心理 自我估计能力

https://www.mamamia.com.au/male-hubris-female-humility/ There is a body of research literature on sex differences in estimated ability that demonstrates a consistent self-enhancing bias in men and a self-degrading bias in women (Beyer, 1990, 1998, 1999). A number of studies have specifically examined sex differences in the overall estimate (g) of one’s own IQ (Beloff, 1992; Bennett, 1996, 1997, 2000; Byrd & Stacey, 1993; Furnham & Rawles, 1995; Hogan, 1978) (see Table 1). With few exceptions, the results confirmed early observations that there is a consistent significant sex difference, with males estimating their (general) intelligence higher than do females. Various studies also showed males and females rated their fathers as being more intelligent than their mother (Beloff, 1992; Byrd & Stacey 1993; Furnham & Rawles, 1995), and their grandfathers as more intelligent than their grandmothers (Furnham & Rawles, 1995). It is interesting to note that ratings of overall IQ (g) decline by about half a standard deviation for each generation back that was estimated. More recently, Furnham and Gasson (1998) found that parents estimated their male children as more intelligent than their female children. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.812483/full when asked to provide an estimate of their intelligence, males frequently provide higher estimates than females. Indeed, this pattern of gender differences in self-estimated intelligence (SEI) is so universally found across different samples, ages, ethnicities and cultures that it has been termed the 

male hubris, female humility

 (MHFH) problem by Furnham et al. (2001).