前　言

　　以下信息来自ethiopianwolf.org网站中的 the wolves 模块，主要介绍了埃塞俄比亚狼的外貌习性、生存现状、面临的威胁和保护现状等。插图源自网络。

附离编译局 2023年8月

THE WOLVES | 什么是埃塞俄比亚狼

These unusual wolves are highly social and live in family packs, but hunt solitarily for Afroalpine rodents. They have long legs and muzzles, pointy ears, and a distinctive red coat with black and white marks.

　　这些不寻常的狼是高度群居动物，他们生活在家庭群体中，但独自捕食非洲高山的啮齿动物。它们有长长的腿和口鼻，尖尖的耳朵，独特的红白色皮毛和黑色尾巴。

FACT FILE | 科普简介

All you need to know about Ethiopian wolves at a glance

所有你需要知道的关于埃塞俄比亚狼的概略

THREADS | 面临威胁

Ethiopia currently has the fastest growing human population in Africa. In the Ethiopian highlands these rapid changes create complex challenges for the wolves and other fascinating endemic species. 

Due to its montane specialization the Ethiopian wolf was always rare, but today’s threats are all man-induced. Habitat loss and dog-related disease are the most pressing.

　　埃塞俄比亚目前是非洲人口增长最快的国家。在埃塞俄比亚高原，这些快速的变化给狼和其他迷人的特有物种带来了复杂的挑战。

　　由于其在山区的特殊分布，埃塞俄比亚狼一直很罕见，但目前的威胁都是由人类引起的。栖息地丧失和犬类疾病是最主要的威胁。

Habitat loss　栖息地丧失

The highlands of Ethiopia remain an attractive place for people to move to, due to high annual rainfalls and rich fertile soils, although the enormous pressure from expanding populations has pushed communities to the limits of sustainable agriculture and pastoralism (barley and potatoes are grown as high as 4,000m in some areas). The range currently occupied by Ethiopian wolves is a fraction of the habitat potentially suitable for the species, measured as the land above the tree-line, of which 60% has been converted to agriculture, or the climatically suitable area for the species at present.

　　由于年降雨量大，土壤肥沃，埃塞俄比亚的高地是一个吸引人们移居的地方，尽管人口增长带来的巨大压力已经将可持续农业和畜牧业的发展推向了极限（在一些地区，大麦和土豆的种植高度高达4000米）。埃塞俄比亚狼目前占据的范围是适合该物种的栖息地范围的一小部分，拿树木线以上的土地来分析，其中60%已开垦为农用地，或用于种植适合当地气候的作物。

Diseases　疾病

All wild canids are susceptible to pathogens transmitted from domestic dogs, which are numerous in the Ethiopian mountains and act as reservoirs for infectious disease. Rabies is the most pathogenic and is almost invariably fatal.

　　所有野生犬科动物都容易感染由家犬传播的病原体，家狗在埃塞俄比亚山区数量众多，是传染病的传播源。其中狂犬病是致病性最强的，几乎总是致命。

Rabies has been implicated in dramatic die-offs among African wild dogs, Blanford’s foxes, bat-eared foxes, and Ethiopian wolves.

　　非洲野狗、阿富汗狐、大耳狐和埃塞俄比亚狼的大量死亡均与狂犬病有关。

Ethiopian wolf populations effectively are islands in a sea of dogs, and because of their closeness, rabies and canine distemper viruses are sometimes transmitted into the wolf population (Laurenson et al., 1998).

　　埃塞俄比亚狼群实际上是“狗的海洋”中的“岛屿”，由于它们的亲密关系，狂犬病和犬瘟热病毒不时会传播到狼群中（Laurenson et al，1998）。

Long-term monitoring has revealed a series of wolf population crashes and recoveries in the Bale Mountains over the last 30 years. Recovery from epizootics indicate certain resilience, and is backed up by the re-active vaccination of wolf packs, but also highlights the significant threat that consecutive outbreaks would pose.

