【简译】新教改革中的十位女性

2022-08-13 10:09 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

问题 与解答

妇女在新教改革中的作用是什么？

妇女在新教改革中的作用因其所属的新教教派而异。再洗礼派将妇女提升到权威的位置，但大多数教派没有这样做。

新教改革对女性有帮助吗？

新教改革通过鼓励妇女接受教育和允许更多的个人自由来帮助妇女，尽管她们在很大程度上仍然属于妻子和母亲的角色。

谁是新教改革中最著名的女性？

卡塔琳娜·冯·博拉是新教改革中最著名的女性，她是马丁·路德的妻子，帮助他确立了基督教的愿景。

女性是如何帮助建立新教改革的？

妇女通过自己作为改革者的努力、著作、政治权力，以及支持她们的丈夫，帮助其宗教改革的事业。

新教改革中的十位女性

Women played a vital role in the Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) not only by supporting the major reformers as wives but also through their own literary and political influence. Their contributions were largely marginalized in the past, but modern-day scholarship has highlighted women's roles and established their importance in spreading the reformed vision of Christianity.

妇女在新教改革（1517-1648年）中发挥了至关重要的作用，她们不仅作为妻子支持主要的改革者（丈夫），而且还通过自己的文学和政治影响力发挥作用。她们的贡献在过去基本上被边缘化了，但现代的学术研究强调了妇女的作用，并确立了她们在传播基督教改革理念方面的重要性。

Prior to the Reformation, the lives of women were ordered by the Catholic Church, the patriarchal nobility, and their husbands or sons. Women in the Middle Ages held jobs and some even assumed control of the family business after their husbands' death, but their opportunities were still limited, with rare exceptions, to becoming a wife and mother or a nun. After the Reformation began, women found new freedoms – as well as uncertain futures – as monasteries and nunneries were closed, eliminating the option of monastic life, while also allowing women who had been forced to become nuns to now choose their own path.

在宗教改革之前，妇女的生活是由天主教会、父权制贵族以及她们的丈夫或儿子安排的。中世纪的妇女有工作，有些人甚至在丈夫去世后掌握了家族企业的控制权，但她们的机会仍然限于成为妻子和母亲或修女，只有少数例外。宗教改革开始后，妇女发现了新的自由——以及不确定的未来，因为修道院和尼姑庵被关闭，修道生活的选择被取消了，同时也让那些被迫成为修女的妇女可以重新选择自己的人生道路。

The Reformation affected women's lives throughout Europe and beyond and, as it was not a cohesive movement, different Protestant sects regarded women in different ways. The followers of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) believed that a woman's place was in the home, caring for the children, and those who supported the views of Huldrych Zwingli (l. 1484-1531) felt likewise, while the Anabaptists, who had emerged as their own sect from Zwingli's reforms, elevated women's status to positions of authority as ministers and prophets.

宗教改革影响了整个欧洲及其他地区的妇女生活，由于它不是一个有凝聚力的运动，不同的新教教派以不同的方式对待妇女。马丁·路德（1483-1546）的追随者认为，妇女的位置是在家里，照顾孩子，那些支持胡德里克·茨温利（1484-1531）观点的人也认为如此，而从茨温利的改革中自成一派的再洗礼派则将妇女的地位提升到牧师和先知的权威位置。

Even within more restrictive Protestant sects, however, women still found they had more of a voice and greater opportunities than before. Luther's wife, Katharina von Bora, was a former nun who married, raised children, brewed her own beer, and ran a farm, while Katharina Schutz, wife of reformer Michael Zell (d. 1548), became far more famous than her husband for her written works. The Protestant Reformation encouraged literacy because, no matter the sect, the new teaching emphasized the importance of reading the Bible for oneself, and so girls were now allowed an education whereas, previously, educating women was considered a waste of time.

