥有一个令人印象深刻的公共图书馆也就不足为奇了，这是许多罗马主要城市享有的便利之一。

提比略·朱利叶斯·塞尔苏斯·波利米亚努斯（俗称“塞尔苏斯”）

Commissioned in 114 CE by Tiberius Julius Acquila and finished by his heirs, the library was built to commemorate his father Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus who had died the same year, aged 70. Celsus had been a member of the Roman Senate and he was, from 105 to 107 CE, the proconsul of Ephesus. Celsus had also been consul in Rome in 92 CE, where he was responsible for all public buildings, and he was one of the richest businessmen in the Asian city. The library was, then, a fitting memorial and burial place for one of Ephesus' grandees. Completed in 117 CE, Celsus was then entombed in a lead coffin encased in a marble sarcophagus decorated with high relief figures of Nike, Eros, rosettes and garlands. The sarcophagus was buried under the flooring near the apsidal wall. The library was, therefore, also a mausoleum or heroon.

该图书馆于公元114年由提比略·朱利叶斯·阿奎拉·塞尔苏斯·波利马亚努斯委托建造，并由他的继承人完成，这座图书馆是为了纪念他的父亲提比略·朱利叶斯·塞尔苏斯·波利米亚努斯，他在同一年去世，享年70岁。塞尔苏斯曾是罗马元老院的成员，在公元105年至107年期间，他是以弗所的总督。塞尔苏斯还曾在公元92年担任罗马执政官，负责所有的公共建筑，他是亚洲省最富有的商人之一。因此，这座图书馆是以弗所一位大人物的纪念与埋葬场所。塞尔苏斯图书馆于公元117年完工，塞尔苏斯入殓于一个铅制的棺材里，棺材里有一个大理石石棺，上面装饰着Nike、厄洛斯、玫瑰花和花环的高浮雕像。石棺被埋在靠近拱形墙的地板下。因此，图书馆也是一个陵墓或英雄祠。

塞尔苏斯图书馆

The Celsus Library stands at the corner of Curetes street and the Marble Road at the very heart of the city, just to the left of the agora, near its monumental arched entrance. The library is a typical example of the architectural style prevalent in the period under Emperor Hadrian (76-138 CE) when, especially in the East, highly decorative facades were in vogue which had multiple tiers and masses of projections, recessed false windows, columns, pediments, and statues.

塞尔苏斯图书馆位于城市中心的库雷特街与大理石路的拐角处，就在广场的左边，靠近其纪念性的拱形建筑入口。图书馆是哈德良皇帝时期（公元76-138年）建筑风格的典型代表。当时，特别是在东方，流行高度装饰的外墙，有多层和大量的凸出物、凹陷的假窗、柱子、门楣和雕像。

Resting on a nine-stepped podium 21m (69 ft) in length, the impressive surviving facade of the library is richly decorated with relief carvings and has two stories - each with three pairs of columns capped with Corinthian capitals which support projecting architraves. The columns of the upper story are shorter and slimmer than those on the lower one but they do support a triangular pediment (central pair) and semicircular pediment (the two outer pairs). Between each pair of columns on the upper story is a large window. The facade, and indeed the whole building, was cleverly designed to make it look wider than it actually is. This trick was achieved by making the podium gently convex and having the side columns, capitals and rafters all slightly smaller than those in the centre of the building.

在一个长21米（69英尺）的九级平台上，图书馆现存的令人印象深刻的正面遗迹上，有着丰富的浮雕装饰，分为两层，每层都有三对柱子，上面有科林斯式的柱头，支撑着突出的拱门。上层的柱子比下层的柱子更短更细，但它们确实支撑着一个三角形的花坛（中央的一对）和半圆形的花坛（外面的两对）。上层的每一对柱子之间都有一个大窗户。外墙，乃至整个建筑，都被巧妙地设计为使其看起来比实际更宽。这一招是通过使裙楼缓缓凸起，并使侧面的柱子、柱头和椽子都比建筑中心的柱子略小来实现的。

The library had three entrance doorways, each with elaborately decorated frames, with the central doorway being greater in height than the other two. The doorways each have a window above them, and they are flanked by four statues set back in niches. These figures with inscribed bases represented four qualities associated with the late governor:

wisdom (sophia)

intelligence (ennoia)

knowledge (episteme)

virtue (arete).

