高中语法系列 十五 名词性从句
重难点分析
名词性从句是历年高考的重点和难点，也是热点。掌握好名词性从句这个语法项目有着极为重要的意义。名词性从句相当于名词，可作主句的主语、宾语、表语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句（见下表）。
主语从句
作主语，用that, whether, if, what(=the thing that)等连接词引导。
宾语从句
作宾语，用that（可省略）, whether（or not）, if, what(=the thing which)等连接词引导。
表语从句
用that（一般不省略）, whether, what(=the thing which)等连接词引导。
同位语从句
用that（常用在news, thought, idea, plan, suggestion, fact等词后），whether等连接词引导。
一、主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主语谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。如：
Who will go is not important. 谁将去不是重要的。
1. it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子每一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. (主语从句) 你没去看电影真是遗憾。
It is in the morning that the murder took place. （强调句）谋杀案发生的时间是在早晨。
2. 用it作形式主语的结构
句型
例句
1
It is+名词+主语从句
It is a fact that…事实是……/ It is an honor that…非常荣幸……/ It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
2
It is+形容词+主语从句
It is natural that………很自然/ It is strange that… 奇怪的是…… （此句型后面常接虚拟语气should+动词原形）
3
It+不及物动词+主语从句
It seems that…似乎……/ It happened that…碰巧……/ It appears that…似乎……
4
It is/has been+过去分词+主语从句
It is reported that…据报道……/ It has been proved that…据证实……/ It is said that…据说……/ It is believed that 据认为/一般人都认为……
2. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
说明
例句
1
if引导的主语从句不可位于复合句句首
Whether he will come or not in unknown. (正)
If he will come or not is unknown. (误)
2
It is said/reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前
It is said that Mr. Xi will visit our school next week. (正)
Mr. Xi will visit our school next week is said. (误)
3
It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (正)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (误)
4
It doesn’t matter how/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (正)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (误)
5
含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前
Isn’t likely that it will rain in the evening? (正)
Is that it will rain in the evening likely? (误)
二、宾语从句
宾语从句是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
说明
例句
1
作动词的宾语
由that引导的宾语从句（that通常可以省略）
I heard (that) he joined the army. 我听说他参军了。
由what, whether/if, when, where等引导的宾语从句
She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。
动词+间接宾语+宾语从句
She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她告诉我她将接受我的邀请。
2
作介词的宾语
Our success depends on/upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们互相合作得有多好。
3
作形容词的宾语
I am afraid (that) I have made a mistake. 恐怕我犯了个错。
4
It可以作为形式宾语
We heard it that she would get married next month. 我们听说她下个月打算结婚。
5
否定前移（若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式）。
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
注意：that引导的从句常跟在某些形容词后作宾语，如：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, satisfied, content等。也可将此类词后的从句看作是原因状语从句。
三、表语从句
表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的引导词that一般不省略。另外，常用的含有表语从句的结构还有“The reason is that…”，“It is because…”，“That’s why…”等。如：
The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 他上学迟到的原因是他错过了早班车。
四、同位语从句
同位语从句是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
说明
例句
1
同位语的功能
(一般由that引导)
对于名词进一步解释
The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 国王做出释放那个罪犯的决定让所有人都很吃惊。
说明名词的具体内容
The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 所有的士兵都应该保持不动，这个命令是将军下的。
2
同位语从句在句子中的位置
有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，被别的词隔开
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 他从玛丽那里得到消息——运动会被推迟了。
五、whether, if引导名词性从句的区别
说明
例句
1
句首引导主语从句只能用whether
Whether we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 我们明天是否去野营取决于天气。
2
if不能引导表语从句
What the doctor really doubts is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. 医生真正怀疑的是我的母亲是否会很快从重病中恢复。
3
if不能引导介词后的宾语从句
Everything depends on whether we can make a plan that they will agree to. 一切取决于我们能否做出一个他们会同意的计划。
4
宾语从句是否定句只能用if
I asked Peter if he hadn’t decided what he would say at the meeting. 我问皮特他是不是还没决定会议上他讲的内容。