然而，即使在限制性更强的新教教派中，妇女仍然发现她们比以前有更多的发言权和机会。路德的妻子卡塔琳娜·冯·博拉(Katharina von Bora)曾是一名修女，她结婚、抚养孩子、自己酿造啤酒并经营农场，而改革者迈克尔·泽尔(Michael Zell)的妻子卡塔琳娜·泽尔(Katharina Schutz)（卒于1548年）因其书面作品远比她丈夫更出名。新教改革鼓励识字，因为无论哪个教派，新的教义都强调为自己阅读圣经的重要性，所以他们允许女孩接受教育；而以前，教育妇女被认为是浪费时间。

新教改革中的十位女性

The ten women on this list are only a very small sampling of the many who contributed to the Reformation and are mainly drawn from the Lutheran and Reformed sects as their lives are among the best documented:

Katharina von Bora (l.1499-1552)

Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564)

Anna Reinhart (l. c.1484-1538)

Katharina Schutz (l.1497-1562)

Marguerite de Navarre (l. 1492-1549)

Marie Dentiere (l. c.1495-1561)

Katharina von Zimmern(l.1478-1547)

Jeanne d'Albret (Joan III of Navarre, l. 1528-1572)

Anna Adischwyler (l. c. 1504-1564)

Olympia Fulvia Morata (l.1526-1555)

这份名单上的十位女性只是对宗教改革有贡献的众多女性中的一小部分，她们主要来自路德教派和改革派，她们的生活是有据可查的：

卡塔琳娜·冯·博拉

阿古拉·冯·格伦巴赫

安娜·赖因哈特

卡塔琳娜·泽尔

瓦卢瓦·昂古莱姆的玛格丽特

玛丽·丹蒂埃尔

卡塔琳娜·冯·施文

阿尔布雷特的胡安娜，又称为胡安娜三世

安娜·布林格

奥林皮亚·富尔维亚·莫拉塔

These women did not suffer as greatly as many others who took a stand for their religious convictions but often endured hardships for their faith, refusing to compromise, even when doing so would have made their lives easier.

这些妇女没有像其他许多人那样为自己的宗教信仰而遭受巨大的痛苦，但她们常常为自己的信仰而忍受苦难，拒绝妥协——即使妥协会使她们的生活更轻松。

卡塔琳娜·冯·博拉

Katharina von Bora (also known as Katherine Luther, l. 1499-1552) was a nun who wrote to Martin Luther in 1523 asking for his help in freeing her and some others who had converted to his teachings from their convent. Luther sent a merchant, Leonard Kopp, who regularly delivered goods to the convent, and he smuggled the women out in empty herring barrels. These women were then free to return home, marry, or do what they wished, but many of their families could not afford to take them back, and men were reluctant to marry former nuns. Luther found a place for all the women except Katharina who he then married in 1525. She instantly took over all of the practical matters of the household, including the finances, planted gardens, brewed her own beer for sale, and helped Luther in the formulation of his ideas. She also regularly contended with harsh criticism from Luther's enemies, who denounced the marriage of two former clerics who, according to Catholic tradition, were supposed to have remained celibate. After Luther's death in 1546, Katharina struggled to maintain their home but was forced to flee during the Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547) and died of an unknown disease in 1552.

卡塔琳娜·冯·博拉（又名凯瑟琳·路德，约1499-1552年）是一位修女，她在1523年写信给马丁·路德，请求他帮助将她和其他一些皈依他教义的人从修道院中解救出来。路德派了商人伦纳德·科普（Leonard Kopp），他经常向修道院运送货物，他用空鲱鱼桶把这些妇女偷运出来。然后，这些妇女可以自由地回家、结婚或做她们想做的事，但她们的许多家庭没有能力把她们带回去，而且当时的男人也不愿意与以前的修女结婚。路德为所有的妇女找到了一个家，除了卡塔琳娜，他在1525年娶了她。她立即接管了家里所有的实际事务，包括财务，种植花园，自己酿制啤酒出售，并帮助路德制定他的想法。她还经常与路德的敌人的严厉批评作斗争，他们谴责两个前教士的婚姻，而根据天主教传统，这两个教士应该保持独身。路德1546年去世后，卡塔琳娜努力维持家，但在施马尔卡尔德战争（1546-1547）期间被迫逃离，并于1552年死于一种未知的疾病。

