lag /læɡ/

|CET4 TEM4

lagginglaggedlags

o 1. V-I If one thing or person lags behind another thing or person, their progress is slower than that of the other thing or person. 落后

• Western banks still lag behind financial institutions in most other regions of the country.
西部地区的银行仍然落后于这个国家其他大部分地区的金融机构。

• The restructuring of the pattern of consumption also lagged behind.
消费结构的调整也落后了。

o 2. V-I to cover (a pipe, cylinder, etc) with lagging to prevent loss of heat 给(管子、柱子等)加防护套来保温

o 3. N-COUNT A time lag or a lag of a particular length of time is a period of time between one event and another related event. 间隔

• There's a time lag between infection with HIV and developing AIDS.
从感染艾滋病病毒到发展成为艾滋病病人有一定的时间间隔。

o 4. N-COUNT a convict or ex-convict (esp in the phrase old lag) 犯人(尤其在短语 old lag 中); 前科犯人

bite /baɪt/

( bit/bɪt/ bit·ten/ˈbɪtn/ )

USE TEETH 用牙齿

1. ~ (into/through/off sth)to use your teeth to cut into or through sth 咬

[ VN]

•She was bitten by the family dog. 她被家里的狗咬伤了。

•Stop biting your nails! 别咬指甲了！

[ V]

•She bit into a ripe juicy pear. 她咬了一口熟透了的多汁的梨。

•Does your dog bite? 你的狗咬人吗？

•Come here! I won't bite! (= you don't need to be afraid) 过来吧！我不会咬人的！

•He bit off a large chunk of bread./He bit a large chunk of bread off. 他咬下了一大块面包。

OF INSECT/SNAKE 昆虫；蛇

2. to wound sb by making a small hole or mark in their skin 叮；蜇；咬

[ VN]

•We were badly bitten by mosquitoes. 我们被蚊子咬得不行。

[ V]

•Most European spiders don't bite. 大多数欧洲蜘蛛不咬人。

OF FISH 鱼

3. [ V] if a fish bites , it takes food from the hook of a fishing line and may get caught 咬饵；上钩

HAVE EFFECT 产生影响

4. [ V] to have an unpleasant effect 产生不良影响

•The recession is beginning to bite. 经济衰退开始产生不良影响。

shortlived 短寿命的

ten·der /ˈtendə(r)/

1. a formal offer to supply goods or do work at a stated price 投标

SYN bid

•Cleaning services have been put out to tender (= companies have been asked to make offers to supply these services) . 清扫工作已经对外招标。

•a competitive tender 具有竞争力的投标

2. a truck attached to a steam engine, carrying fuel and water （蒸汽机车的）煤水车

3. a small boat, used for carrying people or goods between a larger boat and land （在大船和口岸之间载运人或货物的）供应船，补给船，交通船

· workable /ˈwɜːkəbəl/

o ADJ A workable idea or system is realistic and practical, and likely to be effective. 切实可行的

• Investors can simply pay cash, but this isn't a workable solution in most cases.
投资者可以仅付现金，但这在多数情况下不是一种切实可行的解决办法。

· end up

o 1. PHRASAL VERB If someone or something ends up somewhere, they eventually arrive there, usually by accident. 最后来到

• She fled with her children, moving from neighbour to neighbour and ending up in a friend's basement.
她和她的孩子们逃走了，从一家邻居转到另一家，最终来到一个朋友家的地下室。

o 2. PHRASAL VERB If you end up doing something or end up in a particular state, you do that thing or get into that state even though you did not originally intend to. 到头来

• If you don't know what you want, you might end up getting something you don't want.
如果你不知道自己想要什么，你可能会到头来得到自己不想要的东西。

• Every time they went dancing they ended up in a bad mood.
每次他们去跳舞，到头来总是扫兴而归。

· beyond /bɪˈjɒnd/

o 1. PREP If something is beyond a place or barrier, it is on the other side of it. 在…的另一边

• On his right was a thriving vegetable garden and beyond it a small orchard of apple trees.
在他的右边是一片长势旺盛的菜园，另一头是一小片苹果树林。

o 2. ADV Beyond is also an adverb. 在…的另一边

• The house had a fabulous view out to the Strait of Georgia and the Rockies beyond.
这座房子有很棒的景观，可以看到乔治亚海峡以及另一头的落基山脉。

o 3. PREP If something happens beyond a particular time or date, it continues after that time or date has passed. (时间) 在…之后

• Few jockeys continue race-riding beyond the age of 40.
很少有骑师在40岁以后还继续赛马。

o 4. ADV Beyond is also an adverb. (时间) 在…之后

• The financing of home ownership will continue through the 1990s and beyond.
房屋产权的融资将持续到20世纪90年代及以后。

o 5. PREP If something extends beyond a particular thing, it affects or includes other things. 超出

