【维基词条翻译】Hephaestion（下）

2019-05-20 22:15 作者:杨梓翼 0人读过 | 我要投稿

（个人翻译，包含一定主观意译，如有谬误望指出，仅供同好参考及学习用，如有需要可私聊获取源文件，原版权属于维基百科，无授权个人翻译）

原网址：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestion#Modern_sources

Death and funeral死亡和葬礼

In spring 324 BC Hephaestion left Susa, where he had been married, and accompanied Alexander and the rest of the army as they travelled towards Ecbatana. They arrived in the autumn and it was there, during games and festivals, that Hephaestion fell ill with a fever. Arrian says that after the fever had run for seven days, Alexander had to be summoned from the games to Hephaestion, who was seriously ill. He did not arrive in time; by the time he got there, Hephaestion was dead. Plutarch says that being a young man and a soldier, Hephaestion had ignored medical advice and as soon as his doctor, Glaucias, had gone off to the theatre, he ate a large breakfast consisting of a boiled fowl and a cooler of wine, and then fell sick and died.

公元前324年春，在苏萨成婚后，赫菲斯蒂安跟随亚历山大和军队离开苏萨，前往埃克巴塔纳。他们秋季时到达目的地，在祭典竞技会期间，赫菲斯蒂安因为发烧而染病。阿里安说在持续了7天的发烧后，亚历山大被迫离开了赫菲斯蒂安，前往竞技会。他没有及时赶回，当他赶到的时候，赫菲斯蒂安已经去世了。普鲁塔克说作为一名年轻力壮的年轻军人，赫菲斯蒂安没有听从医生的建议，当他的医生格劳西亚斯前往剧院看戏的时候，赫菲斯蒂安吃了一顿丰盛的早餐，早餐包含一只煮熟的家禽和一瓶清凉的葡萄酒，吃完后他就病逝了。

Piecing the accounts together, it seems as if Hephaestion's fever had run its course for seven days, after which time he was sufficiently recovered for his doctor, and Alexander himself, to feel it was safe to leave him, and for Hephaestion to feel hungry. His meal, however, seems to have caused a relapse that led to his rapid death. Precisely why this should have happened is not known. As Mary Renault says, "This sudden crisis in a young, convalescent man is hard to account for." The explanation that fits most of the facts is that the fever was typhoid and that solid food perforated the ulcerated intestine that the typhoid would have caused. This would have led to internal bleeding, though it would be unusual in that case for death to follow quite as swiftly as it seems to have done here. For that reason, it is not possible altogether to discount other possible explanations, one of them being poison.

把这些原因整合在一起，似乎在赫菲斯蒂安发烧7天后，当他的医生觉得他已经在痊愈，而亚历山大本人也觉得赫菲斯蒂安的病已经安全到自己可以暂时离开，而对于赫菲斯蒂安来说只是感觉饿了。然而，似乎只是吃了顿饭，导致他的病复发，严重到迅速夺去他的生命。没有人知道为什么会发生这样的事。正如玛丽·雷诺所言：“一个年轻的、正在恢复的年轻男人突然病危，这是很难解释的。”最符合实际的一种解释是，伤寒引起了发烧，而固体食物导致伤寒引起的胃溃疡穿孔。这可能会导致内出血，在这种情况下，死亡速度的确有可能如此迅速。虽然有这个可能性，但也不能忽略其他可能的解释，其中之一就是毒药。

Following Hephaestion's death his body was cremated and the ashes were taken to Babylon. The general Eumenes suggested that divine honors be given to Hephaestion, this was later done.

在赫菲斯蒂安死后，他的尸首被火化，骨灰送回巴比伦。将军欧迈尼斯建议将神圣的荣耀赐予赫菲斯蒂安是后来发生的事。

Hephaestion's death is dealt with at greater length by the ancient sources than any of the events of his life, because of its profound effect upon Alexander. Plutarch says "... Alexander's grief was uncontrollable ..." and adds that he ordered many signs of mourning, notably that the manes and tails of all horses should be shorn, the demolition of the battlements of the neighbouring cities and the banning of flutes and every other kind of music. Arrian relates an account that "... he flung himself on the body of his friend and lay there nearly all day long in tears, and refused to be parted from him until he was dragged away by force by his Companions ...", another that said "... he lay stretched upon the corpse all day and the whole night too ...", and another which told how he had the doctor, Glaucias, executed for his lack of care. Arrian also mentions Alexander ordering the shrine of Asclepios in Ecbatana to be razed to the ground, and that he cut his hair short in mourning, this last a poignant reminder of Achilles' last gift to Patroclus on his funeral pyre: "... he laid the lock of hair in the hands of his beloved companion, and the whole company was moved to tears."