阿古拉·冯·格伦巴赫

Argula von Grumbach (nee von Stauff, l. 1490 to c. 1564) was born to an upper-class, highly devout, Catholic family in Bavaria who valued education. Her father ignored the Church's teachings discouraging education for women, and she was already reading and memorizing the Bible by age ten. She was a lady-in-waiting at court by age 16 where she continued to study the Bible, and in 1516, she was married to the noble Friedrich von Grumbach (d. 1530). In 1522, Argula read the works of Luther and Philip Melanchthon (l. 1497-1560) and converted to the Protestant vision. Her husband remained Catholic and, as she wrote frequently about her new faith, his colleagues encouraged him to break her hands or even murder her if he could not make her stop. He did neither, but their marriage seems to have suffered because of their religious differences. She is best known for her eloquent letter defending a young Lutheran teacher at the University of Ingolstadt who was arrested for heresy. The letter was quickly turned into a pamphlet, printed, and became a bestseller. She was regularly denounced as a whore and was shunned by many of her family and friends, but she continued writing, corresponding with Luther, and even traveling alone to preach on the new teachings until her death from unknown causes c. 1564.

阿古拉·冯·格伦巴赫（Argula von Grumbach）（名冯·斯陶夫，约1490年至约1564年）出生在巴伐利亚一个高度虔诚的天主教上层家庭，他们重视教育。她的父亲无视教会不鼓励妇女接受教育的教义，她在10岁时就开始阅读和背诵圣经。她16岁时成为宫廷的女官，继续学习《圣经》，1516年，她与贵族弗里德里希·冯·格伦巴赫（1530年去世）结婚。1522年，阿古拉阅读了路德和菲利普·梅朗雄（1497-1560）的作品，并皈依了新教的视野。她的丈夫仍然是天主教徒，由于她经常写关于新信仰的文章，他的同事们鼓励他打断她的手，甚至谋杀她。他没有这样做，但他们的婚姻似乎因为他们的宗教分歧而受到影响。她最出名的是为因戈尔施塔特大学一位年轻的路德教教师辩护的雄辩信，该教师因异端而被捕。这封信很快就被编成小册子，印刷出来，成为一本畅销书。她经常被谴责为妓女，并被她的许多家人和朋友回避，但她继续写作，与路德保持通信，甚至独自旅行，宣讲新教义，直到她在1564年左右因不明原因而死亡。

安娜·赖因哈特

Anna Reinhart (also given as Anna Rheinhard, l. c. 1484-1538) was a young woman of Zürich known for her exceptional beauty who secretly married one John von Knonau in 1504 after his father forbade their relationship. When von Knonau's father learned of their marriage, he disinherited his son, who then joined the Swiss mercenaries to make a living. He returned from the wars in ill health and died, leaving Anna with a son, Gerold. When Huldrych Zwingli came to Zürich in 1519, he discarded the Church liturgy and began reading directly from the Bible, making him a popular minister. Anna was a member of his congregation, and he took an interest in helping her and her son. They were married in 1524, but in secret since Zwingli was a priest and was supposed to remain celibate. When news of their marriage broke, they were censured, and Zwingli responded by defending clerical marriages and the state of marriage in general as sinless. Anna supported and cared for Zwingli throughout their time together, arranging for bodyguards when he left the home and helping him proofread his translation of the Bible. After he was killed in the Kappel Wars in 1531, she was taken under care by his successor Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) and his wife Anna until her death from illness in 1538.

