Economic Geography 2023年第1-2期
Economic Geography 2023年第1-2期
——更多动态，请持续关注gzh：理想主义的百年孤独
Creative Clusters and Creative Multipliers: Evidence from UK Cities
创意集群和创意乘数:来自英国城市的证据
Diana Gutierrez-Posada, Tasos Kitsos, Max Nathan & Massimiliano Nuccio
Economic geographers have paid much attention to the cultural and creative industries, both for their propensity to cluster in urban settings, and their potential to drive urban economic development. However, evidence on the latter is surprisingly sparse. In this article, we explore the long-term, causal impacts of the cultural and creative industries on surrounding urban economies. Adapting Moretti’s local multipliers framework, we build a new twenty-year panel of UK cities, using historical instruments to identify causal effects of creative activity on noncreative firms and employment. We find that each creative job generates at least 1.9 nontradable jobs between 1998 and 2018. Prior to 2007, these effects seem more rooted in creative services employees’ local spending than visitors to creative amenities. Given the low numbers of creative jobs in most cities, the overall impact of the creative multiplier is small. On average, the creative sector is responsible for over 16 percent of nontradable job growth in our sample, though impacts will be larger in bigger clusters. We do not find the same effects for workplaces, and we find no causal evidence for spillovers from creative activity to other tradable sectors. In turn, this implies that creative city policies will have partial, uneven local economic impacts. Given extensive urban clusters of creative activity in many countries, our results hold value beyond the UK setting.
经济地理学家一直非常关注文化创意产业，一方面是因为文化创意产业在城市环境中的集聚性，另一方面是因为文化创意产业在推动城市经济发展方面的潜力。然而，令人惊讶的是，后者的证据很少。在本文中，我们探讨了文化创意产业对周边城市经济的长期、因果影响。采用莫雷蒂的本地乘数框架，我们建立了一个新的20年的英国城市小组，使用历史工具来确定创造性活动对非创造性公司和就业的因果影响。我们发现，在1998年至2018年期间，每个创造性工作至少创造1.9个非贸易工作岗位。在2007年之前，这些影响似乎更多地根植于创意服务员工在当地的消费，而不是参观创意设施的游客。鉴于大多数城市创造性工作的数量很少，创造性乘数的整体影响很小。平均而言，在我们的样本中，创意部门贡献了超过16%的非贸易性就业增长，尽管在更大的集群中，影响会更大。我们没有在工作场所发现同样的影响，也没有发现创造性活动对其他贸易部门产生溢出效应的因果证据。反过来，这意味着创意城市政策将对地方经济产生局部的、不均衡的影响。鉴于许多国家都有大量的创意活动，我们的研究结果在英国之外也有价值。
Environmental Upgrading and Downgrading in Global Value Chains: A Framework for Analysis
全球价值链中的环境升级与降级:一个分析框架
Aarti Krishnan, Valentina De Marchi & Stefano Ponte
A key concern of the global value chain (GVC) and global production network (GPN) literature relates to whether and how actors, especially in the Global South, upgrade by generating and capturing more value. To date, such research has predominantly focused on the economic and social aspects of upgrading. In this article, we leverage selected insights from economic geography to advance our understanding of the environmental dimensions of upgrading and downgrading in GVCs and GPNs. We develop an analytical framework that distinguishes the processes of environmental upgrading, in terms of value creation and appropriation, from the resultant outcomes (biophysical manifestations, impacts on market access, and reputation). Furthermore, the framework is considered from the upgrading perspectives of multiple actors instead of focusing only on lead firms and other powerful actors. We illustrate how to apply this framework through a case study of the Kenya–UK horticulture value chains. We show that despite the uptake of environmental upgrading practices, as required by UK supermarkets and transmitted by Kenyan export firms with the facilitation of government agencies, Kenyan farmers have mostly experienced environmental downgrading, with some negative effects also affecting farmers and other resource users beyond the value chain.
