2023高考语法 系列六 介词部分
重难点分析
介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语在句中可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。介词是每年高考语法填空题型设置考点的必考点！应予以重视。平日多多积累固定搭配和介词的习惯用法是上策。
一、介词从结构上分类一览表
介词的分类
简单介词
只有单独一个词的介词：after, at, on, in, during, since, till/until等(时间介词)；across, over, through, past, near, to, above等(方位介词)；by, for, down, from, of, off, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, up, with, about, against, along, among, around等
复合
介词
由两个单一词合成的介词：into, inside, onto, outside, throughout, towards, upon, within, without等
短语
介词
形容词、分词或副词+介词：according to, away from, down to, inside of, near to, opposite to, owing to等
连词+介词：as for, as to, because of等
介词+介词（又称双重介词）：from among, from behind, from under, till after等
介词+名词+介词：by means of, in front of, in spite of, on account of, with regard to等
名词+介词：thanks to
由其他词类转用
分词
concerning 关于，considering 鉴于，including 包括，regarding 关于
形容词或副词
like 像，near 接近，opposite 在……对面，unlike 不像，round 围绕……，next 和……接邻
连词
than 比，but 除了……之外
名词
despite 不管、不顾
二、主要介词的区别
1. 表示时间的at, in, on
at表示片刻的时间。如：at 8 a.m.。常用词组有：at dawn, at dusk, at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the moment, at Christmas, at New Year等。
in表示一段时间。如：in the morning/afternoon/evening, in October, in 2008, in the 21st century, in summer, in the past, in the future, in five days等。
on指具体的或特定的日子。如：on Monday, on Christmas Eve, on May Day, on a warm morning, on September 12th, on that day等。
2. 表示时间的for, since与from
for后接时间段的名词词组，表示行为状态持续了多久。如：
Mr. Brown lived in that little village for nearly thirty years. 布朗先生在那个小山村住了差不多30年。
since后接过去某一时间点，表示“自从……以来”，常与现在完成时、现在完成进行时连用。如：
We haven’t seen each other since 2005. 自从2005年以来，我们彼此没见过面。
from“自……起”，可与多种时态连用。如：
I hope to do morning exercises from today. 我希望从今天早晨开始锻炼身体。
3. 表示时间的in与after
in+时间段，一般用于将来时。如：We will be back in three days. 我们将在3天后回来。
after+时间段，一般用于过去时。如：After two months, he returned. 两个月后，他回来了。
注意：after+时间点，可用于过去时和将来时。如：
After seven, the rain began to fall. 七点后开始下雨。
We will leave after lunch. 我们将在午饭后动身。
4. 表示方位的in, on与to
in表示“在……内”。如：Beijing is in the north of China. 北京位于华北。
on指“与……接壤、在河/江畔”。如：North Korea lies on the east of China. 朝鲜与中国的东部接壤。
to指在境外某方向，只强调方向。如：Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中国的东方。
5. 表示“在……上”的on与in
on只表示在某物的表面上。如：
There is a book on the piece of paper. 有一本书在这页纸上。
There is a mark on your skirt. 你裙子上有一块斑。
in表示占去某物的一部分。如：
There is an interesting article in the newspaper. 报纸上有一篇有趣的文章。
He dug a hole in the wall. 他在墙上挖了一个洞。
6. 表示“穿过……”的through, across与over
through指从内部穿过；across则指表面上的横穿；over指从上方过去、跨越。如：
The elephant can’t go through the gate. 大象不能从门里穿过。
I help the blind man across the road. 我帮助那位盲人过马路。
He climbed over the wall. 他从墙上爬了过去。
7. in the end, at the end of与by the end of
in the end意为“最后、终于”，与at last, finally同义。如：
In the end they reached a safe place. 最后，他们终于到达了一个安全的地方。
at the end of表示“在……末尾、到……尽头”，既可指时间或位置，也可指物体。如：
At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden. 马路的尽头有一个漂亮的花园。
They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week. 他们决定在这个周末举行一个英语晚会。
by the end of意为“到……末为止”，只能指时间。常用于完成时，也用于将来时。如：
By the end of the holiday, I had spent all my money. 到假期结束时，我已经花光了自己所有的钱。
By the end of the week, you will have a clear idea of what your eating habits are. 到这周末你便会清楚自己的饮食习惯了。