安娜·赖因哈特（Anna Reinhart，又名安娜·莱茵哈特，约1484-1538年）是苏黎世的一位年轻女子，以其非凡的美貌而闻名，在约翰·冯·克诺诺的父亲禁止其关系后，她于1504年秘密结婚。当冯·克诺诺的父亲得知他们的婚姻后，他剥夺了儿子的继承权，冯·克诺诺被迫加入了瑞士雇佣军以谋生。他从战争中回来后因健康状况不佳去世了，留下安娜和一个儿子格罗尔德。1519年，当胡德莱克·茨温利来到苏黎世时，他抛弃了教会的礼仪，开始直接诵读《圣经》，这使他成为一个受欢迎的牧师。安娜是他的会众之一，他对帮助她和她的儿子产生了兴趣。他们于1524年结婚，但由于茨温利是一名牧师，应该保持独身，所以是秘密结婚。当他们结婚的消息传出后，他们受到了指责，而茨温利的回应是为神职人员的婚姻和一般的婚姻状态辩护，认为其没有罪。在他们在一起的日子里，安娜一直支持和照顾茨温利，在他离开家的时候安排保镖，并帮助他校对《圣经》翻译。1531年茨温利在卡佩尔战争中被杀后，她被他的继任者海因里希·布林格（约1504-1575）和他的妻子安娜照顾，直到1538年因病去世。

卡塔琳娜·泽尔

Katharina Schutz (also known as Katharina Zell, l. 1497-1562) was a well-educated Catholic of Strasbourg who was introduced to Luther's teachings by the priest Matthew Zell who became the pastor of her church in the city in 1518. Zell had rejected Catholic precepts for Lutheranism, and Katharina converted as well. She married Zell in 1523, one of the first women to marry a clergyman, and worked with him as an equal partner in advancing the cause of the Reformation. She was a prolific writer whose pamphlets became bestsellers, especially her work justifying clerical marriage. Like Argula von Grumbach, she was criticized by her enemies for neglecting her 'wifely duties' and acting 'against nature,' though she never faced the same level of opposition. When the German Peasants' War broke out in 1524, she and her husband worked together to try to stop the violence, and she regularly cared for the sick and poor of the city. After her husband's death, she continued writing, preaching, and welcoming refugees from Catholic persecution into her home. She was well-respected by both Luther and John Calvin (l. 1509-1564) and continued in her care for others until dying of disease in 1562.

卡塔琳娜·舒茨（又名卡塔琳娜·泽尔，l.1497-1562）是斯特拉斯堡一位受过良好教育的天主教徒，她被牧师马修·泽尔传授给路德的教义，后者于1518年成为她在该市的教堂牧师。泽尔拒绝了天主教的戒律，转而信仰路德教，卡塔琳娜也皈依了路德教。她于1523年与泽尔结婚，是第一批与神职人员结婚的妇女之一，并作为平等伙伴与他一起推动宗教改革事业。她是一位多产的作家，她的小册子成为畅销书，特别是她为牧师婚姻辩护的作品。与阿古拉·冯·格伦巴赫一样，她被敌人批评为忽视 "妻子的责任 "和 "违背自然"的行为，尽管她从未面临同样程度的反对。1524年德国农民战争爆发时，她和丈夫一起努力试图阻止暴力，她还经常照顾城市里的病人和穷人。丈夫去世后，她继续写作、布道，并欢迎逃避天主教迫害的难民来到她家。她深受路德和约翰·加尔文（1509-1564）的尊重，并继续照顾他人，直到1562年因病去世。

瓦卢瓦·昂古莱姆的玛格丽特

Marguerite de Navarre (also known as Margaret of Navarre, l. 1492-1549) was the highly educated Queen of Navarre, wife of Henry II of Navarre (r. 1517-1555) and sister of Francois I (Francis I of France, r. 1515-1547). She was fluent in English, French, Hebrew, Latin, and Spanish and well-versed in classical literature. Her court was internationally renowned and, after her conversion to Protestantism, she influenced the Reformation in England through the translation of her poem Mirror of the Sinful Soul, which was condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church. Marguerite would have no doubt been persecuted for this poem and her other writings but for the protection of her powerful brother. She regularly interceded with him to release Protestants from prison or allow them to preach in France, and he did as she asked, even though he remained a devout Roman Catholic. She maintained a correspondence with Marie Dentière, John Calvin, and Philip Melanchthon, among others, and helped to establish the Reformation in France through her patronage of the arts, Protestant works, and protection of those who would otherwise have been arrested and executed as heretics.

