1829年 安德鲁·杰克逊总统 就职演讲
1829年3月4日，安德鲁·杰克逊在华盛顿特区正式就任美国第7任总统。
安德鲁·杰克逊，出身美国民主党，他此前是民主共和党的成员，但由于和小亚当斯的分歧，导致民主共和党分裂成民主党和国家共和党，杰克逊是民主党的创始人，也是第一位出身美国民主党的总统，他所创立的党派至今仍是美国两大党派之一。杰克逊不像前几任美国总统那样身世显赫，他是第一位出身平民阶层的总统，也没有接受过正规教育，是一位“大老粗”总统，他流传至今的许多语录都看得出他脾气暴躁、满口粗话，不如前几位总统那样谈吐优雅，但正是这样一位“接地气”的总统，得到了广大民众的喜爱拥护。同时他是资深军人，参加过1812年英美战争，并因率领民兵在新奥尔良战役中击败英军而名声大噪，成为美国的民族英雄。他的头像被印在了20美元纸币上。
对内方面，杰克逊总统同此前出身美国南方的总统一样，侧重美国南方农业发展，并致力于废除美国第二银行，以将财富更多用于南方经济发展，美国经济在他任期内依然处于上升期。杰克逊推动美国西进运动，并一改此前美国总统对原住民的温和态度，使用武力强行驱逐原住民，任内美国同原住民爆发了多次冲突，其中最著名的是黑鹰战争。他任内改革了总统选举制，将实际选举范围扩大到了几乎所有白人男性，并推行“政党分肥制”(也被称为“分赃制”)，杰克逊宣称，既然美国总统是全民选举产生的，那么也只有美国总统可以代表人民，国家要职候选人理应从总统所属的党派进行选举，他大量任命民主党人担任国家要职，接机整顿了政坛腐败问题，且废除了行政部门的终身制职务，客观上来说，改革选举和废除终身制促进了美国民主的发展，这也被称为“杰克逊式的民主”，为他赢得了极高的支持率，但是由于改革导致总统的政党几乎控制了一切国家要职，总统的权力和权威也得到了前所未有的提升，许多杰克逊的政敌批判杰克逊在搞独裁，甚至称呼他为“杰克逊一世国王”。同时民主党在政坛一家独大，引起国家共和党的强烈不满，加剧了美国政党冲突，总统权力的扩大也增强了美国中央集权，激化了联邦政府和州政府矛盾。在1830年，南卡罗来纳州的罗伯特·海恩同马萨诸塞州的丹尼尔·韦伯斯特就开发西部问题展开了辩论，两名议员的辩论很快上升到联邦政府和州政府的问题，再加上两名议员的立场分别代表了美国南方和北方，又受到不满民主党独大、杰克逊“独裁”的政客煽动，这一场辩论导致了美国的一场分裂危机。南方各州借此要求联邦政府取消此前实施的高关税，因为高关税长期便利于北方工业，而不利于南方农业发展，杰克逊虽然出身于南方，但是为了维护国家统一和联邦政府的权威，他拒绝了南方的请求，南方多州气急败坏地以“违宪”为由拒绝再执行联邦政府颁布的法律，史称“拒行联邦法规危机”，此举得到了时任美国副总统约翰·卡尔霍恩的支持，杰克逊总统得知此事后暴跳如雷，随后开始用自己传统的军人作风，集结军队以威慑南方各州，并叫嚣要以叛国罪的罪名将卡尔霍恩副总统绞死，危机未能解决，杰克逊的第一个总统任期就在动荡中结束了。
对外方面，杰克逊奉行着门罗主义，同周边各国保持和平，无特别事迹。
John Calhoun, if you secede from my nation I will secede your head from the rest of your body. —— Andrew Jackson
约翰·卡尔霍恩，如果你敢从我的国家分裂出去，我就让你的头从你的身体分裂出去。 ——安德鲁·杰克逊
Fellow-Citizens:
同胞们：
About to undertake the arduous duties that I have been appointed to perform by the choice of a free people, I avail myself of this customary and solemn occasion to express the gratitude which their confidence inspires and to acknowledge the accountability which my situation enjoins. While the magnitude of their interests convinces me that no thanks can be adequate to the honor they have conferred, it admonishes me that the best return I can make is the zealous dedication of my humble abilities to their service and their good.