因为赫菲斯蒂安之死对亚历山大的巨大影响，导致古代文献将这件事作为他一生最重要的事件来处理。普鲁塔克说：“……亚历山大陷入了无法控制的悲伤……”他补充道，亚历山大下令做了很多纪念的哀悼之举，比如剪掉所有马匹的鬃毛和马尾，拆除邻近城市的城防，禁止一切音乐。阿里安叙述了一个现象：“……亚历山大躺在赫菲斯蒂安尸首上，整天躺在那里几乎不停的流泪，他拒绝离开，直到其他同伴把他强行拖走。”另一个人说：“……他不分昼夜的趴伏在赫菲斯蒂安的尸首上……”，还有一个人讲述了他因为医生格劳西亚斯的疏忽处死了他。阿里安还提到亚历山大还下令将阿斯克勒庇俄斯（医术之神）在埃克巴坦那的神殿夷为废墟，并在哀悼中剪短了自己的头发，这辛酸的一幕令人想起了阿克琉斯在葬礼上给帕特克洛斯的最后礼物：“……他把那绺头发放在心爱的伙伴手中，整个军队都流下了感动的泪水。”

Another hint that Alexander looked to Achilles to help him to express his grief may be found in the campaign, shortly following these events, against a tribe called the Cossaeans. Plutarch says they were massacred as an offering to the spirit of Hephaestion and it is quite possible to imagine that to Alexander this might have followed in spirit Achilles' killing of "... twelve high-born youths ..." beside Patroclus' funeral pyre.

亚历山大向阿克琉斯寻求帮助来排解自己的悲伤的另一个暗示是，在随后的竞赛中，很快结束了所有项目，并进军讨伐科萨亚人。普鲁塔克说他们作为赫菲斯蒂安灵魂的祭品被屠杀，可以想见，追随阿克琉斯的杀戮行为显然可以看出压力山大已经精神崩溃了：“……二十个年轻人……”在帕特克洛斯的葬礼上被献祭。

Arrian states that all his sources agree that "... for two whole days after Hephaestion's death Alexander tasted no food and paid no attention in any way to his bodily needs but lay on his bed now crying lamentably, now in the silence of grief." Alexander ordered a period of mourning throughout the empire. Arrian tells us that "Many of the Companions, out of respect for Alexander, dedicated themselves and their arms to the dead man ..." The army, too, remembered him; Alexander did not appoint anyone to take Hephaestion's place as commander of the Companion cavalry; he "... wished Hephaestion's name to be preserved always in connection with it, so Hephaestion's Regiment it continued to be called, and Hephaestion's image continued to be carried before it."

阿里安所有的消息来源都赞成：“……在赫菲斯蒂安死后整整两天，亚历山大不吃任何东西，不关心自己身体的任何需要，只是和赫菲斯蒂安躺在一起，痛苦的哭泣着，悲痛的不发一言。”亚历山大下令全国哀悼。阿里安告诉我们：“许多同伴，出于对亚历山大的尊重，将死者的手臂献给了赫菲斯蒂安……”军队同样在纪念他；亚历山大没有任命任何人接任赫菲斯蒂安骑兵指挥官的位置；他：“……希望骑兵团永远属于赫菲斯蒂安名下，所以继续被称为赫菲斯蒂安的骑兵团，按照赫菲斯蒂安活着时指挥军队。”

Alexander sent messengers to the oracle at Siwa to ask if Amon would permit Hephaestion to be worshipped as a god. When the reply came saying he might be worshipped not as a god, but as a divine hero, Alexander was pleased and "... from that day forward saw that his friend was honoured with a hero's rites." He saw to it that shrines were erected to Hephaestion's memory, and evidence that the cult took hold can be found in a simple votary plaque now in Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, inscribed, "To the Hero Hephaestion".