• His interests extended beyond the fine arts to international politics and philosophy.
他的兴趣不仅限于美术，还包括国际政治和哲学。

o 6. PREP You use beyond to introduce an exception to what you are saying. 除了

• He appears to have almost no personal staff, beyond a secretary who can't make coffee.
他看来似乎没有任何雇员，除了一个连咖啡都不会煮的秘书。

o 7. PREP If something goes beyond a particular point or stage, it progresses or increases so that it passes that point or stage. 超过

• Their five-year relationship was strained beyond breaking point.
他们长达5年的关系紧张得超过了极限。

o 8. PREP If something is, for example, beyond understanding or beyond belief, it is so extreme in some way that it cannot be understood or believed. 超出 (理解或信任的范围)

• What Jock had done was beyond my comprehension.
乔克的所作所为让我摸不着头脑。

o 9. PREP If you say that something is beyond someone, or beyond their control, you mean that they cannot deal with it. 超出 (能力所及)

• The situation was beyond her control.
局势非她所能控制。

o 10. beyond your wildest dreams → dream

tool·maker n. /ˈtuːlmeɪkə(r)/

a person or company that makes tools, especially ones used in industry （尤指工业用）工具制造者，工具制造厂

· homegrown /ˈhəʊˌmgrəʊn/

o ADJ Homegrown fruit and vegetables have been grown in your garden, rather than on a farm, or in your country rather than abroad. (蔬菜、水果) 家种的; 本国产的

• Martinelli reminds visitors often that he uses 100 percent homegrown fruit from California's Bajaro Valley. 马蒂内利经常提醒游客，他使用100%加州巴加罗山谷产的家种水果。

· irreplaceable /ˌɪrɪˈpleɪsəbəl/

o ADJ Irreplaceable things are so special that they cannot be replaced if they are lost or destroyed. 不可替代的

• ...a rare and irreplaceable jewel.
...一种罕见的不可替代的珠宝。

ag·gres·sive adj. /əˈɡresɪv/

1. angry, and behaving in a threatening way; ready to attack 好斗的；挑衅的；侵略的；富于攻击性的

•He gets aggressive when he's drunk. 他喝醉了就喜欢寻衅滋事。

•a dangerous aggressive dog 一条危险的恶犬

2. acting with force and determination in order to succeed 气势汹汹的；声势浩大的；志在必得的

•an aggressive advertising campaign 一场声势浩大的广告宣传活动

•A good salesperson has to be aggressive in today's competitive market. 在当今竞争激烈的市场上，一个好的销售员应该有进取精神。

DERIVATIVES 派生词

1. ag·gres·sive·ly adv.

• •‘What do you want?’ he demanded aggressively. “你要怎么样？”他挑衅地问道。

• •aggressively marketed products 极力推销的产品

2. ag·gres·sive·ness n. [ U]

ADJ If someone or something is or stops short of a place, they have not quite reached it. If they are or fall short of an amount, they have not quite achieved it. 未达到的

• He stopped a hundred yards short of the building.
他停在离那座建筑还有100码远的地方。

· step up

o PHRASAL VERB If you step up something, you increase it or increase its intensity. 增加

• He urged donors to step up their efforts to send aid to Somalia.
他敦促捐赠者再接再厉，将救援物资送往索马里。

bottle·neck n. /ˈbɒtlnek/

1. a narrow or busy section of road where the traffic often gets slower and stops 瓶颈路段（常引起交通阻塞）

2. anything that delays development or progress, particularly in business or industry （尤指工商业发展的）瓶颈，阻碍，障碍

on ˈhold

· (1) delayed until a later time or date 推迟；中断

o •She put her career on hold to have a baby. 她中断了事业以便生孩子。

o •The project is on hold until more money is available. 这项工程暂停，等到有更多的钱时再进行。

· (2) if a person on the telephone is put on hold , they have to wait until the person that they want to talk to is free （电话接通时）等某人接电话

· disruption /dɪsˈrʌpʃən/

o N-VAR When there is disruption of an event, system, or process, it is prevented from continuing or operating in a normal way. 妨碍; 扰乱

• The plan was designed to ensure disruption to business was kept to a minimum.
该计划旨在确保对业务的妨碍保持在最低限度。

dra·mat·ic adj. /drəˈmætɪk/

1. ( of a change, an event, etc. 变化、事情等 ) sudden, very great and often surprising 突然的；巨大的；令人吃惊的

•a dramatic increase/fall/change/improvement 暴涨；暴跌；巨变；巨大的改进

•dramatic results/developments/news 出人意料的结果；突飞猛进的发展；令人吃惊的消息

•The announcement had a dramatic effect on house prices. 这项公告对房屋价格产生了巨大的影响。

2. exciting and impressive 激动人心的；引人注目的；给人印象深刻的

•a dramatic victory 激动人心的胜利

•They watched dramatic pictures of the police raid on TV. 他们在电视上看到了警察突击搜捕的激动人心的画面。

