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拜占庭帝国大事记(年表)(二)

2022-06-30 10:41 作者:神尾智代  | 我要投稿

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备注:以下内容将按照年/月份展开,针对原文与译文的差异,我会适当增加一些补充的内容来让翻译更通俗易懂。本文有许多专有名词(如人物名字、地方名字、行政机构专属名词等),如有不准确的地方,还请各位大佬海涵与斧正,非常感谢!!!

其中,红色字体代表:补充内容(原文没有的)

        蓝色字体代表:原文打了问号的(例如:? nicknamed ‘Chlorus’ ‘The Pale’)

第一部分 创建帝国的序幕.公元约274-328

公元274年

Birth of Constantine ‘the Great’, son of Constantius (? nicknamed ‘Chlorus’ ‘The Pale’), a Danubian officer in Roman army, by Helena, daughter of innkeeper at Nalssus/Nis – unknown if married.

          君士坦丁大帝出生了,他是君士坦提乌斯一世(绰号'Chlorus'、'The Pale',(Chlorus,源自于希腊语中的「苍白」)的儿子,他的母亲是海伦娜,纳尔苏斯/尼斯的旅馆老板的女儿——不知道是否结婚。

公元284年

November Accession of (Caius Aurelius Valerius) Diocletian as Emperor, aged around 41, as choice of official entourage of the young co-Emperor Numerian, on the latter’s death during return from late father Carus’ Persian campaign.

          11月 戴克里先(Caius Aurelius Valerius)登基为皇帝,约41岁。他是被年轻的共治皇帝努美利安卡鲁斯的死让努美利安和卡里努斯成为了新的奥古斯都)的随行人员推举上台的,因为后者在从已故父亲卡鲁斯的波斯战役归来时死亡(努美利安的死亡时间晚于其父亲,他是在回来的半路上去世的)

公元285年

1 April Numerian’s elder brother Carinus, co-Emperor in West, killed in battle at Margus, Illyria – Diocletian unchallenged.

          4月1日 努美利安的长兄卡里努斯(Carinus)在伊利里亚的马格斯战役(Margus)中被杀,戴克里先没有了任何威胁(戴克里先先击败了卡里努斯,卡里努斯其后被叛将刺杀,戴克里先成为了唯一的皇帝)

Diocletian appoints fellow-Danubian officer (Marcus Aurelius Valerius) Maximian as ‘Caesar’.

          戴克里先任命同为多瑙河畔出身的官员(Marcus Aurelius Valerius)马克西米安为 "凯撒"。

公元286年

Maximian co-Emperor, and centres his activities in the West while Diocletian concentrates on East – based at Nicomedia near the Bosphorus (and future site of Constantinople).

          马克西米安是共治皇帝,他的活动集中于西方,而戴克里先则集中于东方——以博斯普鲁斯海峡附近的尼科梅迪亚为基地(也是未来的君士坦丁堡所在地)。

尼科梅迪亚

公元289年

Constantius becomes Maximian’s stepson-in-law? and Praetorian Praefect, divorcing Helena.

           君士坦提乌斯成为马克西米安的继任女婿和禁卫军司令。与海伦娜离婚?(君士坦提乌斯是马克西米安的凯撒。为了巩固正副皇帝之间的关系,君士坦提乌斯与马克西米安的继女弗拉维亚·马克西米安娜·提奥多拉结婚;提奥多拉与他一共生了六名子女。但在之前,君士坦提乌斯已经先与尼科美迪亚的海伦娜结婚,并有一个已成年的儿子君士坦丁。君士坦提乌斯成为西罗马帝国的凯撒后,负责治理高卢、不列颠和西班牙。)

公元293年

1 March Formal division of Empire – Diocletian rules East and Maximian the West. Each ‘Augustus’ has a deputy – ‘Caesar’ – and future successor, Galerius shadowing Diocletian and Constantius shadowing Maximian (known as the ‘Tetrarchy’). The division of Empire and accompanying creation of extended bureaucracy, enlarged armed forces and legalized State direction of economy and society in the ‘Diocletianic’ reforms created the basic system that underpinned the early Eastern (→ Byzantine) Empire to the seventh century.