玛格丽特·德·纳瓦拉（Marguerite de Navarre，又称瓦卢瓦·昂古莱姆的玛格丽特，1492-1549）是受过高等教育的纳瓦拉女王，纳瓦拉的亨利二世（1517-1555年）的妻子，弗朗索瓦一世（法国的弗朗西斯一世，1515-1547年）的妹妹。她能说流利的英语、法语、希伯来语、拉丁语和西班牙语，并精通古典文学。她的宫廷在国际上享有盛名，在她皈依新教后，通过翻译她的诗歌《罪恶的灵魂之镜》影响了英国的宗教改革，这首诗被天主教会谴责为异端邪说。如果不是因为她强大的哥哥的保护，玛格丽特无疑会因为这首诗和她的其他著作受到迫害。她经常向他求情，让他释放狱中的新教徒，或允许他们在法国传教，而他也按她的要求做了，尽管他仍然是一个虔诚的罗马天主教徒。她与玛丽·丹蒂埃尔、约翰·加尔文和菲利普·梅朗雄等人保持着通信联系，并通过对艺术、新教作品的赞助，以及对那些会被当作异端逮捕和处决的人的保护，帮助在法国建立宗教改革。

玛丽·丹蒂埃尔

Marie Dentière (l. c. 1495-1561) was an accomplished writer and reformer in her own right who worked with her husband Antoine Froment (l. 1508-1581), Guillaume Farel (William Farel, l. 1489-1565), and John Calvin to establish the Reformation in Geneva and extend reformed teachings throughout Switzerland and France. She was a nun in modern-day Belgium and had become an abbess when she read Luther's works in 1524 and abandoned her position, fleeing to Strasbourg where she married a Reformed priest. After his death, she married Froment, and the two lived outside of Geneva. She wrote and anonymously published The War and Deliverance of the City of Geneva in 1536 advocating for widespread acceptance of Reformed teachings and equality for women, especially as clergy. Dentière rejected the patriarchal view that women were incapable of understanding, much less preaching, scripture, and cited female figures from the Bible as support for her claims. She encouraged Marguerite de Navarre to banish the Catholic clergy from France and supported the work of Calvin and Farel in Geneva until they distanced themselves from her due to her 'radical' views on women's equality. After her death, Froment faded from the movement, suggesting it was actually Dentière who was the reformer. She is the only woman whose name appears on the Reformation Wall monument in Geneva.

玛丽·丹蒂埃尔（约1495-1561年）是一位有成就的作家和改革者，她与她的丈夫安托万·弗蒙特（约1508-1581年）、纪尧姆·法雷尔（威廉-法雷尔，约1489-1565年）和约翰·加尔文合作，在日内瓦建立宗教改革，并将改革的教义推广到整个瑞士和法国。她是比利时的一名修女，1524年当她读到路德的作品时，已经成为一名修道院院长；她放弃了职位，逃到斯特拉斯堡，在那里她嫁给了一名改革派牧师。牧师死后，她嫁给了弗洛芒，两人住在日内瓦郊外。她撰写并在1536年匿名出版了《日内瓦城的战争与解救》，主张广泛接受改革宗的教义和妇女的平等，特别是作为神职人员。丹蒂埃尔反对认为妇女没有能力理解，更不用说宣讲经文的父权制观点，并引用了《圣经》中的女性人物来支持她的主张。她鼓励玛格丽特·德·纳瓦拉（Marguerite de Navarre）将天主教神职人员驱逐出法国，并支持加尔文和法勒尔在日内瓦的工作，直到他们因为她对妇女平等的 "激进 "观点而与她保持距离。她死后，弗洛芒特逐渐淡出了这场运动，这表明改革者实际上是丹蒂埃尔。她是唯一一位名字出现在日内瓦宗教改革墙纪念碑上的女性。

