【帝国时代一】腓尼基文明在官方文件中的描述
注：英语原文取自最古老版本的帝国时代一的帮助文件中，关于历史的文本量相当巨大，但在win7系统更新后，以win95为基础的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已经很难找到打开hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。
注：因为原hlp文件并未随着罗马复兴资料片的更新而更新，所以这个系列不包含新增的罗马、迦太基、马其顿和巴尔米拉文明。
注：因为年代久远（1996年左右），很多记述可能已经与最新的考古发现有着显著的差异。
注：蹩脚英语，翻译腔，懒得润色的语句。
注：英语原文放在前面，汉语翻译放在后面。
更多资料：
世界地理历史小常识36——黎巴嫩（CV5216992）
世界地理历史小常识95——突尼斯（CV6329616）
Phoenician culture (1200 BC to 146 BC)
There was never a country or empire called "Phoenicia." The historical name of this culture was coined by the Greeks and was not their own. The name Phoenicia derives from the Greek word phoenix, meaning in this case a dark red or purple-brown color. The Phoenicians were renowned for their cloth dyes, especially an expensive purple one popular with royalty. Because Greek language and writings were preserved in abundance, versus Phoenician texts which are very scant, the name stuck.
Location
The Phoenicians appeared on the historical scene around 1200 BC, a time when most of the civilized world was being overrun by barbarians. In the political and military void of a 400-year ancient dark age, this small group of traders were able to prosper and gradually expand their influence. Instead of acquiring a physical empire of contiguous lands, they gradually built, instead, a large trading and colonial network from their home base of a few independent cities along the coast of what is now Lebanon.They were the remnants of the Canaanites, a Semitic people who occupied city-states in this region prior to 1200 BC. The most important of their early cities were Tyre, Sidon, Berytus (modern Beirut), and Byblos. These coastal cities were hemmed in on the land side by the Lebanon Mountains. The only obvious opportunity for expansion and economic gain was by sea.
Rise to power
Prior to the catastrophe of 1200 BC, Canaanite traders had been restricted to perhaps the Levantine coast, Egypt, and the southern coast of Anatolia. The Minoans on Crete blocked entrance into the Aegean, controlled all trade in that area, and perhaps even controlled trade further west. The Canaanite coastal towns were usually controlled by Egypt, and one of their principal businesses was providing wood (the cedars of Lebanon) to the Nile region.The Minoan civilization was destroyed in 1200 BC, removing most of the constraints on Mediterranean and Aegean sea trading by others. The Phoenicians were the most aggressive of those attempting to fill the void. Their cities were well-positioned for this enterprise by being located literally in the center of the known world. The Aegean, Mesopotamia, and Egypt were all roughly equidistant to the west, south, and east. For any of the three regions to trade with another, the easiest trade route was through the Phoenician cities.By the ninth century BC, the ancient dark age was nearing an end. The Phoenicians were growing rich as traders and this attracted enemies, principally the Assyrians. In the face of repeated assaults or heavy tribute payments at the least, the Tyrians adopted the strategy of establishing colonies to the west. Colonies were removed from the grasp of the Assyrians and also helped with the exploitation of metals and trade in the western Mediterranean.The most important Phoenician colony was at Carthage, established around 700 BC. Other important colonies were in Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, and Spain (modern Cadiz and Cartagena). Over the next 500 years Carthage grew rapidly in size and power. Most of its wealth came from the ore mines of Spain. Carthage fought for control of the western Mediterranean with the Greeks first and then the Romans.
Economy
The early Phoenician economy was built on timber sales, wood working, and cloth dyeing. Dyes ranging in color from a pink to a deep purple were made from the rotting gland of a sea snail. Gradually the Phoenician city-states became centers of maritime trade and manufacturing. Having limited natural resources, they imported raw materials and fashioned them into more valuable objects that could be shipped profitably, such as jewelry, metalwork, furniture, and housewares. They borrowed techniques and styles from all corners of the world that they touched as traders.While exploring the western Mediterranean, they either discovered large metal deposits in Spain or took them from Greeks who may have been there first. By fortifying sites on Sicily and North Africa, they effectively denied other traders access to the riches of Spain, the west African coast (gold, exotic woods, and slaves), and Britain (tin, a crucial strategic resource required to make bronze).
