印军士卒的退休金待遇浅析

印度三军士兵的招收采用短期服役制(Short Service Commission),即招进来说是规定服役十年,其实期满后可延长到14年,加上试训44周还不算正式入列,凑够15年。这样就满足了第七届工资委员会关于士兵提前退休领取退休金条件的文件精神。这时战士就可以申请退伍了。但是回家收入肯定大幅下降,战士们大都还是愿意在部队接着混的。印度政府规定,服役满15年后可以申请延长服役期,一次申请延长批两年,两年满后可再申请延期两年。一般战士都服役到17年,最多21年。再延多了领导就不批准了。服役期超过意味着这个士卒有资格享受退休金待遇,终生有靠了。 Currently, the Army recruits young people under the short service commission for an initial tenure of 10 years which is extendable up to 14 years. After 15 years, an army jawan can opt for an additional two years of service, which would be cleared by the unit he is attached to, meaning that he becomes eligible for a pension after that much longer 实施新的烈火战士征兵办法目的就是毫不客气地砍掉军人退休金支出,让大部分士兵以后再也不能领取到退休金,以实现降低军队人事费支出的战略目的。 The scheme is aimed at slashing the salary and pension bills of the three services which have been increasing rapidly. 这其实没有办法的办法,因为印度陆军经费的70%以上都用于支付工资和退休金。买装备搞军训的经费十分有限。 2022-23年印度国防预算中退休金和工资开支情况如下: The defence budget of 5,25,166 crore for 2022-23 included Rs 1,19,696 crore for defence pensions. The allocation for revenue expenditure was Rs 2,33,000 crore. The revenue expenditure includes expenses on payment of salaries and maintenance of establishments。
上图显示从2019年起,印度陆军的人事费已超过军费的七成。
上图为印度查谟陆军征兵办门前报名参军的群众排队递材料,人们对铁饭碗十分向往Youths wait in a queue to submit documents for an army recruitment rally, in Jammu, July 21, 2021. 印度军队尤其是陆军人事费奇高,原因有二。 一,印度军队全员享受退休金,退休人数超过现役军人数,还有近百万军人家遗孀要国家供养。 二,莫迪老儿上台兑现选举承诺,很不懂事地推出了大幅提高退休老兵退休金待遇的One Rank One Pension方案(本来老人老待遇一定拿得少,他改成新人老人退休金领取标准相同),极大地提高了退休金支出。 下面就让我们先从印度军队人事制度谈起。 印度军人退休金开支使用情况 根据印度国防部退伍军人福利司发布的权威信息,印度享受终身退休金供养的退伍军人有225万,老兵遗孀60万。而现役军人才140万,还不到光吃不练的老家伙们数量的一半。 The defence ministry's department of ex-servicemen's welfare says India has 2.25 million military pensioners or veterans, and there are another 600,000 widows of veterans who are entitled to lifetime pensions. 根据 7th Central Pay Commission文件提供的计算公式,每个阿三丘八个个早就把自己退休金该得多少算到清清楚楚。 印度军队退休金的种类 Defence Pension and Regulations: Kinds of Pension 一,军人退休金,计算方法是最后一个月工资或最后10个月薪酬平均值的一半,两者就高不就低,最低不少于9000卢比/月。退休金的领取资格军龄资格线是军官服满20年,士兵服满15年。 Service Pension: Pension is granted @ 50% of emoluments last drawn or average of reckonable emoluments during the last 10 months, whichever is more beneficial to pensioners subject to minimum of Rs. 9000 /p.m. The minimum qualifying service to earn pension is 20 years in case of Commissioned Officer and 15 years in the case Personnel Below Officer Rank. 二,普通家庭退休金 这个是指退伍军人死后他供养的家庭成员还可以每月继续领取他最后一次工资的30%标准的抚养费。 Ordinary Family Pension: The pension is granted @ 30% of reckonable emoluments last drawn subject to a minimum of Rs.9000/- p.m. (in case of natural death of the individual). 三,特殊家庭退休金 如果军人因公殉职,家属可以每月领取他最后一个月工资60%的抚养费。 Special Family Pension: The pension is granted at a uniform rate of 60% of reckonable emoluments last drawn by the deceased (in case of death of a individual attributable to military service). 四,解脱了的家庭退休金 如果军人战死,他的家庭每月可领取他全额退休金。 Liberalized Family: The pension is Pension granted which is equal to the reckonable emoluments last drawn by the deceased (to the families of personnel killed in war or war like operations, counter-insurgency operations, encounter with terrorists etc.) 五,残疾退休金 Disability Pension: The pension has been referred to Anomaly Committee-Ministry of Finance, Department of Expenditure. 六,战伤退休金 War Injury Pension: The rates of War Injury Element for 100% disability for various rank shall be equal to the reckonable emoluments last drawn in case of invalided out and 60% of reckonable emoluments last drawn in case of discharge, which would be proportionately reduced where disability is less than 100%。 让印度军人退休金猛涨的One Rank One Pension 长期以来,印度退伍军人中存在一种呼声,就是早年退休的和刚刚退休的老兵,应当做到军衔相同,退休金相同。下面这一段就是阿三自己对这个问题的简要说明。 