应自由人民的选择，我将肩负起艰巨重任，我希望借此庄严的传统场合，表达我对选民们信任与我的感激之情，同时也阐述该职务需要承担的责任。选民对我的爱戴之深，让我更加相信任何感谢的话语都配不上他们赐予我的荣誉，同时也告诫我，我只能以微薄的力量全身心服务他们，才能回报他们的爱戴。
As the instrument of the Federal Constitution it will devolve on me for a stated period to execute the laws of the United States, to superintend their foreign and their confederate relations, to manage their revenue, to command their forces, and, by communications to the Legislature, to watch over and to promote their interests generally. And the principles of action by which I shall endeavor to accomplish this circle of duties it is now proper for me briefly to explain.
我身为联邦宪法的执行者，被宪法授权在规定任期内执行美国的法律，管理美国对外事务和内部各州关系，经营国家收入，统领美国军队，并多同国会交流，一同关注、促进国家整体利益。而现在我要简明阐述一下，我要完成这些目标，会基于哪些行动原则。
In administering the laws of Congress I shall keep steadily in view the limitations as well as the extent of the Executive power trusting thereby to discharge the functions of my office without transcending its authority. With foreign nations it will be my study to preserve peace and to cultivate friendship on fair and honorable terms, and in the adjustment of any differences that may exist or arise to exhibit the forbearance becoming a powerful nation rather than the sensibility belonging to a gallant people.
在管理国会立法时，我会时刻将自己的行政权力范围和权力限制牢记于脑海中，从而在不越权的前提下履行自己的职务。在处理对外关系时，我会致力捍卫和平，以公平、体面的条约增进双方友谊，我会努力协调我们之间可能存在的分歧，以展现出美国作为一个大国的宽容，而不是一个勇敢民族的莽撞。
In such measures as I may be called on to pursue in regard to the rights of the separate States I hope to be animated by a proper respect for those sovereign members of our Union, taking care not to confound the powers they have reserved to themselves with those they have granted to the Confederacy.
在我尽职对各州权利实施相关政策时，我希望各州作为联邦内的政治体成员，可以体会到总统对你们的尊重，我会留意避免混淆各州自己的权力和他们给予邦联的权力。
The management of the public revenue that searching operation in all governments is among the most delicate and important trusts in ours, and it will, of course, demand no inconsiderable share of my official solicitude. Under every aspect in which it can be considered it would appear that advantage must result from the observance of a strict and faithful economy. This I shall aim at the more anxiously both because it will facilitate the extinguishment of the national debt, the unnecessary duration of which is incompatible with real independence, and because it will counteract that tendency to public and private profligacy which a profuse expenditure of money by the Government is but too apt to engender. Powerful auxiliaries to the attainment of this desirable end are to be found in the regulations provided by the wisdom of Congress for the specific appropriation of public money and the prompt accountability of public officers.
管理国家收入是所有政府都需要关注的事务，也是联邦政府最细致、最重要的工作，自然而然，我作为总统也需要留心此事务。从我能想到的每一个方面来看，似乎保证经济严明清廉都有益于国家。我如此重视经济方面，是因为经济发展可以让我们尽早还清国债，只要还被这种不必要的债务束缚着，我国就很难称作一个真正的独立国家，同时也因为经济发展能够消除国家和个人挥霍财富的趋势，这种趋势很容易在国家财政支出过大时产生。为实现这一理想目标，我们需要国会议员献智献策，就财政资金具体如何拨款，提拔哪些公职人员提供有力帮助。
With regard to a proper selection of the subjects of impost with a view to revenue, it would seem to me that the spirit of equity, caution and compromise in which the Constitution was formed requires that the great interests of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures should be equally favored, and that perhaps the only exception to this rule should consist in the peculiar encouragement of any products of either of them that may be found essential to our national independence.
既然要增加收入，就要对部分合适的行业项目进行征税，我认为，宪法是在平等、谨慎和妥协精神的基础上建立的，也就意味着农业、商业、工业的利益应当同等照顾，或许这条规则可以把我们重点鼓励的产品排除在外，因为这些产品缺一不可，它们对我国独立有举足轻重的影响。
Internal improvement and the diffusion of knowledge, so far as they can be promoted by the constitutional acts of the Federal Government, are of high importance.
