TTC【双语字幕版】：西方文明的基础（S01E47：大航海时代）

Factors in European Expansion

• Ancient geographical writings recovered
• Genuine or fantastic accounts of travels; Marco Polo (1255-1324) and John Mandeville (Traveled, 1322-56); "Prester John"
• An Italian merchant community resident in China from about 1300
• Technological innovations, better maps, the use of the needle compass, better astrolabes, new ships (caravel)
• Altering political and diplomatic scene; the rise of Mongol Empire and the Ottoman Empire
• Ideological reasons (crusading ideology), such as Ignatius Loyola

Portugal

The desire to bring succor to Christians in Africa and the desire to get direct access to the gold of the Niger River Basin

Ceuta, Azores, Canary Islands

Bartolomeo Dias, ca. 1450-1500

• sailed around the southern tip of Africa, The Cape of Africa

Vasco da Gama ca. 1460-1524

• sailed to Calicut in India

Alfonso da Albuquerque ca. 1453-1515

• developed Portuguese strategy of a series of armed trading post, but not a constant or continuous imperial presence

Spain

Cristoforo Colombo 1451-1506

1519, Ferdinand Magellan set out to circumnavigate the globe.

France and England aimed to search for the Northwest Passage.

John Cabot 1450-1499, sighted Newfoundland

Jacques Cartier, 1491-1557, sailed to St. Lawrence

Hernan Cortes, the conquest of Mexico

Francisco Pizarro, the conquest of Peru

Spanish, unlike Portuguese, created a sophisticated imperial administration for settlers.

"The Columbian Exchange"

• Diseases (syphilis, smallpox, diphtheria, measles, whooping couch, chickenpox, malaria, typhoid, yellow fever, scarlet fever, flu and tuberculosis or perhaps bubonic plague),
• Animals (cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, chickens, donkeys and even some kinds of dogs and cats),
• Old-world plants (oats, barley, wheat, cereal grains and dandelions)
• New-world plants (maize, potatoes and sweet potatoes)