图书馆有三个入口，每个入口都有精心装饰的门框，中央的门洞比其他两个门洞的高度更大。门口上方各有一扇窗户，两边是四座镶嵌在壁龛里的雕像。这些带铭文底座的雕像代表了与已故总督有关的四种品质：

聪明 (sophia)

智慧 (ennoia)

知识(episteme)

德行（arete）。

The interior of the library measured 16.72 m by 10.92 m (54.8 x 35.8 ft) giving some 180 square metres (2,000 square feet) of floor space, and it was paved with decorated marble. Part of the western wall is curved to form an apse. The walls were lined with niches for storage of the scrolls. There may have been around 12,000 scrolls which were intended to be consulted on the spot and not removed from the library, although some borrowing may have been permitted by a privileged few.

图书馆的内部面积为16.72米×10.92米（54.8×35.8英尺），有着大约180平方米（2000平方英尺）的地板空间，它是用装饰大理石铺成的。西墙的一部分是弯曲的，形成一个天顶。墙壁上有一些壁龛，用于存放卷轴。这里曾经有大约12,000份卷轴，这些卷轴是用来当场查阅的，不能借阅，只有少数特权人士可能允许借阅。

There was no second floor inside despite the appearance of the facade, but there was, running around the interior wall at the second-story level, a railed balcony giving access to higher-level niches. In order to reduce humidity and create a more stable interior temperature (which would have damaged the precious texts within the library), empty niches were constructed inside the walls. The interior also contained a large alcove which once contained a statue, probably of Celsus or his son who not only commissioned the building but who had left in his will a tidy sum of 23,000 dinars to buy scrolls for the library. The figure is now on permanent display at the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul.

尽管外观上没有二楼，但在二楼的内墙周围有一个有栏杆的阳台，可以通向更高层次的壁龛。为了降低湿度和创造一个更稳定的室内温度（这可能会损坏图书馆内的珍贵文献），人们在墙内建造了空壁龛。内部还有一个大的凹室，里面曾有一尊雕像，可能是塞尔苏斯或他的儿子，他不仅委托建造该建筑，还在他的遗嘱中留下了23000第纳尔的巨款，用于购买图书馆的卷轴。这座雕像现于伊斯坦布尔的考古博物馆永久展出。

图书馆的命运

In the 1st century CE, Ephesus had become the most important centre of early Christians in Asia with Paul the Apostle addressing an audience in the city's theatre and John the Evangelist likely spending his last years there. The city continued to thrive as a centre of learning, and the Celsus Library played its part in this achievement. The library and Christianity were closely connected since the new religion laid great emphasis on the written word in the form of sacred texts and commentaries, which was in marked contrast to the older pagan rites and rituals which were typically passed on orally by priests to initiates.

在公元1世纪，以弗所已经成为亚洲最重要的早期基督徒中心，使徒保罗在该城的剧院里向观众讲话，福音书作者约翰可能在那里度过了他的最后几年。这座城市作为一个学习中心继续蓬勃发展，塞尔苏斯图书馆在这一过程中发挥了作用。图书馆和基督教密切相关，因为新宗教非常重视以圣典和注释形式出现的书面文字，这与古老的异教仪式和典礼形成了明显的对比，后者通常由祭司口头传授给入门者。

Unfortunately, in 262 CE the library was destroyed by fire during a Gothic invasion. However, the facade survived and repairs were made to the library in the late-4th century CE and a small fountain added next to the steps in front. Ephesus remained an important Christian city in Late Antiquity, hosting a great ecumenical council of bishops in 431 CE and receiving a huge new basilica in the mid-6th century CE. In the 10th century CE, an earthquake caused the facade to collapse. The library was excavated in 1904 CE and the sarcophagus of Celsus discovered. The facade was reassembled and then partially restored. The great statues of the building's facade were taken to Vienna after their discovery and so today they have been replaced by faithful copies.

不幸的是，在公元262年，图书馆在一次哥特人入侵中被火烧毁。然而，图书馆的外墙却保存了下来，人们在公元4世纪末对图书馆进行了维修，还在前面的台阶旁增加了一个小喷泉。以弗所在晚期仍然是一个重要的基督教城市，在公元431年主办了一次大公会议，并在公元6世纪中叶建造了一个巨大的新大教堂。在10世纪，一场地震导致其外墙坍塌。1904年，图书馆被挖掘出来，考古学家发现了塞尔苏斯的石棺。外墙被重新组装，然后修复了部分遗迹。建筑外墙的巨大雕像在发现后被带到了维也纳，所以今天它们已经被复制品所取代。