　　长期监测显示，在过去的30年里，贝尔山脉的狼数量出现了一系列的波动。狼群数量能够从动物流行病中恢复表明狼群可以获得免疫能力的支持，从而具有一定的复原能力，但也说明连续暴发的流行病将造成重大威胁。

Exploitation / persecution　剥削/迫害

Some opportunistic use occurs, for instance, as saddle pads in North Wollo, but this is now uncommon. Same instances wolf killing for fur trade occurred in the Simien Mountains over the past five years.

　　历史上曾经存在对埃塞俄比亚狼的迫害，例如，在北沃格，狼皮被用作马鞍垫，但现在已经不常见了。在过去的五年里，同样的为了毛皮交易而杀害狼的事件也发生在塞米恩山脉。

In the past sport hunters occasionally killed wolves, but hunting is currently permitted. During periods of political instability in the past, when guns were more available, killings of Ethiopian wolf were not that uncommon.

　　在过去的狩猎运动中，猎人偶尔会杀死狼，但现在狩猎是不允许的。在过去的政治不稳定时期，当枪支更容易获得时，杀死埃塞俄比亚狼并不罕见。

Presently it is the conflict due to livestock predation which leads in some areas to negative attitudes toward Ethiopian wolves, and sporadically to retaliatory killings. In the Bale Mountains livestock losses to wolves are dismissed by herders as unimportant -when compared to losses to spotted hyaenas or jackals-, but in the northern highlands wolves have a reputation as predators of sheep and goats.

　　目前，在一些地区，由于捕食牲畜而引起的冲突导致人们对埃塞俄比亚狼持消极态度，偶尔还会发生报复性杀戮。在贝尔山脉，与被斑鬣狗[Crocuta crocuta]或豺狼夺去的牲畜相比，被狼夺去的牲畜对牧民来说无足轻重，但在北部高地，狼以捕食绵羊和山羊而闻名。

Road kills　车辆碾压

Many roads have been built over the last few years across wolf range and habitat corridors.As traffic increases steadily, also does the risk of wolves being killed by vehicles.

　　在过去的几年里，在狼的栖息地和栖息地走廊上修建了许多道路。随着交通设施规模的稳步增长，狼被车辆轧死的风险也在增加。

Incompatible land uses　不适宜的土地用途

High altitude grasslands are crucial pastureland for the local people’s livestock, and heathlands provide much needed firewood. In many places uncontrolled use is degrading the Afroalpine ecosystem, and affect the wolves indirectly via negative effects on their prey.

　　高海拔草原是当地居民饲养的牲畜的重要牧场，欧石楠灌丛[石楠荒原地貌]提供了急需的柴火。在许多地方，不受控制的土地利用正在破坏非洲高山生态系统，并通过对猎物的负面影响间接地影响到狼。

It is uncertain whether less productive areas can sustain the level of grazing observed in prime wolf habitat in the Bale Mountains, where increasing livestock populations may be already exerting an unsustainable pressure.

　　目前尚不确定在生态环境较为脆弱的地区是否能够承受在贝尔山脉主要狼栖息地观察到的放牧水平，在那里，牲畜数量水平可能已经增加到超越了可持续发展的极限。

Inbreeding & hybridisation　近期繁殖和杂交

There is no evidence of inbreeding depression or reduced fitness. The small number of breeding packs in the smaller populations however does raise concerns.

　　没有证据表明近亲繁殖会导致近亲繁殖衰退[指近亲繁殖导致的生物体适应性降低和生殖能力下降的现象]。然而，在较小的种群中繁殖的数量较少确实引起了人们的关注。

A handful of hybrid wolves were recorded in the Web Valley of the Bale Mountains in the 1980-90s, the result of crosses between female wolves and male domestic dogs. The hybrids had shorter muzzles, heavier-built bodies and different coat patterns.

　　上世纪80年代至90年代，在贝尔山脉的韦布谷发现了少数杂交狼，它们是母狼和雄性家犬杂交的结果。杂交幼犬的口鼻较短，身体较重，皮毛图案也不同。

Introgression of dog genes into the Ethiopian wolf gene pool was be detected using mitochondrial DNA, but there are no indication of negative effects due to out-breeding depression or a reduction in fitness. There is no evidence of hybridisation taking place outside the Web Valley.