亚历山大派信使到西瓦请求神谕，询问阿蒙神能否将赫菲斯蒂安作为神来拜祭。当神谕回复不能做为神，但可以作为一位神圣的英雄祭拜时，亚历山大很高兴：“……从那天起，他亲眼见证着自己的朋友受到了英雄的礼遇。”他认为神社应该建立在自己对赫菲斯蒂安的记忆的基础上，在塞萨洛尼基的考古博物馆，可以在一个简单的纪念碑上找到这种崇拜的证据，上面写着“致英雄赫菲斯蒂安”。

Hephaestion was given a magnificent funeral. Its cost is variously given in the sources as 10,000 talents or 12,000 talents. It is difficult to give a modern equivalent for such a huge amount but we know that in Hephaestion’s time, the daily wage of a skilled worker was two or three drachmas. In western Europe, 2008, that would be between £50 and £100, so the lowest possible value for 1 drachma in modern terms is £25. We know there were 6,000 drachmas in a talent, so even at the most conservative estimate, Hephaestion’s funeral would have cost £1,500,000,000. Alexander himself drove the funeral carriage part of the way back to Babylon with some of the driving entrusted to Hephaestion's friend Perdiccas. At Babylon funeral games were held in Hephaestion's honour. The contests ranged from literature to athletics and 3,000 competitors took part, the festival eclipsing anything that had gone before both in cost and in numbers taking part. Plutarch says that Alexander planned to spend ten thousand talents on the funeral and the tomb. He employed Stasicrates, "... as this artist was famous for his innovations, which combined an exceptional degree of magnificence, audacity and ostentation ...", to design the pyre for Hephaestion.

赫菲斯蒂安拥有一个盛大的葬礼。花费了高额的成本，大约为10,000至12,000塔伦特（注：马其顿货币单位，有野史说亚历山大继位的时候国库仅有不到20塔伦特）。很难等量换算出这场花费价值多少现代货币，但我们知道，在赫菲斯蒂安的时代，一个技艺高超的工匠工作一天可以得到2到3个希腊银币。在西欧，2008年，工匠工资大约为50到100欧元，也就是说，一个希腊银币最少等值于现代的25欧元。我们还知道，6,000个希腊银币等于1塔伦特，所以按照最保守的估计，赫菲斯蒂安的葬礼花费了15亿欧元。亚历山大亲自驾驶送葬车返回巴比伦，其余的车马交由赫菲斯蒂安的好友佩尔狄卡斯。他们在巴比伦为赫菲斯蒂安举行了葬礼竞技会。比赛内容从文学到田径运动都有，3,000名运动员参加，这个庆典的人数和花费远超之前。普鲁塔克说亚历山大在葬礼和墓葬上花费1万塔伦特。亚历山大雇佣了斯塔斯克雷特斯（Stasicrates）：“……这个艺术家以创新而闻名，他的作品非凡、辉煌而充满了大胆的想象……”他被雇佣设计赫菲斯蒂安的火葬柴堆。

The pyre was sixty metres high, square in shape and built in stepped levels. The first level was decorated with two hundred and forty ships with golden prows, each of these adorned with armed figures with red banners filling the spaces between. On the second level were torches with snakes at the base, golden wreaths in the middle and at the top, flames surmounted by eagles. The third level showed a hunting scene, and the fourth a battle of centaurs, all done in gold. On the fifth level, also in gold, were lions and bulls, and on the sixth the arms of Macedon and Persia. The seventh and final level bore sculptures of sirens, hollowed out to conceal a choir who would sing a lament. It is possible that the pyre was not burnt, but that it was actually intended as a tomb or lasting memorial; if so, it is likely that it was never completed, as there are references to expensive, uncompleted projects at the time of Alexander's own death.

那是一个六十米高的方形的阶梯状柴堆。第一层装饰有二百四十艘金子做船头的、装饰有红色旗帜的船，每艘船都覆盖满了红色的旗帜。第二层是火把，底部是蛇,中间和顶上装饰金色的花环，展现火焰高于飞鹰的画面。第三层是狩猎的场景，第四层是半人马的战斗，都是用金子做的。第五层也用黄金做出狮子和公牛，第六层则是马其顿和波斯的军队。第四层和最后一层是塞壬的雕像，被挖空用来隐藏唱挽歌的唱诗班。很可能墓堆并没有被烧毁，而是作为一个用来纪念的坟墓；如果是这样，那它可能一直没有完工，因为亚历山大去世的时候，依然还有很多未完成的昂贵项目。

One final tribute remained, and it is compelling in its simplicity and in what it reveals about the high esteem in which Hephaestion was held by Alexander. On the day of the funeral, he gave orders that the sacred flame in the temple should be extinguished. Normally, this was only done on the death of the Great King himself.

最终还有一个贡品被提及，它简洁明了的揭示了亚历山大对赫菲斯蒂安抱有怎样崇高的敬意和支持。在葬礼当天，他下令将神庙里的圣火全部熄灭。通常来说，这是在伟大国王比如他自己去世后才有的礼遇。

Amphipolis Tomb安菲波利斯之墓

Based on a monogram found in the Amphipolis Tomb, the lead archaeologist, Katerina Peristeri, claims that the whole tumulus was a funerary monument for Hephaestion, built between 325–300 BC.