国内改革和教育普及至关重要，目前联邦政府正通过符合宪法的法案推动二者继续发展。
Considering standing armies as dangerous to free governments in time of peace, I shall not seek to enlarge our present establishment, nor disregard that salutary lesson of political experience which teaches that the military should be held subordinate to the civil power. The gradual increase of our Navy, whose flag has displayed in distant climes our skill in navigation and our fame in arms; the preservation of our forts, arsenals, and dockyards, and the introduction of progressive improvements in the discipline and science of both branches of our military service are so plainly prescribed by prudence that I should be excused for omitting their mention sooner than for enlarging on their importance. But the bulwark of our defense is the national militia, which in the present state of our intelligence and population must render us invincible. As long as our Government is administered for the good of the people, and is regulated by their will; as long as it secures to us the rights of person and of property, liberty of conscience and of the press, it will be worth defending; and so long as it is worth defending a patriotic militia will cover it with an impenetrable aegis. Partial injuries and occasional mortifications we may be subjected to, but a million of armed freemen, possessed of the means of war, can never be conquered by a foreign foe. To any just system, therefore, calculated to strengthen this natural safeguard of the country I shall cheerfully lend all the aid in my powre. It will be my sincere and constant desire to observe toward the Indian tribes within our limits a just and liberal policy, and to give that humane and considerate attention to their rights and their wants which is consistent with the habits of our Government and the feelings of our people.
考虑到一支训练有素的常备军在和平时期会成为对自由政府的威胁，我不考虑扩大我国现役常备军的规模，也不会忘记从政治试验得到的深刻教训——军队必须屈服于人民权力。我国海军逐步扩军，他们的旗帜飘扬在天涯海角，展现美国海军精湛的航行技术和军事声誉；但由于该事务较为敏感慎重，我不应夸大军队的重要性，请原谅我略过我们对堡垒、军火库和船务的维护，对海陆两军军纪和技术的改革细节。毕竟民兵才是捍卫祖国的铜墙铁壁，鉴于我们当前智力高超、人口众多的情况，我们的民兵将战无不胜。只要我们的政府执政为民，屈从于人民意志；只要政府能保护我们的人权、财产、思想自由和新闻自由，这一政府就值得我们去捍卫；只要政府值得捍卫，爱国的民兵们就会用坚不可摧的神盾保护它。我们可能受到一些伤害，我们可能蒙受一些羞辱，但是100万全副武装、精通战法的自由人永远不可能被外敌击败。因此，如果有任何可行制度能够增强我国与生俱来的保卫者战斗力，我都会欣然尽力提供一切帮助。我诚心希望对我国境内的印第安部落施以公正自由的政策，并出自善意而密切关注他们的权利与需求，此做法既符合联邦政府的作风，也顾及到了美国人民的情感。
The recent demonstration of public sentiment inscribes on the list of Executive duties, in characters too legible to be overlooked, the task of reform, which will require particularly the correction of those abuses that have brought the patronage of the Federal Government into conflict with the freedom of elections, and the counteraction of those causes which have disturbed the rightful course of appointment and have placed or continued power in unfaithful or incompetent hands.
我已将近期人民的诉求列为任务清单，作为我的执政目标，这些诉求的特征十分明显，首先是改革措施，尤其要改革联邦政府中部分人滥用职能财富，在竞选时为自己收买支持者的情况，这严重违背了选举自由，同时针对扰乱正当任职，将职务交于昏庸无能之辈的情况，也要出台相关应对措施。
In the performance of a task thus generally delineated I shall endeavor to select men whose diligence and talents will insure in their respective stations able and faithful cooperation, depending for the advancement of the public service more on the integrity and zeal of the public officers than on their numbers.
在执行上述职务时，我会挑选勤奋的才人去胜任各部门的岗位，促进他们相互合作，政府业绩想要取得进步，依靠的不是公职人员的数量，而是他们的正直和能力。
A diffidence, perhaps too just, in my own qualifications will teach me to look with reverence to the examples of public virtue left by my illustrious predecessors, and with veneration to the lights that flow from the mind that founded and the mind that reformed our system. The same diffidence induces me to hope for instruction and aid from the coordinate branches of the Government, and for the indulgence and support of my fellow-citizens generally. And a firm reliance on the goodness of that Power whose providence mercifully protected our national infancy, and has since upheld our liberties in various vicissitudes, encourages me to offer up my ardent supplications that He will continue to make our beloved country the object of His divine care and gracious benediction.
前几任总统才能杰出，自身的资历匮乏使得我十分敬仰他们的功绩，他们创建、改革我们政治制度，我崇敬他们思想中流露的耀眼光芒。同样因为我能力欠缺，我希望政府各部门能够给予我所需要的指导和帮助，也请求全体同胞们对我多一些宽容和支持。上帝仁慈地保佑我国安然度过了萌芽期，并在此后的跌宕起伏中长期保护我们的自由，我深信上帝慈爱天下，这也使我有信心祈求上帝，希望主能在未来继续将神爱和祝福赐予我们深爱的祖国。
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