Religion and culture
Phoenician religion was polytheistic and their gods required continual sacrifices to forestall disaster, especially Baal, the god of storms. No significant Phoenician temple has yet been discovered, but most of their ancient cities lie buried under modern cities. The Bible recounts human sacrifices by the Phoenicians but this practice was eventually stopped. It carried on in Carthage, however. A cemetery outside of Carthage was found to contain thousands of urns of infants sacrificed to the gods. Noble families of Carthage got into the habit of substituting animals and slaves for their children, but following a military disaster in 320 BC, 500 infants from the best families were sacrificed.Early Phoenician culture was influenced to a large degree by their Semitic origins and Semitic neighbors. Their later culture was heavily influenced by the Greeks. There are few objects known today that are clearly Phoenician.One of their lasting contributions to civilization was a proto-alphabet where each letter represented a consonant. This cut down significantly the number of symbols required to make written words. When written, the vowels were implied. Later advances by the Greeks added symbols for vowel sounds, creating the first true alphabet.
Military
When the Phoenicians began competing with the Greeks for trade and colonies, the contest led to construction of the first ships built expressly for war. These were rowed galleys armed with a ram at the front and marines for boarding. Sea warfare grew in importance during the fifth century when Persia fought the Greek city-states for control of the Aegean, western Anatolia, and eastern Mediterranean. By this time the Phoenician cities were under control of Persia. Phoenician ships made up the bulk of the Persian fleet that was defeated at Salamis in 480 BC. Phoenician galleys of the time were larger and less maneuverable than their Greek counterparts, and this was a fatal shortcoming in restricted waters.The Carthaginian navy dominated the early Punic Wars with Rome, but the Romans captured a Carthaginian ship that went aground and built duplicates. The Romans eventually cleared the Mediterranean of Carthaginian ships and carried the wars to a successful conclusion in North Africa.The Carthaginians had the only significant land army that can be considered Phoenician in derivation. Their greatest general was Hannibal, who invaded Italy from Spain, passing the Alps in winter with his army and elephants. Most of his troops were Celts enlisted from Spain and Gaul. One strength of his army was cavalry from North Africa that was usually able to drive off the Roman cavalry, surround the Roman infantry, and help annihilate it. The Romans defeated Hannibal eventually, not by fighting him, but by attacking where he wasn't pain first, and then North Africa.
Decline and fall
The Phoenician home cities were periodically under the thumb of one eastern conqueror after another from roughly 900 to 332 BC. They were never strong enough to hold off the powerful armies from Assyria, then Babylon, and then Persia, although they were often rich enough to buy them off. In 332 BC Alexander the Great took them one by one, ending their on-again, off-again independence. They became Greek cities and lost their identity as Phoenician for good.The Carthaginians lasted another 200 years. Having held off Greek expansion past Sicily successfully for many centuries, they met their match in the more populous and better organized Romans. At the end of the Punic Wars in 146 BC, the people of Carthage were carried off to slavery and the city was destroyed.
Legacy
The Phoenician tradition as traders carried on in Lebanon down through the years to modern times, regardless of who was in political control. Phoenicians are also recalled as great mariners. They are believe to have been the first civilized culture to reach Britain and the Azores. There is evidence that Phoenicians circumnavigated Africa on commission by the Egyptians around 600 BC. There is some questionable evidence that they reached the New World.Their most important contribution was their revised alphabet, which they spread around the known world. When further refined and spread by the Greeks and Romans, it became the alphabet used today by most western cultures.