——note at exciting

3. [ usually before noun] connected with the theatre or plays 戏剧的；有关戏剧的；戏剧学的

•a local dramatic society 地方戏剧协会

4. exaggerated in order to create a special effect and attract people's attention 戏剧性的；戏剧般的；夸张做作的

•He flung out his arms in a dramatic gesture . 他夸张地张开双臂。

•Don't be so dramatic! 别那么夸张做作！

DERIVATIVES 派生词

dra·mat·ic·al·ly /‑kli/ /‑kli/ adv

• •Prices have fallen dramatically. 价格突然暴跌。

• •Events could have developed in a dramatically different way. 事情本来可以发展成另一种样子。

• •‘At last!’ she cried dramatically. “终于成功了！”她激动地叫起来。

al·ter·na·tive /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/

a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities 可供选择的事物

• •You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two alternatives. 你的工资可以按周以现金支取，或按月以支票支取。二者可选其一。

• •We had no alternative but to fire Gibson. 我们别无他法，只有辞退吉布森。

• •There is a vegetarian alternative on the menu every day. 每天的菜单上另有素食餐点。

——note at option

V-T If something is projected, it is planned or expected. 计划; 预计

• 13% of Americans are over 65; this number is projected to reach 22% by the year 2030.
13%的美国人在65岁以上；这个数字预计到2030年会达到22%。

• The government had been projecting a 5% consumer price increase for the entire year.
政府一直在预计全年5%的消费价格增长。

· stockpile /ˈstɒkˌpaɪl/

o 1. V-T If people stockpile things such as food or weapons, they store large quantities of them for future use. 大量储备

• People are stockpiling food for the coming winter.
人们正在为即将到来的冬天大量储备食物。

o 2. N-COUNT A stockpile of things is a large quantity of them that have been stored for future use. 储备物资

• The two leaders also approved treaties to cut stockpiles of chemical weapons.
两位领导人也都赞同削减化学武器储备的条约。

· procure /prəˈkjʊə/

o V-T If you procure something, especially something that is difficult to get, you obtain it. 获得 (尤指难以获得的东西)

• It remained very difficult to procure food, fuel, and other daily necessities.
当时仍然很难获得食品、燃料和其他日用必需品。

as·sem·bly n. /əˈsembli/
[ U] the process of putting together the parts of sth such as a vehicle or piece of furniture 装配；组装；总成

•Putting the bookcase together should be a simple assembly job. 组装书橱应该是个简单的装配活。

•a car assembly plant 汽车装配厂

limi·ta·tion n. /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃn/

[ C] ~ (on sth)a rule, fact or condition that limits sth 起限制作用的规则（或事实、条件）

SYN ref="javascript:;">curb restraint

•to impose limitations on imports 对进口加以限制

•Disability is a physical limitation on your life. 残疾在身体方面限制了你的生活。

——see also statute of limitations

· choke /tʃəʊk/

V-T/V-I When you choke or when something chokes you, you cannot breathe properly or get enough air into your lungs. 使窒息; 窒息

• A small child could choke on the doll's hair.
小孩子可能会因玩具娃娃的头发而窒息。

• Dense smoke swirled and billowed, its rank fumes choking her.
浓密的烟雾盘旋翻腾，刺鼻的烟味使她窒息。

• The girl choked to death after breathing in smoke.
那位女孩吸入烟雾后窒息而亡。

o 2. V-T To choke someone means to squeeze their neck until they are dead. (卡住喉咙) 使停止呼吸

• The men pushed him into the entrance of a nearby building, where they choked him with his tie.
那些男人把他推进了附近一座大楼的入口处，然后在那里用他的领带将他勒死了。

o 3. V-T If a place is choked with things or people, it is full of them and they prevent movement in it. 使阻塞

• The village's roads are choked with traffic.
那个村庄的道路被车辆阻塞住了。

o 4. N-COUNT The choke in a car, truck, or other vehicle is a device that reduces the amount of air going into the engine and makes it easier to start. 阻气门

• It is like driving your car with the choke out all the time.
就像一直松着阻气门在开车一样。

· drain /dreɪn/

o 1. V-T/V-I If you drain a liquid from a place or object, you remove the liquid by causing it to flow somewhere else. If a liquid drains somewhere, it flows there. 使流走; 流走

• Miners built the tunnel to drain water out of the mines.
矿工们开掘了隧道以将水排出矿井。

• Now the focus is on draining the water.
现在的焦点是排水。

o 2. V-T/V-I If you drain a place or object, you dry it by causing water to flow out of it. If a place or object drains, water flows out of it until it is dry. 排干; 流干