8. between与among
between一般表示两者之间。如：
You are to sit between your father and me. 你就坐在我和你父亲之间吧。
among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：
The girl quickly disappeared among the crowd. 那个女孩很快就消失在人群之中。
注意：①有时虽然是三个以上的人或事物，但如果强调两两相互间的关系，仍用between。如：
Agreements were made between the different countries. 不同国家之间达成了协议。
②在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。如：
They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley. 他们不知道小麦、燕麦与大麦之间的区别。
9. besides, but, except与except for
besides指“除了……还有”，与in addition to/apart from/aside from同义。作连接副词时，意为“此外”。如：Two foreign teachers were present at the meeting besides Smith. 除了史密斯之外，还有两名外籍教师出席了会议。
but作介词时，意为“除了(……之外)”，常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything, no等词和其他疑问词后面。如：Who but a fool would do such a thing? 除了傻瓜谁会做这样的事？
except与except for都意为“除……外”，两者一般都不能位于句首。但except后接的词同整体词（主语）一般是同类，指在同类的整体中除去一个部分。except for后接的词同整体词（主语）不是同类的，指从整体中除去一个细节。如：
The office is open every day except Sundays. 除了星期日这家公司每天都营业。
His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了一些拼写错误，他的日记写得还不错。
10. 表示用工具和手段的by, in与with
by表用工具(by train/hand/land/e-mail…)或手段(by reading…)，其后的动词用动名词。如：
by hand 手工 by this means 用这种方法
with表用有形的工具或身体某些器官(with a pencil/our eyes)，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词修饰。如：
They are writing with chalk. 他们用粉笔写字。
in表示用材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等。如：
in English 用英语 in a low voice 低声地；小声地
11. as与like
as指身份、资格，意为“作为”。如：
Let me speak to you as a father. (事实上是父亲)
like意为“像……一样”。如：
Let me speak to you like a father. (事实上不是父亲)
12. 表示“随着……”的as与with
as为连词，后接从句。如：As the day went on, the weather got worse. 随着日子一天天过去，天气越来越糟了。
with为介词，后接名词或代词等。如：With spring coming on, the weather gets warmer. 随着春天的到来，天气越来越暖和了。
考点练透
一、单句填空 用适当的介词填空。
1. (1) __________ the night of May 4th, my good friend left for Canada.
(2) __________ night you can see the stars in the sky.
(3) __________ a cold morning Marie was woken up by a loud noise.
(4) __________ the morning she often has milk and some bread for breakfast.
(5) __________ the 1970s we had a hard time.
2. (1) Kate is writing __________ a friend of hers.
(2) Kate is writing __________ a piece of paper.
(3) Kate is writing __________ in blue ink.
(4) Kate is writing __________ a piece of chalk on the blackboard.
(5) Kate is writing a letter __________ an old man who can’t write.
3. (1) We all passed the exam __________ the end.
(2) We had finished learning five books __________ the end of last term.
(3) We will hold a party __________ the end of this term.
4. (1) The apples __________ the tree are ripe.
(2) The birds __________ the tree are singing merrily.
(3) There is a map of China __________ the back wall.
(4) There is a small hole __________ the wall.
5. (1) China lies __________ the west of Japan.
(2) Canada lies __________ the north of USA.
(3) Canada lies __________ the north of North America.
6. (1) He can do everything __________ cooking.
(2) He can speak two other languages __________ English.
(3) He did nothing __________ watched TV all day.
(4) The road was empty __________ several cars at that time.
7. (1) The man tried to walk __________ the big rock.
(2) The man walked __________ the road and got on a bus.
