DK学科科普百科系列-科学百科-前言-第十二页笔记
All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered. The point is to discover them.
Galileo Galilei
一切真相一旦被发现后都变得通俗易懂，关键在于发现它们的过程。——伽利略·伽利雷
Science is an ongoing search for truth - a perpetual struggle to discover how the Universe works that goes back to the earliest civilizations.
ongoing
continuing to exist or develop, or happening at the present moment
持续存在的；不断发展的；继续进行的；进行中的
an ongoing investigation/process/project
持续进行的调查／持续的过程／正在实施的工程
perpetual
continuing for ever in the same way
永久的，永恒的；长期的
They lived in perpetual fear of being discovered.
他们长期生活在恐惧中，担心被发现。
If it seems to be true, then the results may be sent out for peer review, in which people working in the same or a similar field are invited to pick holes in the argument, and so falsify the theory, or to repeat the experiment to make sure that the results are correct.
peer review
the process of someone reading, checking, and giving his or her opinion about something that has been written by another scientist or expert working in the same subject area, or a piece of work in which this is done
（学术出版过程中的）同行审议
All these papers have been published after being subjected to peer review.
所有这些论文都是在同行审议后发表的
pick holes in sth
to find mistakes in something someone has done or said, to show that it is not good or not correct
挑…的毛病，找…的漏洞；批评
falsify
to change something, such as a document, in order to deceive people
篡改，伪造（文件）
The certificate had clearly been falsified.
这张证书很明显是伪造的。
When the New Zealand-born physicist Ernest Rutherford watched his students fire alpha particles at gold leaf in a search for small deflections, he suggested putting the detector beside the source, and to their astonishment some of the alpha particles bounced back off the pape-thin foil.
deflection
a change of direction, or the act of preventing something being directed at you
突然转向；偏移，偏离
The second goal was from a deflection off the Liverpool captain.
第二个进球是打在利物浦队队长的身上弹进去的。
foil
a very thin sheet of metal, especially used to wrap food in to keep it fresh
（尤指用来包裹食品以保鲜的）箔
tin foil
锡箔
Rutherford said it was as though an artillery shell had bounced back off tissue paper - and this led him to a new idea about the structure of the atom
an artillery shell
炮弹
人物介绍
Aristotle (384–322 BC), the student of Plato and the teacher of Alexander the Great, was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, drama, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, meteorology, geology, and government, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, known as the big three of Greek philosophy, laid the foundations of western philosophy.
亚里士多德（公元前384年6月19日－322年3月7日），古希腊哲学家，柏拉图的学生、亚历山大大帝的老师。他学识渊博，著作涉及许多学科，包括了物理学、生物学、动物学、形而上学、逻辑学、伦理学、美学、诗歌（包括戏剧）、音乐、修辞学、心理学、语言学、经济学、政治学、气象学、地质学以及政府学。亚里士多德的著作为现代科学发展打下了基础。亚里士多德、柏拉图、苏格拉底被誉为希腊三贤，是西方哲学的奠基者。
文字来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
图片来源：http://www.liveyourmagic.com/2014/02/aristotle-the-purpose-of-life/
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (commonly referred to as Galileo,15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer. He was born in the city of Pisa, then part of the Duchy of Florence. Galileo has been called the "father" of observational astronomy, modern-era classical physics, the scientific method, and modern science.
伽利略·伽利雷（Galileo Galilei；1564年2月15日－1642年1月8日），意大利天文学家、物理学家、及工程师，科学革命中的重要人物。伽利略生于意大利比萨（当时为佛罗伦萨公爵领地）。伽利略被誉为“现代观测天文学之父”、“现代物理学之父”、科学方法之父、“科学之父”及“现代科学之父”。
文字来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
图片来源：https://baike.so.com/doc/5354220-5589684.html
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. Bacon led the advancement of both natural philosophy and the scientific method and his works remained influential even in the late stages of the Scientific Revolution.