　　利用线粒体DNA已经检测到了狗的基因渗入埃塞俄比亚狼基因库，但没有迹象表明杂交抑制而会产生负面影响。没有证据表明在韦布谷以外的地方有杂交现象。

taxonomy, distribution & status | 分类、分布和状态

Taxonomy & genetics　分类学与遗传学

A wolf in fox clothing. It might look like a red fox or jackal, but the Ethiopian wolf is a recent descendant of a grey-wolf like ancestor that immigrated to Africa from Eurasia

　　披着狐狸外衣的狼：它可能看起来像红狐或豺狼，但埃塞俄比亚狼是一种从欧亚大陆移民到非洲的类似灰狼的祖先的后代。

Originally classified in a separate genus Simenia (Gray, 1868; Allen, 1939), the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) is one of four Canis species in Africa, readily distinguishable from jackals (C. aureus, C. mesomelas, and C. adustus) by its larger size, relatively longer legs, distinctive reddish coat and white markings (Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1994).

　　埃塞俄比亚狼（Canis simensis）是非洲四种犬科动物之一，最初被分类为一个单独的属Simenia（Gray, 1868;Allen, 1939），很容易与豺狼[ref：jackals]（C. aureus, C. mesomelas和C. adusstus）区分开来，因为它体型较大，腿相对较长，拥有独特的红白色皮毛（Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1994）。

Although it is often called Simien fox or red fox, DNA phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Ethiopian wolf is more closely related to the grey wolf (C. lupus) and the coyote (C. latrans) than to any African canid (Clutton-Brock et al., 1976).

　　虽然它通常被称为塞米恩狐[ref：Simien fox]或红狐[ref：red fox]，但DNA系统生发分析显示，埃塞俄比亚狼与灰狼（C. lupus）和郊狼（C. latrans）的关系比与任何非洲犬科动物的关系都更密切（Clutton-Brock et al.， 1976）。

Most likely, the Ethiopian wolf evolved from a grey wolf-like ancestor that crossed to northern Africa from Eurasia as recently as 100,000 years ago (Gottelli et al., 1994), when Afroalpine habitats in Ethiopia covered vast extensions. There are fossils of wolf-like canids from the late Pleistocene in Eurasia (Kurten, 1968), but unfortunately no fossil records exist for C. simensis.

　　最有可能的是，埃塞俄比亚狼是由10万年前从欧亚大陆穿越到北非的类似灰狼的祖先进化而来的（Gottelli et al, 1994），当时埃塞俄比亚的非洲高山栖息地覆盖了大片地区。在欧亚大陆发现过更新世晚期类狼犬科动物的化石（Kurten, 1968），但遗憾的是没有西门豺[埃塞俄比亚狼]的化石记录。

Its low genetic variability, relative to other canid species, suggests that small population sizes characterized its recent evolution. Most recent genetic analyses do not support the thesis two subspecies: C. s. simensis north-west of the Rift Valley and C. s. citernii south-east of the Rift Valley (Coetzee 1977; Gottelli et al., 1994; Gottelli et al., 2004).

　　与其他犬科动物相比，埃塞俄比亚狼的遗传多样性较低，表明其目前进化的特点是小种群规模。最近的遗传分析不支持两个亚种的理论：东非大裂谷西北的C. s. simensis和东非大裂谷东南的C. s. citernii（Coetzee 1977;Gottelli et al.， 1994;Gottelli et al.， 2004）。

Distribution　分布

Small populations perch in small mountain enclaves, like islands in an ocean of agriculture and people

　　以小种群形式栖息在小的山区飞地，就像农田和居住区海洋中的岛屿。

The Ethiopian wolf is confined to high mountains on either side of Ethiopia’s Great Rift Valley, at altitudes  between 3,000 and 4,500m (Gottelli & Sillero-Zubiri, 1992). They are restricted to land above the agriculture frontier, which in places encroaches up to  4,000m (Yalden et al., 1980; Marino, 2003).