(3) The man saw some beautiful birds when walking __________ the woods.
8. (1) There is no secret __________ you and me.
(2) You are the tallest __________ my friends.
(3) There is a break __________ classes.
9. (1) __________ time passed, things seemed to get worse.
(2) __________ time going by, he knows more and more.
10. (1) He will leave for Korea __________ three days.
(2) He went to Beijing and returned __________ three days.
(3) He will be back __________ 3 p.m.
(4) He has lived in Paris __________ three years ago.
(5) It kept raining heavily __________ Monday __________ Wednesday.
二、语篇填空 在括号内填入适当的介词。
It was so nice an afternoon that I decided to go for a little walk 1 my new boots — the ones I had seen advertised on TV 2 “the world’s best boots”. Well, 3 theory, yes, they were very comfortable boots but I soon found that in fact they gave me blisters. In general I do enjoy walking, but at that moment all I wanted was rest and refreshment, in other words, I needed to sit down, have a drink and go home 4 the bus. The last bus home was in half an hour and I was far 5 the bus stop so I would have to get there 6 a hurry. At last I got to the bus stop just in time 7 a drink at the pub before the bus came. I limped to the bus stop in the hope 8 getting on. But I was out of luck because the bus was full up — not even standing room! I knew I would never make it home on foot and I was 9 the point of returning to the pub to drown my sorrows when another bus came round the corner, completely empty. I got on, sat by myself at the back and started to feel 10 peace with the world again as I took off my boots!
三、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
If you are driving in the United States, you may see a common sign on passing vehicles that reads: “Perform random acts of kindness.” The saying is to urge people to do kind things without 1 (think) or planning ahead.
But several studies suggest there are some very good 2 (reason) to think about ways to be kind and 3 (actual) plan out that type of behavior.
Research shows that acts of kindness can make us feel better and improve our health. Researchers also say kindness played 4 important part in how humans developed. In other words, they say scientific evidence suggests that we 5 (design) to be kind.
Oliver Curry is the research director at Kindlab — a non-profit organization 6 goal is to educate and encourage people 7 (choose) kindness. Curry claims that “Kindness is much older than religion.” He adds that it “does seem to be universal,” meaning it is something all humans share.
Curry said there is another reason people want to be kind. Under the right conditions, “We all benefit 8 kindness.” When it comes to a species surviving, “Kindness pays, and friendliness 9 (pay),” said Curry. He explained that the more friends you have, and the more people you help, the 10 (success) you become.
参考答案
考点练透
一、单句填空
1. On; At; On; In; In 2. to; on; in; with; for 3. in; by; at 4. on; in; on; in 5. to; on; in 6. except; besides; but; except for 7. over; across; through 8. between; among; between 9. As; With 10. in; after; at; since; from; to
二、语篇填空
1. in 2. as 3. in 4. on 5. from 6. in 7. for 8. of 9. on 10. at
三、语法填空
本文主要介绍善意之举可以让人们更为健康和成功。
1. thinking 考查非谓语动词。介词后应用动词-ing形式，故填thinking。
2. reasons 考查名词单复数。因前面有some修饰，应用复数形式reasons。
3. actually 考查词性转换。修复东西plan应用副词。
4. an 考查冠词。play an important part in… 是固定搭配，意为“在……扮演重要的角色”。
5. are designed 考查被动语态。因we与design之间是被动关系，且讲述的是客观事实，故用一般现在时的被动语态。本句中suggest在此处是“暗示、表明”之意，故其后从句不用虚拟语气形式。
6. whose 考查连词。引导定语从句且修饰先行词Kindlab，同时在从句中充当定语，故填whose。
7. to choose 考查非谓语动词。encourage sb. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“鼓励某人做某事”。
8. from 考查介词。benefit from是固定搭配，意为“从……中获益”。
9. pays 考查主谓一致。and并列的两个句子谓语时态应一致；且主语是friendliness，故填pays。
10. more successful 考查形容词比较级。从上文的the more…the more…可知，应用more successful。
