★★★

先看题：

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to 【WHY】

2. Which of the following best characterizes the organization of the passage as a whole? 【HOW】

3. According to the passage, Farmer concedes that endothermy provides an explanation for which of the following features shared by birds and mammals? 【WHAT】

文章讲解：

①Many researchers attribute the large number of physiological and behavioral similarities between birds and mammals, which have separate evolutionary histories, to endothermy (a thermoregulatory strategy whereby warm body temperature is maintained through internal heat sources). ②However, Farmer argues that parental care rather than endothermy is the key to understanding the similarities between mammals and birds. ③According to Farmer, while endothermy provides an explanation for a few similarities, such as the presence of body insulation, endothermy is just one characteristic among many related to parental care. ④The two purported advantages of endothermy that have been most frequently cited by researchers are an expanded range of inhabitable environments and the ability to sustain vigorous exercise. ⑤But metabolism has to increase substantially (at great energy cost) therefore conferring any significant thermoregulatory advantage in terms of the former, and there is no causal biological linkage to explain why endothermy would be essential to sustain exercise. ⑥Farmer argues instead that endothermy evolved as a means to control incubation temperature and that the ability to sustain exercise evolved separately, as a means to improve a parent’s ability to forage and provision its young. 

provision 供应食物及必需品

文章论证框架：

①Many researchers attribute the large number of physiological and behavioral similarities between birds and mammals, which have separate evolutionary histories, to endothermy (a thermoregulatory strategy whereby warm body temperature is maintained through internal heat sources). ②However, Farmer argues that parental care rather than endothermy is the key to understanding the similarities between mammals and birds. ③According to Farmer, while endothermy provides an explanation for a few similarities, such as the presence of body insulation, endothermy is just one characteristic among many related to parental care. ④The two purported advantages of endothermy that have been most frequently cited by researchers are an expanded range of inhabitable environments and the ability to sustain vigorous exercise. ⑤But metabolism has to increase substantially (at great energy cost) therefore conferring any significant thermoregulatory advantage in terms of the former, and there is no causal biological linkage to explain why endothermy would be essential to sustain exercise. ⑥Farmer argues instead that endothermy evolved as a means to control incubation temperature and that the ability to sustain exercise evolved separately, as a means to improve a parent’s ability to forage and provision its young.

① ↔ ②

          ↓

         ③

          ↓

         ④ ↔ ⑤ ↔ ⑥

新老对比

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to 【WHY】

A. present a scientific theory that challenges a widely held theory 符合，新老对比

B. summarize the basis for a large body of scientific research RE/没有证据

C. defend an established scientific theory in light of recent criticism 相反，立驳颠倒

D. express skepticism about the results obtained by a particular researcher 没有证据/相反

E. compare the results of two particular scientific studies 说明文，NE

in (the) light of (something)

Considering (something); given (something. Typically refers to a new revelation or piece of information that affects some situation.

2. Which of the following best characterizes the organization of the passage as a whole? 【HOW】

A. A position is noted, an alternative to that position is introduced, and then several points in support of the alternative are discussed. 符合

B. A theory is discussed, an inconsistency within that theory isillustrated, and then a recommendation is made for further inquiry.没有证据

C. Certain research results are described, the significance of thoseresults is explained, and then a novel interpretation of those results issummarized. 没有证据/相反

D. A question is posed, a possible answer to that question is suggested,and then evidence is provided to corroborate that answer. 没有证据/相反

E. A debate is outlined, contrasting viewpoints within the debate arediscussed, and then one viewpoint is demonstrated to be correct. 没有证据，上来是个观点，没有争论

3. According to the passage, Farmer concedes that endothermy provides an explanation for which of the following features shared by birds and mammals? 【WHAT】

定位在②，解题在③

A. The ability to forage NE/IR

B. The ability to sustain exercise NE/IR

C. The instinct to care for offspring NE

D. Flexibility in habitat usage NE/IR

E. Body insulation