全球价值链(GVC)和全球生产网络(GPN)文献关注的一个关键问题是参与者，特别是全球南方的参与者，是否以及如何通过创造和获取更多的价值来升级。迄今为止，这种研究主要集中在升级的经济和社会方面。在本文中，我们利用经济地理学的一些见解，推进我们对全球价值链和GPNs升级和降级的环境维度的理解。我们开发了一个分析框架，在价值创造和挪用方面，将环境升级的过程与由此产生的结果(生物物理表现、对市场准入的影响和声誉)区分开来。此外，该框架从多个行为主体的升级角度进行考虑，而不是只关注领先企业和其他强大的行为主体。我们通过肯尼亚-英国园艺价值链的案例研究说明了如何应用这一框架。我们的研究表明，尽管按照英国超市的要求，肯尼亚出口公司在政府机构的协助下，采取了环境升级的做法，但肯尼亚农民大多经历了环境降级，一些负面影响也影响了价值链以外的农民和其他资源使用者。
Exploring Regional Innovation Policies and Regional Industrial Transformation from a Coevolutionary Perspective: The Case of Małopolska, Poland
基于协同进化视角探索区域创新政策与区域产业转型——以波兰Małopolska为例
Marta Gancarczyk, Marta Najda-Janoszka, Jacek Gancarczyk & Robert Hassink
This article aims to explain the role of regional innovation policies in regional industrial transformation (RIT) from a coevolutionary perspective. The empirical basis is the case study of Małopolska, a Polish region undergoing an industrial transformation in parallel with the launch and development of its innovation policies after the EU accession in 2004. To accomplish its purpose, our research extends the common coevolutionary theoretical framework with interaction mechanisms (IMs), that is, the outcome-oriented processes underlying policy-industry mutual influences, and thus explaining their coevolution. IMs allow us to better understand the reciprocal roles of policy and industry, and the major paths in industrial development and policy approach. The role of innovation policy in the Małopolska RIT can be described as predominantly accommodating and complementing industrial change with some level of proactive promotion of new industrial opportunities. Moreover, we observe reciprocal relationships with regional industry, rather than the unidirectional influence of this policy. This dynamic interaction enabled the evolution of policy to balance the exploitative and explorative approaches to industrial development.
本文旨在从协同演化的视角解释区域创新政策在区域产业转型中的作用。本文的实证基础是对波兰Małopolska地区的案例研究，该地区在2004年加入欧盟后，随着创新政策的推出和发展，经历了一场产业转型。为了实现这一目的，本文将政策—产业相互影响的结果导向过程扩展为共同进化的理论框架，并以此解释政策—产业相互影响的共同进化过程。IMs使我们能够更好地理解政策和产业的相互作用，以及产业发展和政策方法中的主要路径。在Małopolska RIT中，创新政策的作用可以被描述为主要适应和补充工业变化，并在一定程度上积极促进新的工业机会。此外，我们观察到的是与区域产业的互惠关系，而不是该政策的单向影响。这种动态的相互作用使政策的演变能够平衡工业发展的剥削和探索方法。
Splitting Up or Dancing Together? Local Institutional Structure and the Performance of Urban Areas
分手还是一起跳舞?地方制度结构与城市地区绩效
Marco Di Cataldo, Licia Ferranna, Margherita Gerolimetto & Stefano Magrini
This article analyzes institutional changes in local governance structures as determinants of wage premium and innovation capacity of urban areas. By combining individual and metropolitan area data for the US, we study the role of institutional fragmentation, related to the number of local governments operating in an area, and institutional coordination, stemming from the creation of authorities fostering the collaboration of local governments. Our findings suggest that more fragmented institutional landmarks do not benefit the wage competitiveness and innovativeness of urban areas. If anything, they harm them. Conversely, stronger coordination among local governments boosts the productivity of functional regions by increasing their wage premium and improving their capacity to innovate. Coordination agreements between different counties or municipalities are especially relevant in the case of urban areas modifying their functional borders over time. These findings provide key insights into the economic effects of reforming the governance structure of metropolitan areas.