          3月1日 帝国正式分裂——戴克里先统治东方,马克西米安统治西方。每个 "奥古斯都 "都有一个副手--"凯撒"--和未来的继承人,伽列里乌斯跟在戴克里先后面,君士坦提乌斯跟在马克西米安后面(被称为 "四君主制")。在'戴克里先'的改革中,帝国的划分和伴随着扩大的官僚机构、扩大的武装部队以及国家对经济和社会的合法指导,创造了支撑早期东方(→拜占庭)帝国到七世纪的基本制度。

公元303-304年

Diocletian launches ‘Great Persecution’ of Christians, mostly concentrated in the East, restricted in West. Many of the Christian martyrs thus created were the objects of later cults throughout the Christianised Empire.

          戴克里先发动了对基督徒的"大迫害",主要集中在东方,在西方则受到限制。由此产生的许多基督教殉道者成为后来整个基督教化帝国的崇拜对象。

公元305年

March Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian; Galerius succeeds to East, Constantius to West. Maximian Diaia is Galerius’ new ‘Caesar’ and Severus is Constantius’ ‘Caesar’.

          3 戴克里先和马克西米安退位;伽列里乌斯继任东部皇帝,君士坦提乌斯继任西部皇帝。马克西米努斯·达萨是伽列里乌斯的新 "凯撒",塞维鲁斯是君士坦提乌斯的 "凯撒"。

古代尼科美迪亚的重建,由Onur Şahna完成,

公元306年

July Death of Constantius at York during British campaign; his troops hail Constantine as his successor as ‘Augustus’, and Constantine commences undermining the ‘Tetrarchy’.

          7 君士坦提乌斯在不列颠战役中死于约克;他的军队欢呼君士坦丁为其 "奥古斯都"的继任者,君士坦丁开始破坏 "四帝共治制"。

Maximian’s son Maxentius seizes Rome and Italy in revolt against Severus; Constantine secures Britain, Gaul, and Spain, but his rank of ‘Augustus’ is only sporadically accepted by the other Emperors.

          马克西米安的儿子马克森提乌斯在反抗塞维鲁的过程中夺取了罗马和意大利;君士坦丁确保了不列颠、高卢和西班牙的安全,但他的"奥古斯都"地位只是被其他皇帝接受(少部分)。

公元307年

Maximian resumes rule in joining Maxentius, but later quarrels with him and joins Constantine; Constantine divorces his first wife Minervina, mother of heir Crispus, to marry Maximian’s daughter Fausta (mother of his three subsequent sons, Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans).

          马克西米安(Maximian)在加入马克森提乌斯(Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius)阵营时恢复了统治(这里是指306年末,马克西米安再次获得奥古斯都的头衔,他帮助儿子马克森提乌斯(Maxentius)应对意大利的叛乱),但后来与儿子发生争执(307 年 4 月,马克西米安试图废黜他的儿子,但失败了)并投靠了君士坦丁;君士坦丁与他的第一任妻子米内维纳(继承人克里斯普斯的母亲)离婚,与马克西米安的女儿法伍斯塔(他后来的三个儿子君士坦丁二世、君士坦提乌斯二世和君士坦斯一世的母亲)结婚。

公元311年

April Galerius abandons persecution of Christians in East and dies; Maximin Diaia, most notorious and ferocious of persecutors, and Galerius’ co- ‘Augustus’ Licinius fight over the East.

         四月 伽列里乌斯放弃了对东方基督徒的迫害,随后去世了;最臭名昭著、最凶残的迫害者马克西米努斯·达萨与伽列里乌斯的盟友'奥古斯都'李锡尼共事(311 年,马克西米努斯将东罗马帝国分给了李锡尼和他自己)

公元312年

Constantine invades Italy, and according to legend is promised victory in a dream if he puts Christian symbol (? the ‘Chi-Ro’) on his men’s shields;

           君士坦丁入侵意大利,根据传说,他在梦中得到了启示,如果他在手下的盾牌上贴上基督教的标志,他的军队就能获胜(?"Chi-Ro")。

28 October after doing so he wins battle of the Milvian Bridge outside Rome, and Maxentius is drowned in the Tiber in flight; Constantine secures Rome and all the West.

