英专学硕-外语语言学-考研笔记-3-2-1

Chapter THREE——「Words and Morphology」

 

3-1——「Words」

 

3-2——「Morpheme」

3-2-1词素的识别与分类[认识]

A.自由词素与粘着词素

B.词根、词缀、词干

C.屈折词缀与派生词缀

D.画树状图

 

3-2-2 规范术语

 

3-2-3词缀[认识]

A.深化认识3-2-1

B.前缀化、中缀化、后缀化

C.词位、义素、词素变体[深刻理解]

 

 

 

【名词解释】——「Morpheme」

[胡+星火]Morpheme is the smallest unit of language, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

[戴]Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.

[戴]Words are formed by combining a number of distinct units of meaning. The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.

 

[记忆卡片]1.smallest unit of language 2.信息=meaning(lexical)+function(grammatical) 3.携带了信息=不能下分去破坏信息。

 

 

 

【选填判断】

(1). [戴]It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of sound , but a meaning and a stretch of sound joined together.(词素既不是意义，也不是音阶，而是意义和音阶的组合！)

 

(2). [戴]Not only words, morpheme are usually arbitrary: there is no natural connection between sound and their meaning.

[戴]Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.

 

小彩蛋——果然，[戴]对声音和意思之间的联系【情有独钟】！但其实，符号和单词之间，也有任意性的，这个点[星火][胡]都有涉及到。

而且，通过(1)也能够推出来，既然词素有任意性，词素是声音、意义和符号等表征的集合体，任意性不仅限于词素和声音。

 

(3). [戴]简单词只有一个词素，复杂词有两个及两个以上。

 

 

 

 

 

【名词解释】——「Free morpheme」and「Bound morpheme」

[戴]A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme.

[戴]A morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.

[胡+星火]It refer to those morphemes which may occur alone or constitute words by themselves. e.g. dog, nation, close.

[胡+星火]It refers to those morphemes which cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another morpheme. e.g. -s in dogs, -al in national.

 

 

 

【选填判断】

(4). [胡]All morphemic words are free morphemes.

 

(5). [胡]Poly-morphemic words, 其构成成分都是自由词素，又称compound words. 如，paymaster, moonwalk, sunflower.

 

(6). 一些词素既可以是自由词素，也可以是黏着词素。也可以说，一些词素既是自由的又是黏着的。

 

 

 

 

 

【名词解释】——「Root」、「Affix」and「Stem」

Root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroying its meaning.[星火+胡]

The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.[戴]

 

Affix refers to the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or the stem), which has three sub-sypes, prefix suffix and infix.[胡+星火]

 

Stem refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added, it can be equivalent to a root, or a root and a derivational affix. e.g. friend- in friends and friendship- in friendships are both stem.[胡+星火]

[辨证概念]——词干相当于能屈折变化的词，这个词可以是复合词，可以是简单词。不可能是除名词、动词之外的其它词性。词干&时态,单复数,所属格变位。

 

 

 

【选填判断】——理解即掌握，这些都是概念的延展！

(7). All words contain a root morpheme, which may be a free morpheme or a bound morpheme, or called a free root or a bound root.

 

(8). [戴]Root falls into two categories: free and bound.

 

(9). [戴]因为词根承担单词的主要意义，所以词根通常属于词汇范畴。

 

(10). [戴]词缀不属于词汇范畴，而一直是黏着词素。

 

(11). [戴]有些词素并不总被赋予词汇意义的，如助词、助动词、形式主语。

 

(12). [戴]黏着词素很大程度上只是语法标志，表示时态、数、格等概念。

There are bound morphemes which are mostly grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.

 

 

 

 

 

【名词解释】——「Inflectional affix」and「Derivational affix」

[戴]Derivational morpheme——there are morpheme which change the category, or grammatical class of words.

 

[戴]Inflectional affix——In some morpheme are attached to words or morpheme, but they never change their syntactic category.

 

 

 

【选填判断】——理解即掌握，这些都是概念的延展！

(13). [胡]屈折词缀和派生词缀的区别只与词缀相关。而词根不能再分成屈折词根和派生词跟。

 

(14). [胡]屈折词缀的意义在于生成同一个词的不同形式，在于添加一个微小的或微妙的语义变化。

They serve to produce different forms of a single lexeme, and only add a minute or delicate grammatical function to stem.

 

(15). [胡]就能产性而言，derivational affixes are more productive than inflectional affixes.

派生词缀在新词的生成上具有很强的能产性。

 

(16). [胡]屈折词根是后缀，总是在单词词尾。而派生词缀可以是前缀，也可以是后缀。

 

(17). [胡]是否使用屈折词根取决于短语或句子内部的其他成分。

 

 

 

 

Tree Diagram

1. 按【词根】、【前缀】、【后缀】，三个要素去分把词素分类。

2. 不区别是否自由与黏着，是否曲折与派生。

3. 不能识别的往下抄下来。

4. 如果有屈折变化，加上【词干】，即四要素。

 

 

小彩蛋——[胡]喜欢用被动句和否定句！[戴]喜欢用“携带,承担”。

 

胡：Morpheme cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

戴：Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.

胡：Root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroyed its meaning.

戴：The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.[戴]