卡塔琳娜·冯·施文

Katharina von Zimmern (l. 1478-1547) was the abbess of the Fraumünster Abbey in Zürich for 30 years and the last before the monasteries were dissolved. She entered monastic life when she was around 13 and became abbess at 18. Under her authority, the monastery expanded, and she became one of the most powerful and well-respected women in the city. When Zwingli began preaching the Reformed vision in 1519, von Zimmern supported him, inviting him to preach at the monastery every Friday. After the First Disputation of 1523 between Zwingli and representatives of the Church, Zwingli's version of Christianity was accepted by Zürich, and in 1524, von Zimmern voluntarily surrendered Fraumünster to the city of Zürich to be put to other uses. Her advocacy of the Reformation ensured its peaceful adoption by the city council and the closure of the other monasteries without the kind of violence and bloodshed that accompanied such changes elsewhere. Afterwards, she married Eberhard von Reischach, and they had two children before von Reischach was killed in the Kappel Wars along with Zwingli. She died of natural causes at home around the age of 69.

卡塔琳娜·冯·施文（Katharina von Zimmern）（约1478-1547）是苏黎世的弗劳明斯特修道院的院长，为期30年，是修道院解散前的最后一位院长。她在13岁左右进入修道院生活，18岁成为院长。在她的领导下，修道院不断扩大，她也成为该市最有权势和最受尊敬的妇女之一。当茨温利在1519年开始宣扬改革派的观点时，冯·施文支持他，邀请他每周五在修道院讲道。在1523年茨温利和教会代表之间的第一次争论之后，茨温利的基督教版本被苏黎世接受，1524年，冯·施文自愿将弗劳明斯特交给苏黎世市作其他用途。她对宗教改革的倡导确保了宗教改革被市议会和平采纳，并关闭了其他修道院，而没有像其他地方那样发生暴力和流血事件。之后，她嫁给了埃伯哈德·冯·赖沙赫，在冯·赖沙赫与茨温利一起在卡佩尔战争中被杀之前，他们有两个孩子。她大约69岁时在家中自然死亡。

阿尔布雷特的胡安娜

Jeanne d'Albret (Joan III of Navarre, l. 1528-1572) was the daughter of Marguerite de Navarre. She converted to Calvinism in 1560 and became the leader of the French Huguenots (French Protestants). She was well-educated, composing poetry and memoirs, and was influenced by her mother's religious convictions, entertaining them without embracing them. In 1555, she and her second husband Antoine de Bourbon (l. 1518-1562) became the rulers of Navarre, and one of her earliest acts was to call a conference of Protestant ministers to present their case. She officially converted to Protestantism on Christmas Day 1560 and outlawed Catholicism, banishing all Catholic clergy. Her actions contributed to the hostilities that erupted as the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) between Catholics and Protestants in which over 3 million people, including Antoine de Bourbon, died. Jeanne ruled alone afterwards and used her personal funds to finance the Huguenot forces. She was threatened by the pope, who also initiated plans to have her kidnapped and imprisoned or executed, but she remained true to her convictions even when Antoine, who had sided with the Catholics, threatened to divorce her. She concluded the peace through the marriage of her son Henry (l. 1553-1610, later King Henry IV of France) to Margaret of Valois (l. 1553-1615), daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici (l. 1519-1589), who was later rumored to have poisoned her. She actually died of natural causes at home.

阿尔布雷特的胡安娜（Joan III of Navarre, 1528-1572）是玛格丽特·德·纳瓦拉的女儿。她于1560年皈依加尔文教，成为法国胡格诺派（法国新教徒）的领袖。她受过良好的教育，创作诗歌和回忆录，并受到她母亲的宗教信仰的影响，接受了这些信仰，但没有完全接受。1555年，她和她的第二任丈夫安托万·德·波旁（Antoine de Bourbon，1518-1562年）成为纳瓦拉的统治者，她最早的行动之一就是召集新教牧师开会，陈述他们的观点。1560年圣诞节，她正式改信新教，并取缔了天主教，驱逐了所有天主教神职人员。她的行为促成了天主教徒和新教徒之间爆发的法国宗教战争（1562-1598），包括安托万·德·波旁在内的300多万人在这场战争中死亡。她此后单独执政，用她的个人资金资助胡格诺派的军队。她受到教皇的威胁，教皇还发起了将她绑架入狱或处决的计划，但她仍然坚持自己的信念，即使是在站在天主教徒一边的安托万威胁要与她离婚的时候。她通过让儿子亨利（1553-1610年，后来的法国国王亨利四世）与法国国王亨利二世和凯瑟琳·德·美第奇（1519-1589年）的女儿瓦卢斯的玛格丽特（1553-1615年）结婚来达成和平，后来有人传言玛格丽特曾对她下毒。她实际上是在家里自然死亡的。