          10月28日,君士坦丁在罗马城外的米维安桥战役中获胜,马克森提乌斯在逃亡的过程中淹死于台伯河;君士坦丁确保了罗马和整个西部的安全。

Chi-Ro

公元313年

Constantine and Licinius meet at Western capital, Milan, ‘Edict of Milan’ confirms toleration of Christianity, and thereafter Constantine gradually moves towards active promotion of the religion.

          君士坦丁和李锡尼在西方首都米兰会面,"米兰敕令"确认了对基督教的宽容,此后君士坦丁逐渐走向积极促进宗教的发展。

Licinius defeats Maximin who dies.

          李锡尼击败了伽列里乌斯的外甥马克西米努斯而成为罗马东部的唯一统治者,从此与君士坦丁分治罗马东、西部11年

公元314年

First Western Church Council, at Arles.

          第一届西方教会理事会,在阿尔勒举行。

公元317年

Constantine makes Crispus and Constantine II ‘Caesars’.

          君士坦丁让克里斯普斯和君士坦丁二世成为'凯撒'。

公元323年

Constantine’s presence in Licinius’ area of Thrace in breach of agreement on boundaries precipitates war.

          君士坦丁违反边界协议,出现在李锡尼的色雷斯地区,引发了双方之间战争。

查士丁尼在尼西亚-尼科梅迪亚公路上建造的桥梁

公元324年

Constantine attacks Licinius and 3 July wins land-battle at Adrianople; 18 September his son Crispus wins naval victory in Bosphorus at Chrysopolis. Licinius flees towards Nicomedia and is captured but spared due to his wife Constantia, being executed later for alleged plot.

         君士坦丁对李锡尼发起进攻。7月3日,在亚得里亚诺普尔赢得(陆战)胜利;9月18日,他的儿子克里斯普斯在博斯普鲁斯的克里索波利斯赢得(海军)胜利。李锡尼逃往尼科梅迪亚,被俘虏,但由于他的妻子君士坦提娅而幸免于难,后来因涉嫌阴谋(煽惑军心、阴谋叛乱)而被处决。

November Constantine chooses the site of Byzantium, former Greek colony founded by Byzas from Megara c. 667 BC, as his new capital – the triangular site at Southern mouth of Bosphorus is protected by Propontis (Sea of Marmara) to South and harbour of ‘Golden Horn’ to North, and provides easy access to both Danube and Eastern frontiers and to Black Sea and Mediterranean.

          君士坦丁将麦加拉于公元前667年左右建立的前希腊殖民地拜战斯作为他的新首都--这个位于博斯普鲁斯海峡南口的三角形地点,南有普罗蓬提斯(马尔马拉海)的保护,北有"金角"港,并提供了通往多瑙河和东部边境以及黑海和地中海的便捷通道。

Marble-quarries at Proconnessus near Cyzicus and Thracian forests are used in creation of a city intended to rival Rome; Constantine strips leading Greek works of art from cities like Athens to adorn the city, bringing statue of Athena from the Parthenon and giant statue of Zeus from Olympia among his many trophies.

          新城建造的原材料来源于基齐库斯附近的Proconnessus的大理石采石场和色雷斯的森林,君士坦丁想要建造一座与罗马相抗衡的城市;君士坦丁从雅典等城市移来了希腊的主要艺术品来装饰城市,在他的众多战利品中,有来自帕特农神庙的雅典娜雕像和奥林匹亚的巨大宙斯雕像。

‘Forum of Constantine’ created on the site of Constantine’s camp during his siege of Licinius in the town before battle of Chrysopolis, with one Senate-House there and a second at the Eastern end of principal street (‘Mèse’) by the Christian Basilica of ‘Holy Wisdom’ (‘Hagla Sophia’) and the nearby ‘Sacred Palace’; the latter becomes main Imperial residence until late c.11th. and joint residence to 1204.