　　埃塞俄比亚狼的分布被限制在埃塞俄比亚大裂谷两侧的高山上，海拔在3000到4500米之间（Gottelli & Sillero-Zubiri, 1992）。它们被限制在农业边界以上的土地上，某些地方的农用地超过了海拔4000米（Yalden et al., 1980; Marino, 2003)）。

There are six extant populations:  Simien Mountains, North Wollo and South Wollo highlands, Guassa-Menz, Arsi Mountains and Bale Mountains; two recent extinct (Gosh Meda and Mt Guna) and one several decades ago (Mt Choke).  These populations are by definition isolated from each others, as they are separated by distances larger than the potential dispersal of individual wolves (a conservative 20km from previous observations).

　　6个种群：塞米恩山脉种群、北沃罗和南沃罗高地种群、瓜萨-门兹种群、阿尔西山脉和贝尔山脉种群；两个最近灭绝的歌诗美达[音译，ref：Gosh Meda]种群和古纳山种群和一个几十年前灭绝的种群（mount Choke）。根据种群定义，它们彼此隔绝，因为它们之间的距离大于单个狼的潜在分散距离（通过过往的观察，保守距离为20公里）。

Status　生存状态

With less than 500 adults surviving, Ethiopian wolves are the rarest canid in the world and the most endangered African carnivore

　　现有的成年埃塞俄比亚狼不到500只[2022.2版IUCN:157只]，它们是世界上最稀有的犬科动物，也是最濒危的非洲食肉动物。

The Ethiopian wolf has always been rare and, already in 1938 it was listed as requiring protection (Harper, 1945). Under Ethiopia’s Wildlife Conservation Regulations of 1974, it has full official protection -killing a wolf carries a sentence of up to two years in prison. In 1990, the species was classified by the IUCN Red List as Endangered (Ginsberg & Macdonald, 1990).  In 1991-1992 a combination of rabies and shooting, triggered by political unrest, devastated the population of the Bale Mountains, the largest and best-known. As a result the Ethiopian wolf was re-classified as Critically Endangered in 1994 (Sillero-Zubiri & Marino, 2008). Ten years later, when numbers finally recovered, it was down-listed to Endangered (IUCN criteria: < 250 mature individuals in the population; continuing decline in population size; < 250 mature individuals in each subpopulation) (Marino et al., 2006; Sillero-Zubiri & Marino, 2008).

　　埃塞俄比亚狼一直很稀有，早在1938年就被列为需要保护的物种（Harper,1945）。根据埃塞俄比亚1974年的野生动物保护条例，它受到全面的官方保护——杀死一只西门豺将被判处最高两年的监禁。1990年，该物种被IUCN濒危物种红色名录列为濒危物种（Ginsberg & Macdonald,1990）。1991年至1992年，政治动荡引发的狂犬病和枪支的广泛使用摧毁了最大最著名的贝尔山区的狼群。因此，1994年埃塞俄比亚狼被列为极度濒危物种（Sillero-Zubiri & Marino,2008）。十年后，当数量最终得以恢复时，它被降级为濒危物种（IUCN标准：种群中成年个体<250；种群规模持续下降；每个亚种群中成年个体<250）(Marino等人，2006;Sillero-Zubiri & Marino,2008)。

Until recently two national parks protected the wolves’ Afroalpine habitat, Simien Mountains and Bale Mountains, but with the extension and creation of new protected areas, the range of wolf range under some form of protection increased from 40% in 2000 to 87% in 2011

　　直到目前，有两个国家公园保护着狼的非洲高山栖息地，西米恩山脉和贝尔山脉，但随着新的保护区的扩展和创建，狼在保护下的活动范围从2000年的占栖息地的40%增加到2011年的87%。

ecology & behaviour | 生态与行为

Morphology　形态特点

A medium sized carnivore, with unique adaptations to life in Afroalpine habitats and an exclusive small mammal diet

　　中等大小的食肉动物，对非洲高山栖息地有独特的适应能力，只吃小型哺乳动物。

The legs of an Ethiopian wolf are strikingly long and slender, seemingly suitable for coursing in open country. The muzzle is long, and the small, well-spaced teeth suggest morphological adaptation to feeding on rodents. The ears are pointed and broad, their dorsal surface red fringed with long white hairs growing inward from the edge.