安娜·布林格

Anna Adischwyler (also known as Anna Bullinger, l. c. 1504-1564) was the wife of the reformer Heinrich Bullinger who succeeded Zwingli as head of the Reformed Church in Zürich after the latter's death in 1531. Her father died when she was eight years old, and her mother, who was ill and could not afford to raise her, turned her over to a local convent in Zürich, where she became a nun. The convent also served as a hospital where her mother became a patient. After the monasteries were dissolved in 1524, Anna (who had converted to Protestantism) and her mother remained behind, and she met Bullinger when he accompanied Zwingli's associate Leo Judd (l. 1482-1542) on a visit one day. Bullinger instantly fell in love with her and proposed marriage, but her mother, who remained Catholic, objected, and they had to wait until she died in 1529 to marry. Anna Bullinger not only supported her husband's ministry and vast responsibilities once he took over from Zwingli but also opened her home to refugees and the poor of the city as well as entertaining the leading reformers of the day when they visited Zürich in addition to raising her eleven children. She was praised as a selfless and devoted Christian, working tirelessly to provide comfort and shelter for others, and proved this by caring for her husband when he was stricken by the plague, even though she was sick herself. She died of the plague in 1564.

安娜·布林格（约1504-1564年）是改革家海因里希·布林格的妻子，在茨温利于1531年去世后接替他成为苏黎世改革派教会的领袖。她的父亲在她8岁时去世，她的母亲因病无力抚养她，就把她交给了苏黎世当地的一家修道院，在那里她成为了一名修女。修道院同时也是一家医院，她的母亲是那里的病人。1524年修道院被解散后，安娜（已皈依新教）和她的母亲留了下来，有一天布林格陪同茨温利的助手利奥·贾德（1482-1542）访问时，她遇到了布林格。布林格一下子就爱上了她，并提出结婚，但她的母亲仍然是天主教徒，所以女儿的请求遭到反对，他们不得不等到母亲于1529年去世后才结婚。安娜·布林格不仅在丈夫接替茨温利后支持他的事业，而且接收难民和城市的穷人，并在当时的主要改革者访问苏黎世时招待他们；此外还抚养她的11个孩子。她被称赞为一个无私奉献的基督徒，不知疲倦地工作，为他人提供安慰和庇护，并在她丈夫患瘟疫时照顾他，即使她自己也生病了。她于1564年死于瘟疫。

奥林皮亚·富尔维亚·莫拉塔

Olympia Fulvia Morata (l. 1526-1555) was a poet, scholar, and writer who also served as companion and tutor to the princess Anna d'Este (l. 1531-1607). She was born in Ferrara, Italy, and her literary father ensured she was well-educated. She had read the classical works and was fluent in both Greek and Latin by age 12, prompting her selection as companion-at-court to Anna d'Este. Around 1546 she converted to Protestantism, and after Anna d'Este left to get married, Olympia returned home to care for her ailing father. After his death, she cared for her mother while studying philosophy and the Bible, writing commentaries and dialogues, and corresponding with other scholars including Melanchthon. Around 1550, she married the physician Andreas Grundler and followed him to his hometown in Schweinfurt, Bavaria. At this point, she had already translated the psalms into Greek and seems to have written a number of important commentaries on philosophy and religion, which were not yet published. In 1553, the renegade noble Albert Alcibiades pillaged Schweinfurt as part of his policy of securing sacred relics, and the couple had to flee with only their clothes, leaving many of Olympia's works behind, which were lost when the city was burned. They found refuge in Heidelberg, where they lived for a year until Olympia died, possibly of plague, in 1555. Her husband had saved what works he could, and they were later published at Basel in three editions between 1558 and 1580. They are regarded as some of the greatest philosophical works of the Reformation period.