          君士坦丁广场是在克里索波利斯战役前围攻李锡尼时的营地上创建的,那里有一座元老院,第二座位于主要街道('Mèse')的东端,由基督教圣智大教堂('Hagla Sophia'圣索菲亚大教堂)和附近的'神圣宫殿'组成;后者在约11世纪末之前一直是皇帝的主要住所,且在1204年之前是共治住所。

‘Hippodrome’ created West of the Palace, adorned with obelisks and the ‘Triple Serpent’ column commemorating Greek victory over Persians at Plataea in 479 BC .

          宫殿西侧的 "赛马场",装饰有方尖碑和 "三蛇"柱,以纪念公元前479年希腊在普拉塔亚对波斯人的胜利。

Much is made of Constantinople having seven hills like Rome; Constantine creates a new Senate and 14 regions like in Rome, proclaims the city the principal ‘Colonia’ of Rome, and encourages noble families to move there from Rome.

         很多人说君士坦丁堡像罗马一样有七座山;君士坦丁修建了一个新的元老院,并将城市分成14个区域,他宣布该城市为罗马的主要 "科洛尼亚"(在古代罗马,罗马人在被征服领土上的定居点),并鼓励贵族家庭从罗马搬到这里。

Licinius I, AE Follis, 313-317, Nicomedia, Officina 5

公元325年

20 May Opening of first ‘Oecumenical Council’ for Christian Bishops from all over the Empire with around 225 Bishops present, mostly from the East; Constantine presides.

          5月20日 为来自帝国各地的基督教主教举行的第一次"大公会议"开幕,约有225名主教出席,大部分来自东方;君士坦丁主持会议。

In dealing with theological dispute Between Bishop Alexander of Alexandria and his presbyter Arius, the latter is condemned on metaphysical grounds and the Son is declared to be ‘of one substance’ (homoousius) to the Father. The two are ambiguously declared to be ‘the same’, but despite all but two Bishops signing the decrees the dispute with Arius later resumes and ‘Arianism’ becomes first major ‘heresy’. Doctrinal and disciplinarian Canons issued, and precedence of Bishoprics of Rome (in Italy) and Antioch and Alexandria in own areas confirmed, Jerusalem granted status of honour but Caesarea principal Bishopric in Palestine.

          在处理亚历山大主教和他的长老阿里乌斯之间的神学争端时,后者因形而上学的原因而受到谴责,圣子被宣布为与圣父 "同体"(homoousius)。两者被模棱两可地宣布为'同一',但尽管除两位主教外,其他主教都签署了法令,与阿里乌斯的争论后来又恢复了,'阿里乌斯主义'成为第一个主要的'异端'。教义和纪律方面的教规发布,罗马(意大利)、安提阿和亚历山大的主教辖区在各自领域的优先权得到确认,耶路撒冷被授予荣誉地位,但凯撒利亚在巴勒斯坦的主要主教辖区。

公元326年

Constantine executes his eldest son Crispus and later his second wife Fausta, leaving his three sons by the latter as heirs.

          君士坦丁处决了他的长子克里斯普斯,后来又处决了他的第二任妻子法乌斯塔,留下他与后者所生的三个儿子作为继承人。

Constantine’s mother Helena tours Palestine as first ‘pilgrim’ and identifies the principal sites of Christ’s life and the ‘Passion’ for collection of relics and building of Christian churches.

          君士坦丁的母亲海伦娜作为第一个"朝圣者"游览了巴勒斯坦,并确定了基督生活和 "受难"的主要地点,以收集遗物和建造基督教教堂。

The ‘True Cross’ is discovered in Jerusalem and basilica of the Holy Sepulchre built on site of Christ’s tomb; another important church founded on site of Christ’s birth at Bethlehem.

          人们在耶路撒冷发现了 "真正的十字架",并在基督的坟墓所在地建造了圣墓大殿;另一座重要的教堂建立在伯利恒的基督诞生地。

公元328年

April Athanasius succeeds Alexander as Bishop of Alexandria; Constantine instructs him to restore Arius to communion as he has signed the Nicene decrees, but he refuses.

         4月 亚他那修接替亚历山大成为亚历山大主教;君士坦丁指示他恢复阿里乌斯的圣餐,因为他已经签署了尼西亚法令,但亚他那修拒绝了。

博斯普鲁斯海峡

未  完  待  续  !

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