本文分析了地方治理结构的制度性变化作为工资溢价和城镇创新能力的决定因素。通过结合美国的个人和大都市地区数据，我们研究了制度碎片化的作用，这与在一个地区运作的地方政府的数量有关，以及制度协调，这源于促进地方政府合作的当局的创建。我们的研究结果表明，更碎片化的制度地标不利于城市地区的工资竞争力和创新能力。如果有的话，他们会伤害他们。反之，地方政府间协调能力的增强会通过提高职能区域的工资溢价和创新能力来促进职能区域生产率的提高。不同县或市之间的协调协议对于城市地区随着时间的推移而修改其功能边界的情况特别重要。这些研究结果为研究都市圈治理结构改革的经济效应提供了重要的启示。
The Role of Relatedness and Unrelatedness for the Geography of Technological Breakthroughs in Europe
联系和不联系在欧洲技术突破的地理位置上的作用
Ron Boschma, Ernest Miguelez, Rosina Moreno & Diego B. Ocampo-Corrales
This article proposes a framework to study how the existing knowledge portfolio of regional economies affects the emergence and occurrence of breakthrough technologies. The study discusses the relevance of cognitive distance between the technology of a breakthrough invention and the existing technological base in their geographic vicinity. Theoretically, it introduces the idea that both relatedness and unrelatedness between the technologies in breakthrough inventions and the regional portfolio of technologies can positively influence the appearance of these breakthroughs, but especially relatedness. Empirically, it investigates a sample of 277 NUTS2 regions in Europe in the period 1981 to 2010 and reveals that, by far, most combinations breakthrough inventions make are between related technologies: almost no breakthrough patent combines unrelated technologies only. Regressions show that the occurrence of breakthrough patents in a technology in a region is positively affected by the local stock of technologies that are related to such technology, but such an effect for the local stock of unrelated technologies is not found. However, the region’s ability to enter new breakthrough inventions in a technology relies on the combination of knowledge that is both related and unrelated to such technology.
本文提出了一个研究区域经济体现有知识组合如何影响突破性技术出现和发生的框架。研究探讨了突破性发明的技术与地理邻近地区现有技术基础之间认知距离的相关性。从理论上讲，引入突破性发明中的技术与区域技术组合之间的相关性和非相关性都能对突破性发明的出现产生积极影响，尤其是关联性。本文通过对欧洲1981—2010年277个NUTS2区域的实证研究发现，迄今为止，突破性发明的组合大多是相关技术之间的组合，几乎没有突破性专利只是将不相关的技术组合在一起。回归发现，区域内某项技术的突破性专利发生受到与该技术相关的本地技术存量的正向影响，但对非相关技术存量的影响不显著。然而，该地区在一项技术中进入新的突破性发明的能力依赖于与该技术相关和无关的知识的组合。
Overtime: The Cultural Political Economy of Illicit Labor in the Electronics Industry
加班:电子工业非法劳工的文化政治经济学
Carlo Inverardi-Ferri
This article investigates the relationship between overtime and corporate codes of conduct in the global electronics industry through a cultural political economy perspective. First, drawing on examples from China, it considers how the changing political economy of global production has contributed to the emergence of illicit overtime in the electronics industry. The article examines the endemic use of excessive working hours at the first-tier supplier level and explains it as a systemic method to sustain competitive accumulation in a sector characterized by tight production cycles. Second, the article analyzes the economic imaginary that supports the use of overtime and the accompanying mechanisms that institutionalize it as a material practice. It shows that the Responsible Business Alliance Code of Conduct plays a crucial role in reproducing illicit conditions. Conclusions explore the potential of reorienting geographic understandings of illicit practices within the mainstream economy.
本文通过文化政治经济学的视角，研究了全球电子行业加班与企业行为准则之间的关系。首先，考虑了全球生产中不断变化的政治经济是如何促成电子行业非法加班的出现的。本文研究了在一级供应商层面上普遍使用的过度工作时间，并将其解释为在一个生产周期紧张的行业中维持竞争性积累的系统性方法。其次，本文分析了支持加班使用的经济想象，以及将其制度化为物质实践的伴随机制。这表明，负责任的商业联盟行为准则在复制非法条件方面发挥着至关重要的作用。结论:探索在主流经济中重新定位对非法行为的地理理解的潜力。
Injected Urbanism? Exploring India’s Urbanizing Periphery
注入都市生活?探索印度的城市化边缘
Robbin Jan van Duijne, Jan Nijman & Chetan Choithani
Engaging with different literatures in economic geography, postcolonial urbanism, and planetary urbanization, this article seeks to develop a theoretical understanding of remote urban formations taking shape in India’s countryside. The analysis draws on extensive primary data collected at two study sites in Bihar and West Bengal, which rendered an uncommonly rich data set for such remote areas. We observe emergent urban formations that result from densification, expansion, and amalgamation of built-up environments and a massive shift of employment out of the agricultural sector. At the same time, alternative local economic opportunities are scarce, giving way to significant increases in circular labor migration. We introduce the concept of injected urbanism to denote a form of urbanization that is exogenously generated through remittances, in the absence of significant local agglomeration processes. The infusion of remittances drives local economic restructuring and the emergence of a consumption economy. Injected urbanism spurs local development, but its dependence on economic activity elsewhere raises important questions about its sustainability.