　　埃塞俄比亚狼的腿出奇地长，适合在开阔的田野里奔跑。它的口鼻很长，小而整齐的牙齿表明它在形态上适应了以啮齿动物为食。耳朵尖而宽，耳背毛色为红色，长的白毛从耳朵边缘向内生长。

The adult pelage is soft and short, of a distinctive bright tawny rufous colour with a dense whitish to pale ginger underfur.  The throat, chest, a band around the ventral part of the neck, the underparts and inside of limbs are white, with the outline between the red coat and the white markings sharp and well defined.  The tail is a thick black brush with the proximal third white underneath.

　　成年个体的皮毛软且短，具有独特的明亮的黄褐色皮毛和浓密的白色到浅黄色皮毛。喉部、胸部、颈部、腹侧、腹部和四肢内侧为白色皮毛，红色皮毛和白色皮毛之间的轮廓清晰。尾巴如同浓密的黑色毛刷，近三分之一部分是白色的。

Male Ethiopian wolves are significantly larger than females (average 16 kg compared with 13 kg).

　　公埃塞俄比亚狼明显比母狼大（公16公斤，母13公斤）。

Foraging ecology　生态习性

Ethiopian wolves forage alone, and closely map the above-the-ground activity of rodents

　　埃塞俄比亚狼独自觅食，并密切关注啮齿动物在地面上的活动。

Ethiopian wolves live in close-knit territorial packs but they forage and feed alone on small prey. Wolves are most active during the day with peaks of foraging activity synchronized with the activity of rodents above the ground (Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1995a and b). Occasionally small packs chase and kill young antelopes, lambs, and hares.  Wolves will also take carrion, but dogs and jackals tend to monopolize carcasses (Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995a).

　　埃塞俄比亚狼生活在紧密结合的领土群落中，但它们独自觅食和捕食小型猎物。在白天最为活跃，其觅食活动高峰与地面上啮齿类动物的活动同步（Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995;Sillero-Zubiri et al.,1995a和b）。偶尔会有小狼群追逐并杀死幼小的羚羊、羊羔和野兔。埃塞俄比亚狼也会吃腐肉，但狗和胡狼要倾向于垄断尸体(Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995)。

In the Bale Mountains they feed almost exclusively upon diurnal small mammals -mainly giant molerats (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), a Bale endemic, and grass rats Arvicanthis blicki , and Lophuromys melanonyx (Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1995a). Elsewhere, the giant molerat is replaced in the diet by the smaller common molerat, T. splendens (Ashenafi et al., 2005), but in some areas wolves depend entirely on small rats, particularly Otomys typus and Arvicanthis abyssinicus (Marino et al., 2010). 

　　在贝尔山脉，它们几乎只以白天活动的小型哺乳动物为食——主要是贝尔特有的巨型鼹鼠（Tachyoryctes macrocephalus），以及草鼠（Arvicanthis blicki）和Lophuromys melanonyx[一种鼠]（Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995;Sillero-Zubiri et al.,1995）。在其他地方，大鼠被较小的普通鼠T. splendens所取代（Ashenafi et al., 2005），但在某些地区，狼完全依赖小鼠，特别是Otomys typus和Arvicanthis abyssinicus （Marino et al., 2010）。

Social organization　社会架构

Wolf family packs are cohesive and hierarchical - all individuals help defend a communal territory

　　西门豺的家族是有凝聚力和等级的——所有的个体都帮助保卫共同的领土。

Ethiopian wolves live in discrete and cohesive social family packs that communally share and defend an exclusive territory. They congregate for greetings and border patrols at dawn, noon and evenings, and rest together at night in the open. Hierarchies within packs well established with frequent displays of dominance and subordination.