• The authorities have mobilized vast numbers of people to drain flooded land and build or repair dikes.
当局动员了大批民众为遭受洪灾的地区排涝并修建或修复堤坝。

o 3. V-T/V-I If you drain food or if food drains, you remove the liquid that it has been in, especially after it has been cooked or soaked in water. 使沥干; 沥干

• Drain the pasta well, arrange on four plates and pour over the sauce.
把意大利面条沥干水，摆放在4个盘子里，倒上调味品。

o 4. V-T/V-I If the colour or the blood drains or is drained from someone's face, they become very pale. You can also say that someone's face drains or is drained of colour. 使 (色泽) 消退; (色泽) 消退

• Harry felt the colour drain from his face.
亨利感到脸上没有了血色。

o 5. V-T If something drains you, it leaves you feeling physically and emotionally exhausted. 使心力交瘁

• My emotional turmoil had drained me.
困惑焦灼的情绪使我心力交瘁。

o 6. ADJ 使心力交瘁的

• I began to suffer from headaches, which left me feeling completely drained.
我开始感到头痛，它使我感到精疲力竭。

o 7. V-T If you say that a country's or a company's resources or finances are drained, you mean that they are used or spent completely. 耗尽 (资源、资金)

• The state's finances have been drained by drought and civil disorder.
国家财政已经被旱灾和内乱消耗殆尽了。

o 8. N-COUNT A drain is a pipe that carries water or sewage away from a place, or an opening in a surface that leads to the pipe. 排水管; 下水道; 排水沟

• Tony built his own house and laid his own drains.
托尼盖了自己的房子,铺设了自己的排水管道。

o 9. N-SING If you say that something is a drain on an organization's finances or resources, you mean that it costs the organization a large amount of money, and you do not think that it is worth it. (资源、资金的) 外流; 消耗

• ...an ultramodern printing plant, which has been a big drain on resources.
…一个消耗大量资源的超级现代化印刷厂。

o 10. PHRASE If you say that something is going down the drain, you mean that it is being destroyed or wasted. 被破坏掉; 被浪费掉

• They were aware that their public image was rapidly going down the drain.
他们意识到自己的公众形象正被迅速地破坏掉。

· switch /swɪtʃ/

o 1. N-COUNT A switch is a small control for an electrical device which you use to turn the device on or off. 开关

• Leona put some detergent into the dishwasher, shut the door, and pressed the switch.
利昂娜在洗碗机里放了些清洁剂，关上门，然后按下开关。

o 2. N-PLURAL On a railway track, the switches are the levers and rails at a place where two tracks join or separate. The switches enable a train to move from one track to another. 转辙器

o 3. V-T/V-I If you switch to something different, for example to a different system, task, or subject of conversation, you change to it from what you were doing or saying before. 转向

• Estonia is switching to a market economy.
爱沙尼亚正在向市场经济转变。

• The law would encourage companies to switch from coal to cleaner fuels.
法律会鼓励各公司从用煤转向使用更清洁的燃料。

o 4. N-COUNT Switch is also a noun. 转变

• The spokesman implicitly condemned the United States policy switch.
这位发言人含蓄地谴责了美国政策上的转变。

o 5. PHRASAL VERB Switch over means the same as . 转变

• Within a few years the whole country will switch over to digital television.
几年内全国将会换上数字电视。

o 6. V-T/V-I If you switch your attention from one thing to another or if your attention switches, you stop paying attention to the first thing and start paying attention to the second. 转移 (注意力)

• My mother's interest had switched to my health.
我母亲的兴趣已转移到我的健康上来了。

o 7. V-T If you switch two things, you replace one with the other. 调换

• In half an hour, they'd switched the tags on every cable.
半个小时内，他们换了每根电缆的标签。

head·hunt·er n. /ˈhedhʌntə(r)/

1. a person whose job is to find people with the necessary skills to work for a particular company and to persuade them to join this company 猎头者（专门负责延揽人才）

2. a member of a people that collects the heads of the people they kill 猎头部落成员（收集所杀者的人头）

in the face of ˈsth

· (1) despite problems, difficulties, etc. 即使面对（问题、困难等）

o •She showed great courage in the face of danger. 面对危险她表现出了巨大的勇气。

· (2) as a result of sth 由于；因为

o •He was unable to deny the charges in the face of new evidence. 面对新的证据，他无法否认被控告的罪。

mount·ing /ˈmaʊntɪŋ/

[ only before noun] increasing, often in a manner that causes or expresses anxiety 上升的；增长的

• •mounting excitement/concern/tension 越来越兴奋╱关注╱紧张

•There is mounting evidence of serious effects on people's health. 有越来越多的证据表明对人的健康有严重影响。