腓尼基文明（公元前1200至公元前146年）
从来没有任何国家或帝国被称为“腓尼基”，这种文化的历史名称是希腊人创造的，而不是腓尼基文明自己。腓尼基的名字来源于希腊语单词“Phoenix（凤凰色）”，在这里意思是深红色到紫棕色。腓尼基人一其染料而闻名，尤其是这种昂贵的紫色染料，深受皇室喜爱。因为希腊的语言文字保存得很丰富，而腓尼基的文字却很少，所以这个名字一直保留着。
位置
腓尼基人出现在公元前1200年左右，当时大部分文明世界都被野蛮人占领了，在这400年左右的黑暗时代中，政治军事一片空白，唯独这一小群商人得以繁荣，并逐渐扩大了影响力。他们并没有获得一个由邻接土地组成的实体帝国，而是从现在的黎巴嫩海岸的几个独立城市作为总部，逐渐发展了一个大型的贸易殖民网络。他们是一个公元前1200年前占领该地区城邦的一支闪族人——迦南人的残余。早期主要的城市有提尔、希尔顿、贝里图斯（现在的贝鲁特）和拜波罗斯（圣经由此城市命名）。这些沿海城市被黎巴嫩山脉包围，唯一的显而易见的扩张和经济增长途径就是海洋。
发展壮大
在公元前1200年的大灾难之前，迦南商人被限制在埃及的黎凡特海岸和安纳托利亚的南部海岸。克里特岛上的米诺人封锁了进入爱琴海的通道，控制了该地区的所有贸易，甚至可能控制了进一步向西的贸易。迦南的沿海城镇通常由埃及控制，其主要业务之一是向尼罗河地区提供木材（黎巴嫩的标志：雪松）。公元前1200年，米诺文明被摧毁，消除了其他国家对地中海和爱琴海贸易的大部分限制，腓尼基人是那些试图填补空白的人中最积极的。他们的城市位于当时西方世界的中心，为这些企业提供了良好的地理位置。爱琴海、美索不达米亚和埃及的西部、南部和东部的距离大致相等。对于这三个地区中的任何一个与另一个地区进行贸易，最简单的贸易路线就是通过腓尼基城市。到了公元前9世纪，古典黑暗时代接近尾声。腓尼基人作为商人越来越富有，招致了敌人：主要是亚述人。至少面对不断的袭击和繁重的贡赋，提尔人采取了在西方建立殖民地的策略，殖民地逃脱了亚述人的魔爪，这也帮助开发了地中海西部的金属和贸易。最重要的腓尼基殖民地是公元前700年左右建立的迦太基，其他重要的殖民地是西西里岛、科西嘉岛、撒丁岛和西班牙（现在的加迪斯港和卡塔赫纳）。在接下来的500年里，迦太基的规模和力量迅速膨胀。他的大部分财富来自西班牙的矿藏。迦太基是第一个与希腊人和罗马人争夺西地中海控制权的。
经济
早期的腓尼基经济建立在木材销售、木材加工和染料工艺上。颜色从粉红色到深紫色的染料是由海螺腐烂的内脏制成的。腓尼基城邦逐渐成为海上贸易和制造业的中心。由于自然资源有限，他们进口原材料加工成更有价值的商品，这些商品可以通过贸易获利，例如珠宝、金属制品、家具等。他们从世界各地借鉴了他们作为商人可以接触到的技术和风格，在探索西班牙时，他们要么是最先发现了西班牙的大型金属矿床，要么就是从先到那里的希腊人手中获得。通过加强西西里岛和北非的据点，他们有效的剥夺了其他商人获得西班牙、西非海岸（黄金、异域木材和奴隶）和英国（锡，制备青铜的关键战略资源）财富的机会。
宗教文化