　　埃塞俄比亚狼生活在离散而有凝聚力的社会家庭群体中，共同分享和捍卫一个专属的领土。他们在黎明、中午和晚上聚集在一起问候彼此和巡逻边境，晚上一起在露天休息。群体中的等级制度明确且完善，经常表现出支配和从属关系。

Dispersal is tightly constrained by the scarcity of suitable unoccupied habitat. Groups are formed by delayed dispersal of young males and a few females which, apart from those in the dominant position, are largely reproductively suppressed (Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995b; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996). Breeding females typically are replaced after death by a resident daughter.

　　由于缺乏合适的无人居住的栖息地，它们的扩散受到了严格的限制。群体由因离散时间延迟[ref：delayed dispersal of young males]而形成年轻雄性和少数的雌性组成，除了其中处于优势地位的，这些雌性在很大程度上受到繁殖抑制（Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995;silero - zubiri et al., 1996）。有繁殖能力的雌性在死后通常会被一个常驻的女儿所取代。

In optimal habitats family groups can contain up to 20 wolves older than one year, but most commonly around six,  with an average communal territory of 6km². Larger packs defend larger territories, and packs would expand whenever the opportunity arises. Typically a mosaic of stable territories is formed that occupies all available.

　　在理想的栖息地，一个家庭最多可以有20只一岁以上的狼，但最常见的是6只左右，平均公共领地为6平方公里。更大的族群会占据更大的领土，只要有机会，族群就会扩张。典型的情况是，占据所有可用的领土，形成一个稳定的区块。

When packs conduct border patrols, they scent-mark regularly and engage in aggressive interactions if they meet a neighbouring pack. These are highly vocal, ending with the smaller group fleeing (Sillero-Zubiri, 1994; Sillero-Zubiri & Macdonald, 1998).

　　当狼群在边境巡逻时，它们会定期做气味标记，如果遇到邻近的狼群，它们会发起攻击。这些都是非常直接的，并以较小的群体逃离结束（Sillero-Zubiri, 1994;Sillero-Zubiri & Macdonald, 1998）。

Reproduction　繁殖

Typically only the alfa female in each pack breeds, mating is locally synchronized and extra-pack copulations not uncommon 

　　通常情况下，每个族群中只有头狼繁殖，在同一地区的各族群的交配是同时发生的，而且跨族群交配并不罕见。

The receptive period of females to mating is locally synchronized. In the Bale Mountains typically to less than two weeks, sometime between August and November (Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1998). Courtship primarily involves the dominant male accompanying the dominant female constantly.  The female discourages attempts from all but the pack's dominant male, but she is receptive to any visiting male from neighbouring packs (Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996).

　　雌性的发情期是局部同步的。在贝尔山脉，通常不到两周，在8月和11月之间的某个时间（Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1998）。求偶主要表现为占统治地位的雄性不断地陪伴着占统治地位的雌性。除了族群中的雄性首领之外，雌性会拒绝所有其他雄性个体的求爱，但她会接受任何来自邻近族群的来访雄性（Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996）。

Breeding females typically are replaced after death by a resident daughter, resulting in a high potential for inbreeding, to some extent circumvented by extra-pack copulations and multiple-paternity (Gottelli et al., 1994; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996; Randall et al., 2007).

　　有繁殖能力的雌性通常在死后被一个常驻的女儿所取代，这导致近亲繁殖的可能性很高，在某种程度上，这种可能性被群外交配和多父性所规避（Gottelli et al., 1994; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996; Randall et al., 2007）。

Gestation lasts from 60-62 days and the dominant female of each pack may give birth once a year between October and December (Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996). During the breeding season the pups and nursing females use a den. Up to seven pups may emerge from the den after three weeks.

　　妊娠期为60-62天，优势雌性可能在每年的10月至12月生育一次（Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996）。在繁殖季节，幼崽和哺乳的母狼居住在洞穴里。三周后，可能有多达七只幼崽从洞穴中出来。

All pack members guard the den, chase potential predators, and regurgitate or carry rodent prey to feed the pups.  Subordinate females may assist the dominant female in suckling the pups (Sillero-Zubiri, 1994; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 2004).