考古学家凯特琳娜·佩里斯特里基于在安菲波利斯之墓发现的一个交织文字（注：一种由姓名的首字母组成的组合图案）宣称，整个古冢都是为赫菲斯提安的葬礼修建的，建于公元前325至公元前300年间。

Portrayals of Hephaestion in fiction

文学作品中的赫菲斯提安形象

Cave, A. J. (2008) Roxana Romance. Pavasta. Hardcover: ISBN 978-0-9802061-0-4, eBook: ISBN 978-0-9802061-1-1

《罗克珊娜浪漫史》精装本，A·J·卡夫著，Pavasta出版社2008年出版，图书编号：ISBN 978-0-9802061-0-4，电子书编号 ISBN 978-0-9802061-1-1。

In the 1961 television version of Terence Rattigan's play Adventure Story, Hephaestion is played by William Russell.

在1961年电视剧《特伦斯·拉蒂根的戏剧冒险故事》中，赫菲斯提安由威廉·拉塞尔扮演。

In the Oliver Stone film Alexander, he is portrayed by Jared Leto.

在奥利弗·斯通制导电影《亚历山大大帝》，由杰瑞德·莱拖饰演赫菲斯提安。

Hephaestion is a major character in Mary Renault's novels Fire from Heaven and The Persian Boy.

在玛丽·雷诺的小说《天堂之火》、《波斯男孩》中，赫菲斯提安都是主要人物。

Notes其他

略

References参考文献

Ancient sources历史文献

Aelian, Varia Historia

埃里亚，《不同的故事》

Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander

阿里安，《亚历山大远征的里程碑》

Quintus Curtius Rufus, The History of Alexander

昆塔斯·库拉乌斯·鲁弗斯，《亚历山大史》

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica

狄奥多罗斯·西库路斯，《历史丛书馆》

Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers: Aristotle

第欧根尼·拉尔修斯，《著名哲学家的生活和观点:亚里士多德》

Diogenes of Sinope, Letters

第欧根尼在诺普城的信件

Homer, Iliad

荷马，《伊利亚特》

Horace, Epistles

贺拉斯，书信集

Lucian, Pro Lapsu

卢西恩，《失误箴》

Plutarch, Parallel Lives: Alexander, Eumenes

普鲁塔克，《并行线:亚历山大和欧迈尼斯》

Modern sources当代文献

Cartledge, Paul (2004) Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past. London: Macmillan. ISBN 1-4050-3292-8

《亚历山大大帝：寻找新的过去》,保罗·卡特里奇著,伦敦:麦克米伦出版社,2004.索书号: ISBN 1-4050-3292-8，

Chugg, Andrew Michael (2006) Alexander's Lovers. Lightning Source UK Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4116-9960-1

《亚历山大的爱人》,安德鲁·迈克尔·查格著,英国灯塔出版社,2006.索书号:ISBN 978-1-4116-9960-1

Hammond, N. G. L. (1980 2nd edition) Alexander the Great: King, Commander and Statesman. Bristol Press. ISBN 1-85399-068-X

《亚历山大大帝：君王，指挥官，政治家》, N·G·L·哈蒙德著,布里斯托尔出版社,1980第二版.索书号：ISBN 1-85399-068-X

Hammond, N. G. L. (1997) The Genius of Alexander the Great. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3341-4

《天才亚历山大大帝》, N·G·L·哈蒙德著,伦敦:达克沃斯出版社,1997.索书号:ISBN 0-7156-3341-4

Heckel, Waldemar (2006) Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great. MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-1210-7

《亚历山大同时代的人》,瓦尔德玛·海克尔著,美国:布莱克威尔出版社,2006.索书号:ISBN 1-4051-1210-7

Lane Fox, Robin (1973) Alexander the Great. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-14-102076-8

《亚历山大大帝》,罗宾·雷恩·福克斯著,伦敦:艾伦·雷恩出版社,1973.索书号: ISBN 0-14-102076-8

Martin, Thomas R. (2012). Alexander the Great : the story of an ancient life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521767484

《亚历山大大帝:一种古老的生活》,托马斯·R·马丁著,英国剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,2012.索书号:ISBN 9780521767484

Renault, Mary (1975) The Nature of Alexander. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-0936-6

《真实的亚历山大》,玛丽·雷纳特著,伦敦:艾伦·雷恩出版社,1975.索书号:ISBN 0-7139-0936-6