腓尼基人的宗教属多神论，他们的神需要不断的牺牲来预防灾难，特别是太阳神和风神。目前还没有发现明显的腓尼基神庙，他们的大部分古城都埋在现代城市之下。圣经叙述了腓尼基人的祭祀，但这种做法最后停止了。然而，它是在迦太基被停止的。在迦太基城外的一个公墓里发现了数千个婴儿的骨灰盒，这些婴儿被供奉于神。迦太基的贵族家庭养成了用动物和奴隶代替孩子的习惯，但在公元前320年的一场军事失败之后，依旧牺牲了500多名来自最好的家庭的婴儿。早期腓尼基文化在很大程度上收到了他们闪族起源和邻居的影响，后来则是希腊人的影响。今天很少有明确的腓尼基人，他们对文明的持续贡献之一就是发明了原始字母表，每个字母代表一个辅音，这大大减少了书写文字所需的符号数量。当书写时，元音是隐藏的。后来希腊人进一步为元音增加了符号，创造了第一个真正的字母表。
军事
当腓尼基人开始和希腊人争夺贸易和殖民地时，这场争夺导致了第一批专用于战争的船只建造。这些船是划桨的，船头有撞角，海军陆战队也在船上。公元前五世纪，波斯为了控制爱琴海、安纳托利亚西部和地中海东部，与希腊人交战，海战变得越来越重要。这时，腓尼基城市已经被控制了，腓尼基船只组成了波斯舰队的大部分，在公元前480年在萨拉米海战中被击败。当时的腓尼基船只比希腊人的更大，更难操纵，这成为了限制作战水域的致命缺陷。迦太基海军在一开始和罗马的布匿战争中占主导地位，但罗马人捕获了一艘搁浅的迦太基船，并建造了复制品。罗马人最终清除了地中海的迦太基船只，并在北非成功结束了战争。迦太基人拥有唯一一支著名的陆战队，可以视作腓尼基人的。他们最伟大的将军是汉尼拔，他从西班牙入侵意大利，在冬天带着他的军队和大象穿过阿尔卑斯山，他的大部分军队是西班牙和高卢招募的凯尔特人，他的军队核心是一队北非骑兵，他们通常能够赶走罗马骑兵，包围罗马步兵并帮助消灭之。罗马人最终击败了汉尼拔，不是通过直接战斗，而是通过先攻击他未能注意的地方，然后是北非。
衰落灭亡
从公元前900年到公元前332年，腓尼基的家乡城市周期性地被一个又一个东方征服者征服。他们从来没有强大到能够抵挡亚述、巴比伦、波斯的强大军队，尽管他们经常富有到可以收买他们。公元前332年，亚历山大大帝把他们一个又一个带走，结束了他们一次又一次的独立。他们成为了希腊城市，永远失去了他们腓尼基人的身份。迦太基人又存活了200年，几个世纪以来他们一直成功地阻止希腊在西西里岛的扩张，直到与人口更多、组织更为完善的罗马人相遇。公元前146年布匿战争结束后，迦太基人被奴役，城市被摧毁。
遗产
腓尼基人作为商人的传统在黎巴嫩延续了很多年，直到现代，也不论是在谁的统治之下。腓尼基人也作为伟大的水手被回想起，他们被认为是第一批到达英国和亚速尔群岛的文明文化，有证据表明腓尼基人是在公元前600年左右由埃及人委托，第一次环游了非洲的人。有一些尚存疑的证据表明他们到达了美洲。他们最重要的贡献就是他们首创的字母表，它们散布在已知的世界各地。当希腊人和罗马人进一步提炼和传播时，它就成为了大多数西方文化今天使用的字母表。
这是帝国时代一相关文明说明文件翻译的第（7/12）部：
1.埃及：CV13647116
2.希腊：CV13828033
3.巴比伦：CV13907052
4.亚述：CV13984562
5.米诺斯：CV14070144
6.赫梯：CV14097823
7.腓尼基：本篇
8.苏美尔：
9.波斯：
10.商：
11.朝鲜：
12.大和：