　　所有狼群成员共同守卫洞穴，追逐潜在的捕食者，反刍或携带回啮齿动物作为食物来喂养幼崽。从属雌性可能会协助优势雌性哺乳幼崽（Sillero-Zubiri, 1994;Sillero-Zubiri et al., 2004）。

By week 10, the pups subsist almost entirely on solid foods supplied by helpers, and they stop receiving food from adults when they are around one year old. Full adult appearance is attained at two years and both sexes become sexually mature during their second year.

　　到第10周之前，幼崽们几乎完全依靠其他狼提供的食物生存，大约一岁时就不再从成年狼那里获得食物。两岁时达到完全成年的样子，雌雄个体都在第二年性成熟。

afroalpine ecosystem | 非洲高山生态系统

Many unique plants and animals evolved in the isolation of the Ethiopian massif, also a place of great historical and cultural significance. The charismatic Ethiopian wolf is a powerful flagship for Afroalpine conservation.

　　许多独特的植物和动物在与外隔绝的埃塞俄比亚地区生存演变，这是一个具有重大历史和文化意义的地方。极具魅力的埃塞俄比亚狼是非洲高山保护的重要部分。

Ethiopian wolves are protected within two national parks managed by the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority: the Simien Mountains National Park in the Amhara National Regional State, created in 1969 and inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, and the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) in Oromia National Regional State, created in 1970.

　　埃塞俄比亚的狼被埃塞俄比亚野生动物保护局管理的两个国家公园所保护：阿姆哈拉州的塞米恩山脉国家公园，创建于1969年，1978年被列入世界遗产名录；以及奥罗米亚州的贝尔山脉国家公园（BMNP），创建于1970年。

More recently, with the extension and creation of new protected areas and community-based conservation initiatives, the amount of suitable wolf habitat protected increased from 40% in 2000 to 87% in 2011. 

　　最近，随着新的保护区的扩展和建立以及基于社区的保护举措，受保护的狼栖息地的数量从2000年的40%增加到2011年的87%。

Bale Mountains National Park  

贝尔山国家公园

From the largest remaining montane forest, to the largest high-altitude plateau in Africa, this national park has much to offer to tourists that love wild spaces, trekking and wildlife watching. Tourism in Bale is on the increase, contributing to community associations of guides, horse lenders and porters, and local businesses.

从现存最大的山地森林，到非洲最大的高海拔高原，这个国家公园为热爱野外、徒步旅行和观赏野生动物的游客提供了很多服务。贝尔的旅游业正在增长，为当地导游业、马匹租借和运输业以及当地企业做出了贡献。

 

Simien Mountains National Park  

塞米恩山脉国家公园

This park contains the most amazing views and scarpments within the highlands of Ethiopia. Visitor numbers are steadly increasing, mainly attracted by endemic wildlife such as the endangered walia ibex, Ethiopian wolf and gelada.

这个公园拥有埃塞俄比亚高地上最令人惊叹的景色和峭壁。游客数量稳步增长，主要是被当地特有的野生动物吸引，如濒危的瓦利亚野山羊[Capra walie]、埃塞俄比亚狼和狒狒。

Menz-Guassa Community Conservation Area

门兹-瓜萨保护区

Located in the Central Highlands, Guassa-Menz is a community-based initiative already attracting many visitors and providing locals with a tangible income and an incentive to conserve this Afroalpine area. Great place to observe Ethiopian wolves and gelada.

门兹-瓜萨位于中部高地，是一个以基于社区的保护区，已经吸引了许多游客，为当地人提供了实际的收入，并激励他们保护这片非洲高山地区。观察埃塞俄比亚狼和狒狒的好地方。

Abuna Yoseph Community Conservation Area

阿布那约瑟夫保护区

Community-based tourism in this mountain range near Lalibela provides tourists with the opportunity to combine the historic route with mountain trekking and sightings of endemic wildlife including Ethiopian wolves and gelada.

拉利贝拉山脉附近的旅游区为游客提供了将文化历史参观与山地徒步旅行结合起来的机会，同时也可以看到特有的野生动物，包括埃塞俄比亚狼和狒狒。