英专学硕-外语语言学-考研笔记-3-3
Chapter THREE——「Words and Morphology」
3-1——「Words」
3-2——「Morpheme」
3-3——「Morphology」
3-3-1屈折形态学与派生形态学[含规范答题术语]
(a).屈折变化
(b).词的复合
(c).词的派生
【名词解释】——「Morphology形态学」
It is connected with the internal organization of words. It identified the smallest meaningful units in a language, namely morphemes, and looks into the ways that the morphemes are arranged to form words[胡]. 形态学，即，研究单词的内部构造，研究词素以及构词过程。
The sounds used in linguistic communication are represented by symbols, i.e. morpheme. The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of microlinguistics called「Morphology」[戴].
[记忆卡片]1.&最小单位morpheme; 2.内部结构；3.构词规则；补充.微观语言学分支。
交叉学科——「Morphophology形态音系学」=「Morphophonemics形态音系学」
Morphophonology or Morphophonemics is a branch of linguistics referring the analysis and classification of the phonological factors that affect the appearance of morpheme, and the grammatical factors that affect the appearance of phonemes. It studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphonology.
即分析和归类发音对词素出现的影响！语法对音位出现的影响！
形态学的下分学科——「Infectional morphology」和「Derivational morphology」
【名词解释】——
「Inflection」refers to the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes. Such as number, tense and case, which doesn’t not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
「Derivation」refers to the process to add an affix to an already existing form to create a word, which includes prefixation, suffixation, and even both to forms a word with a meaning or category distinct from that of its bases.
【名词解释】——
「Derivational morphology」, called Word formation, it refers to the process of word variation indicating lexical relationships. It can be further sub-classified into the compound and derivation.
「Morphological rules」：the ways words are formed are called morphological rules. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words. Morphological rules reveal the relations between words and provide the means for forming new words.
「Productive morphological rules」refers that some of the morphological rules can be used quite freely to form new words. E.g. un+accept+able.
【名词解释】——
「Compound」refers to those words which have more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form. Compounds can be divided into the endocentric and the exocentric compound.
「The Endocentric Compound向心复合词」refers to a compound which has a center or a head word. E.g. self-control, pain-killer, core meaning, eye-entertaining, bullet-resistant.
「The Exocentric Compound离心复合词」refers to a compound which has no center or head word. E.g. scarecrow稻草人, get-together聚会, take-home实际的薪水, beat-up破旧的, runaway逃跑的.
【选填判断】——
(1)The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of itself parts, e.g. scarecrow.
(2). 形态学规则可能是能产的，或者不那么能产。
un+adj.=not adj. 这个规则看似很实用，但对于一些词不适应，如错误的形式，unsad, unbrave. 所以说，有时候不那么能产。
(3). 当两个词处于同一语法范畴，复合词也还会处于这个范畴。
E.g. n.+n.→n. landlady.
adj.+adj.→adj. blue-black, icy-cold.
如果不处于一个语法范畴，一般来说，后者决定语法范畴，也决定主要意义，除了带有介词的复合词，也有其它例外。
E.g. v.+n.→n. pickpocket.
adj.+n.→n. self-control
adj.+n.→n. seashore
[特殊]brother-in-law
[特殊]Knight Templar圣殿骑士
[特殊]passer-by行人
(4). 复合词与非复合词有不同的重音规则。复合词的重读一般在开头，而散开的组合重音在后者。
E.g. ‘redcoat, ‘greenhouse; red ‘coat, green ‘house.
(5). /ˈblækbɔːrd/是教室里老师书写用的，而/ blækˈbɔːrd/是任意一块黑颜色的板。
同样，/ˈblækbɜːrd/是一种特殊的鸟，叫黑鹂。而/blækˈbɜːrd/是指任何一只黑颜色的鸟。
例题赏析1——State the most obvious differences between compounds and verb phrases in English.
food-warmers 与 (I) warmed my feet.
man-eating 与 (She) eats an apple.
brainwash 与 (He was) washing deshes.
haircut 与 (The boy) cuts a piece of paper.
这题一看，就知道，【开放题】，没有原文对应的复现。
其实，写写【前摇】凑凑数也行，毕竟标答就是这样写的。
(a). 复合词的定义句——Compounds above are made up of more than one lexical morpheme.
(b). 上述所给的复合词均属于向心复合词，有中心词，其展现词的主要意思。
【区别与不同】
(a).词性不同，同时，在句子中的语法功能也不同。
(d).单词数量不同，前者一个，后者超过一个。
其它有啥感悟，你再展示展示，如果是我的话，我先撤了。
例题赏析2——Explain the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.
标准化操作流程，两个名词解释的默写。
然后，内在的联系！内在的联系？
目前来说，思路就是联系【音系形态学】，分析和归类发音对词素出现的影响！语法对音位出现的影响！
表达一下音系形态学的雏形和其基本的思想，但不要答其名词解释。
或者，自己分析。我分析后，当默写就写了。
(a). 音系学和形态学都是关于内部结构、排列规律与造词，一个是发音方面，一个是书写符号方面。
(b). 书面符号源于口语，同样形态学是音系学的发展和派生。
(c). 两者都是研究最小意义和区别性意义的单位，如音素、音位、音位变体，词素、词位、词素变体。And to some extent(且一定程度上)，音位与词素相互之间有对应的关系，如col-, con-, com-或-s, -es的选择随后面的字母而定。
最后，学习完【音系学】后，才有更深刻的理解。
“up为什么音系学没更？！”因为音系学其实可以是一本书，但压缩成一个单元就扑朔迷离了，太难学了- -！还因为【音系学】在所有章节中，感觉格格不入！
例题赏析3——What are phonological conditioned and morphological conditioned form of morpheme?
这道题摘抄自戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程(第二版)》的配套笔记和课后习题。
要么就是除[戴][胡]之外的教材反窜黑，要么就是【开放题】，题目给的信息在[胡][戴]两本书没有出处。
但标答是【形态语言学】的思路，且给了原话，即phonological factors that affect the appearance of morpheme, and the grammatical factors that affect the appearance of phonemes. 并给了解释说明。
Ex. “im-”,in”分别用在不同的phonological environment, as in “inefficient”, “imperfect”, as a result of assimilation(同化现象，音系学的知识点).
复数中，“oxen”, “cows”, “feet”是plural morpheme的allomorphs。哎，至于为什么，规则是什么，不知道，略略略~反正就是说，语法规则影响了词素变化！