本文结合经济地理学、后殖民城市化和行星城市化等领域的不同文献，试图从理论上理解印度农村地区正在形成的偏远城市形态。该分析利用了在比哈尔邦和西孟加拉邦两个研究地点收集的大量原始数据，为这些偏远地区提供了异常丰富的数据集。我们观察到，由于建筑环境的密集、扩张和合并，以及就业从农业部门大规模转移，城市形成了新兴的形态。与此同时，其他地方经济机会稀缺，让位于循环劳动力迁移的显着增加。我们引入了注入式城市化的概念，以表示在没有显著本地集聚过程的情况下，通过侨汇外生产生的一种城市化形式。侨汇的流入推动了当地的经济结构调整和消费经济的出现。注入型城市主义刺激了当地的发展，但它对其他地方经济活动的依赖提出了关于其可持续性的重要问题。
The Techno-politics of Rental Housing Financialization: Real Estate Service Companies and Technocratic Expertise in Australia’s Build to Rent Market
租赁住房金融化的技术政治:房地产服务公司和澳大利亚建筑租赁市场的技术官僚专业知识
Megan Nethercote
This article argues private expertise is a driving force behind the global expansion of rental housing financialization and, particularly, the making of build to rent (BTR) assets and markets. It develops this argument by investigating Australia’s underexamined BTR market and global real estate service companies (RESCs) as ubiquitous yet unscrutinized intermediaries in this new financialization frontier. Its analysis heeds calls to attend to assetization, as the process of turning things into assets, deploying science and technology studies-inspired marketization approaches, which understand markets as sociotechnical assemblages, and their prior integration with critical political economy of financialization. This approach is enhanced by engaging with the techno-politics of market-making scholarship, which sensitizes assetization approaches to the politics of expertise. This conceptual move respecifies market devices (i.e., material and discursive assemblages of market making) as knowledge contingent (i.e., that require and assert expert knowledge) and provides conceptual terrain to explore the rule of private experts in assetization. Analysis of interviews, media, and industry reporting reveals how RESCs’ epistemic, discursive, and technical efforts format the emergent market, making BTR assets thinkable, visible, calculable, and transactable. This article repositions rental housing financialization as a techno-political project led in nontrivial ways by private experts who act as financializing champions and as intermediaries connecting global finance and local sites, through advisory, valuation, brokerage, and lobbying. This contributes to understandings of the expanding global geographies of rental housing financialization and project ecologies behind urban production. Underscoring the power of private expertise to reconfigure housing markets recasts concerns surrounding market reliance as urban housing crisis salves.
本文认为，私人专业知识是全球租赁住房金融化扩张的驱动力，特别是建设租赁(BTR)资产和市场的形成。它通过调查澳大利亚缺乏审查的BTR市场和全球房地产服务公司(RESCs)来发展这一论点，这些公司是这一新的金融化前沿无处不在但未经审查的中介。它的分析呼吁关注资产化，因为这是一个将事物转化为资产的过程，部署科学和技术研究启发的市场化方法，将市场理解为社会技术集合，并将其与金融化的关键政治经济学事先整合。通过参与做市学术的技术政治，这种方法得到了加强，这使得资产化方法对专业知识政治更加敏感。这一概念性举措将市场设备(即做市的物质和话语组合)重新指定为知识或有(即需要和主张专家知识)，并为探索私人专家在资产证券化中的规则提供了概念地形。对采访、媒体和行业报告的分析揭示了RESCs的知识、论述和技术努力如何格式化新兴市场，使BTR资产变得可想象、可见、可计算和可交易。本文将租赁住房金融化重新定位为一个技术-政治项目，由私人专家以重要的方式领导，他们作为金融化的倡导者，通过咨询、估值、经纪和游说，作为连接全球金融和当地网站的中介。这有助于理解租赁住房金融化和城市生产背后的项目生态的不断扩大的全球地理范围。随着城市住房危机的缓解，私人专业知识在重新配置住房市场方面的力量重新引发了人们对市场依赖的担忧。