奥林皮亚·富尔维亚·莫拉塔（1526-1555）是一位诗人、学者和作家，也是安娜·德·埃斯特公主（1531-1607）的伙伴与导师。她出生在意大利的费拉拉，她的父亲确保其受到了良好的教育。她读过古典作品，12岁时就能流利地讲希腊语和拉丁语，这促使她被选为安娜·德·埃斯特的宫廷伙伴。1546年左右，她皈依了新教，在安娜·德·埃斯特离开后结婚，奥林匹亚回到家里照顾她生病的父亲。父亲去世后，她一边照顾母亲，一边学习哲学和圣经，写评论和对话，并与包括梅朗雄在内的其他学者通信。1550年左右，她与医生安德烈亚斯·格伦德勒结婚，并跟随他来到巴伐利亚州施韦因富特的故乡。此时，她已经将诗篇翻译成希腊文，似乎还写了一些关于哲学和宗教的重要评论，但这些评论还没有出版。1553年，叛乱的贵族阿尔伯特·阿尔西比阿德(Alcibiades)掠夺了施韦因富特，作为其保护圣物政策的一部分，这对夫妇不得不只带着衣服逃走，留下了许多奥林匹亚的作品，这些作品在城市被烧毁时丢失了。他们在海德堡找到了避难所，在那里生活了一年，直到奥林匹亚于1555年去世，可能是死于瘟疫。她的丈夫保存了他能保存的作品，这些作品后来在1558年至1580年期间在巴塞尔分三个版本出版。它们被认为是宗教改革时期最伟大的哲学作品之一。

总结

There are many others whose contributions were considered important enough to note but with few details given. One famous example of this is Idelette de Bure (l. 1500-1549), wife of John Calvin. Idelette was a young widow with two children when she married Calvin, and when she died, he wrote that she was his best friend who faithfully encouraged his ministry. She also cared for him constantly during his bouts of illness. Another interesting figure is Mary Phyllis (b. c. 1577), who came from Africa to London as a child and embraced the Protestant vision. She is among the first known Protestants of color in Europe, but little else is recorded of her life save that she was an important member of her congregation.

还有许多人，他们的贡献也很重要，但却没有什么细节记载。这方面，有个著名的例子是约翰·加尔文的妻子伊德莱特·德·布雷（l.1500-1549）。伊德莱特嫁给加尔文时是个年轻的寡妇，有两个孩子，当她去世时，他写道，她是他最好的朋友，忠实地鼓励他的事业。她还在加尔文生病期间不断地照顾他。另一个有趣的人物是玛丽·菲利斯（约1577年生），她从小就从非洲来到伦敦，接受了新教的理念。她是欧洲第一批已知的有色人种新教徒之一，但除了她是会众中的重要成员外，关于她的生活几乎没有记录。

Several Anabaptist women are also noted in the records but frequently only regarding their arrest and execution. Aefgen Listincx (d. 1538), for example, was an Anabaptist prophet who was instrumental in establishing the sect's control over the German city of Münster in 1534-1535. The Anabaptists were denounced as dangerous radicals by both Catholics and other Protestant sects, and after the city fell to their forces in 1535, she was arrested and burned as a heretic in 1538. These women, and many others, contributed greatly to the Reformation, establishing themselves as the equals of men and encouraging other women to follow their example.

记录中还提到了几位再洗礼派的妇女，但往往只是关于她们的逮捕和处决。例如，Aefgen Listincx（卒于1538年）是一名再洗礼派的先知，在1534-1535年建立该教派对德国城市明斯特的控制方面发挥了作用。再洗礼派被天主教徒和其他新教教派谴责为危险的激进分子，在1535年城市落入他们的势力范围后，她于1538年被逮捕并作为异端被烧死。这些妇女和其他许多妇女对宗教改革作出了巨大贡献，她们确立了自己与男人平等的地位，并鼓励其他妇女以她们为榜样。