弗朗西斯·培根，第一代圣阿尔本子爵（1561年1月22日－1626年4月9日），又称维鲁拉姆勋爵，著名英国哲学家和政治家，曾任英格兰司法部长和首席大法官，是古典经验论的始祖。他促进了自然哲学和科学方法的发展，其著作对科学革命后期仍有影响。
文字来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon
图片来源：https://baike.sogou.com/v67593202.htm
Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham, Latinized as Alhazen (c. 965 – c. 1040), was a medieval mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age from present-day Iraq. Referred to as "the father of modern optics", he made significant contributions to the principles of optics and visual perception in particular. His most influential work is titled "Book of Optics", written during 1011–1021, which survived in a Latin edition. The works of Alhazen were frequently cited during the scientific revolution by Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Christiaan Huygens, and Galileo Galilei.
海什木（965年－1040年）是伊斯兰黄金时代的中世纪学者、天文学家和物理学家，全名穆哈默德·本·哈桑·本·海什木·巴士拉，来自现如今的伊朗。他被誉为“现代光学之父”，尤其在光学原理和视觉感知方面有突出成就。海什木所著的《光学全书》影响最为深远，该书于1011-1021年间完成，其拉丁语版本流传了下来。科学革命时期，艾萨克・牛顿、约翰尼斯·开普勒、克里斯蒂安·惠更斯和伽利略·伽利雷曾多次引用海什木的著作。
文字来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham
图片来源：https://www.sohu.com/a/488453615_799846
René Descartes (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathematics was central to his method of inquiry, and he connected the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra into analytic geometry. Descartes spent much of his working life in the Dutch Republic, initially serving the Dutch States Army, later becoming a central intellectual of the Dutch Golden Age. Although he served a Protestant state and was later counted as a deist by critics, Descartes was Catholic.
勒内·笛卡尔（1596年3月31日－1650年2月11日）是一位法国哲学家、科学家和数学家，被广泛认为是现代哲学和代数几何的创始人之一。他以数学为核心手段进行研究，发明了解析几何，将先前独立的几何和代数领域联系起来。他在荷兰共和国度过了大部分事业生涯，最初为拿骚的毛里茨的荷兰国家军队任职，后来成为了荷兰黄金时代最著名的知识分子之一。笛卡尔是天主教徒，尽管他为新教国家效力，批评家后来也认为他是自然神论者。
文字来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes
图片来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes
Edmond (or Edmund) Halley (8 November 1656 – 14 January 1742 ) was an English astronomer, mathematician and physicist, who was the first to calculate the orbit of a comet later named after him and accurately predicted its return in 1758. He was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain, succeeding John Flamsteed in 1720.
爱德蒙·哈雷（1656年11月8日－1742年1月14日），英国天文学家、数学家和物理学家，第一个算出彗星的公转轨道的人，以他的名字命名，并预测该天体将于1758年再度回归。他也是继天文学家约翰·弗兰斯蒂德之后，第二任英国格林威治天文台台长，于1720继任。
文字来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmond-Halley
图片来源：
https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/edmond-halley
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics. Encyclopædia Britannica considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
欧内斯特·卢瑟福，第一代尼尔森的卢瑟福男爵（1871年8月30日－1937年10月19日），新西兰物理学家，世界知名的原子核物理学之父，大英百科全书中继法拉第(1791–1867)之后最伟大的实验物理学家。
文字来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
图片来源：https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/ernest-rutherford-140.php#myCarousel
名词解释
Halley's Comet, Comet Halley, or sometimes simply Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76 years. Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and thus the only naked-eye comet that can appear twice in a human lifetime. It last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.
哈雷彗星（正式名称为1P/Halley）是有名的短周期彗星，每隔75-76年就能从地球上被观测到，亦是唯一能用肉眼直接从地球看到的短周期彗星，人的一生中可能经历两次其来访。哈雷彗星上一次回归在1986年，而下一次回归将在2061年。
文字来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet
图片来源：https://www.wikiart.org/en/giotto/adoration-of-the-magi-1306-1
Gold leaf is gold that has been hammered into thin sheets (usually around 0.1 µm thick) by goldbeating and is often used for gilding. Gold leaf is available in a wide variety of karats and shades. The most commonly used gold is 22-karat yellow gold.
金箔，又称为金叶，是一种黄金制的装饰技法，通过锤打黄金使其变为极为纤薄的薄片（通常为大约0.1微米厚）。金箔有不同的纯度，常见的是22k金。
文字来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf
图片来源：http://georgiafilmartgallery.com/product/gold-leaf-square/