In essence, that all veterans who retired at the same rank should get equal pension, irrespective of when they retired, because they performed the same functions whilst in service and must make ends meet in the same economic conditions today. Currently, each veteran gets a pension that is half the salary he drew on the date he retired. Since military salaries have steadily risen, as determined by six successive pay commissions (the seventh one is currently deliberating another increase), veterans who retired earlier get significantly less than those who retire today. 这种思潮起源于1973年,那时还是第三届工资委员会草拟工资标准阶段,当时这种意见没有被工资委员会采纳。可是广大老兵群众这种要求一直没有平息化解,反而越来越强烈,一代又一代的老兵组织起来,前赴后继一直在抗议。 话说到了2013年印度全国大选的前一年,印度人民党的选举战略家chief election strategist, Amit Shah,此人现在是印度政府二号人物内政部长。他敏锐地发现,老兵选民是个大票仓。225万退伍军人加60万寡妇,如果按一家四口算,如果他们的要求得到满足占了便宜可以带动一千多万选民支持印度人民党。于是,印度人民党的竞选纲领中加上一条,就是当选后兑现One Rank One Pension(OROP)。 这个同军衔同退休金的维权要求的意思说白了就是,相同军衔相同服役期的阿三官兵领取的退休金应该相等,与退休早晚无关。 2013年9月,莫迪老儿在Rewari举行的面向退伍军人的竞选大会上,第一次公开宣布,他上台后一定会坚决实施OROP,造福老兵。 莫迪没有上台时,什么话都可以瞎说。上台当政后他才发现,OROP这玩意儿有点小贵,实施第一年军队退休金支出就增加了40%。 2015年8月4日,印度政府宣布实施OROP。 The ‘one rank, one pension’ rule means that retired soldiers of the same rank and length of service will receive the same pension, regardless of when they retire. 关于这个问题的性质,中国人有点不好理解,需要做点解释,
因为印度政府雇员每十年左右调整一次工资标准。每次调整工资上浮10-20%左右。调资前退休的人就吃亏。比如1995年退休的比1996退休的少拿10%。1996年退休的又比2006以后退休的少拿很多。用中国话说老人老政策,新人新办法,这是没有办法的事。 对于退休金不相等造成的不公平,阿三举了两个例子加以说明: a lieutenant general who retired in 1995 will get a pension that is 10% lower than a colonel who retired after 2006. Similarly, a jawan who retired in 1995 will get a pension which is 80% less than his counterpart who retired on or after 1 January 2006. 这个问题是怎么出现的,这里简要说明一下来龙去脉。 印度联邦政府雇员的工资福利待遇标准是由一个名字叫工资委员会(Central Pay Commission)的专职单位复责拟订。这是由一个三人委员会领导下的独立部门。 第一届工资委员会(first pay commission)成立于独立前的1946年5月,主任是个法官,委员一个是文官一个是军官,三个应该都是退休返聘的老家伙。除了三个特聘的委员领导干部,这个单位里的人很多,都是各单位抽调来的政府雇员。委员会还有个秘书,他负责委员会日常事务管理。这人是个印度文官,秘书可以参加定稿决策讨论会,但没有表决权。第一届工资委员会一年后向政府提交了一份推荐报告(工资标准建议稿)。这届委员会的贡献是确定了政府雇员工资福利标准的制定原则-工资不能低于生活费(Wages decide according to worker needs.in no case should a man pay be less than a living wages.)。 1957年8月,第二届工资委员会成立。苦心孤诣研发了两年,拿出了报告。这一届研发出了阿三每天摄入最低卡路里计算标准(The pay commission worked out its own daily diet scheduling yielding a calorie content of little content of little over 2600 contrasted with Dr. Aykroyd estimate offer 2700 calories.)。这也是印度历来坚持的贫困线衡量标准。根据这一标准计算出当年政府雇员的最低工资为80卢比/月。物价指数为115。 凭心而论,前两届委员会做了很多开拓性基础性工作,社会上反应还可以。 1974年4月,第三届工资委员会组建成立。也不知道是不是最高领导一点都不信任印度军人,还是印度文官在背后使坏。这届委员会的领导班子的构成发生重大改变。三人委员会主任依然是退休法官,委员一还是退休印度文官,委员二却再也不是退休军官,而是从社会上找了个专家教授。 这种改变一开始大家都没看出来有什么不良后果,直到1973年3月它的推荐报告公布,人们才知道印度军人这回被坑惨了。按照这个报告印度政府取消了执行了26年的关于军人退休金OROP政策。把军人退休金从原来按最后一个月工资的70%结算,降到36%,把文官的退休金提高到最后一个月的50%。 In 1973, Indira Gandhi led congress terminated the OROP, the basis for deciding pension of Indian Armed Forces personnel which had been in vogue for 26 years since independence through an exparte administrative order. In addition to this, 3rd pay commission increased the pension of civilians and reduced pension of soldiers. The Government of India decided to reduce the pension of ex-servicemen from 70 percent to 36 percent of average salary. The reason behind this reduction was significant hike in salary of defence personnels. Even after this decrease in percentage the difference remained high between old pensioners and new pensioners. 从那时起,印度退伍军人对政府不满的抗议从未间断。他们的最低要求是恢复OROP,最高要求是组建独立的印度军人工资委员会,自己的工资标准让自己人定。 莫迪政府决定OROP方案实施起始时间追溯到2014年1月1日, The base year for calculation is 2013 Effective from July 2014 OROP will be average of minimum and maximum pension scale of 2013 (base year) 也就是说发钱时从那天算起补发。光这一补就要用掉1200亿卢比,因为出血太多,需要隔半年一次分四期发放。只有军人寡妇的钱是一次性发放。以后每年财政又多背上八百三十亿卢比的负担。更何况实施当年还是用的第六套工资标准,第二年第七套工资标准实施,工资标准又提高了23%。军人退休金支出随之同步大幅放大。这回莫迪老儿知道吹牛不过脑子的厉害了。 根据OROP方案规定,军人退休金每五年调整一次,志愿提前退休人员不能享受这个政策。 自从One Rank One Pension的实施后,印度军队退休金的支出开始大大超过了现役军人薪酬的支出。 这对印度陆军影响最大,它的老兵最多,军费分配主要是做了人头费。买装备搞军训就没有几个钱了。