5
discuss后的宾语从句只能用whether引导
We discussed whether the medicine will cause side effects. 我们讨论了这个药是否会引起副作用。
注意：doubt作“怀疑”解，后接宾语从句时，如主句是肯定的，宾语从句用whether或if引导，如主句是否定，宾语从句只能用that引导。如：
I doubt whether/if he is fit for the job. 我怀疑他是否胜任这份工作。
I don’t doubt that he can do it very well. 他能把它做好，我不怀疑。
考点练透
一、单句填空 用适当的连词填空，补全下列句子。
1. I can’t decide dictionary I would buy.
2. That’s he refused my invitation.
3. I am very interested in he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.
4. we need is more time.
5. The fact she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.
6. and they will meet has not been decided yet.
7. Please tell me you are waiting for.
8. Is that you are looking for?
9. Would you please tell me the nearest post office is?
10. I don’t know he will agree to the plan or not.
11. is done can’t be undone.
12. Take care you don’t make mistakes in the coming exam.
13. To his surprise, the umbrella was not he had put.
14. we can’t get seems better than we have.
15. he is willing to come is not important.
16. they are most interested in is they can produce more and better cars.
17. It doesn’t matter I rest or not.
18. I have will be yours sooner or later.
19. I think it is you are eating too much.
20. Can you make sure Alice has put the gold necklace?
21. —Do you remember he came?
—Yes, I do. He came by train.
22. Mother asked me was wrong with me.
23. they have won the game made us excited.
24. he says in his report is a very interesting question.
25. That is he failed to arrive on time.
二、语篇填空 根据短文意思用适当的词填空。
I don’t know 1 you have noticed 2 some students don’t want to walk to school. It can be seen every day 3 their parents drive them to school. But nowadays, it should be brought to our notice 4 the air is seriously polluted. 5 can we do about it? Here I have a suggestion 6 we should ride on our bike to school! 7 we can do it will not only have significant benefits for our health, 8 also help improve our environment. 9 we will have a better environment depends on 10 we can do for ourselves and for nature.
三、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Keeping complaining can be a hurt in interpersonal relationships. So, 1 (improve) relationship with others, you need to be aware of several sensible 2 (way) to complain. To begin with, you need to be specific. Don’t say, “Boy, did you act like a fool at the party?” Instead, say, “You embarrassed me by getting drunk and telling 3 (offend) jokes to my parents.” Secondly, stick to the present. Don’t mention old offences 4 are from last month or last year. 5 doing this, you take away attention from the problem at hand. Moreover, 6 you complain, never add insults. If you start calling the other person names, that only 7 (create) anger and hurt any chance of getting the person to really listen to 8 . A last point to remember is to complain privately. Never criticize the other person in front of friends, parents, children, or anyone else for that matter. Criticizing in front of a third party has the same effect as insults. This shames the person 9 (criticize) and makes 10 very likely that the person will want to attack you orally rather than listen to you.
参考答案
考点练透
一、单句填空
1. which 2. why 3. how 4. What 5. that 6. When; where 7. whom(m) 8. what 9. where 10. whether 11. What 12. that 13. where 14. What; what 15. Whether 16. What; how 17. whether 18. Whatever 19. because 20. where 21. how 22. what 23. That 24. What 25. why
二、语篇填空
1. whether 2. that 3. that 4. that 5. What 6. that 7. That 8. but 9. Whether 10. what
三、语法填空
一直抱怨对人际关系是一种损害。对此，本文作者告诉我们如何明智地进行抱怨。
1. to improve 考查非谓语动词。作目的状语用动词不定式。
2. ways 考查名词单复数。根据空前的several可知要用复数形式。
3. offensive 考查词类转换。形容词修饰名词。offensive意为“攻击性的、冒犯性的”。
4. which 考查连接词。此处which引导定语从句，修饰先行词old offences，并在从句中作主语。
5. By 考查介词。分析句子成分可知， 5 doing this在句中不作主语、宾语或表语，故填介词。根据上下语境，此处理应是表“通过这么做，你就可以……”，故填介词By最合适。注意首字母要大写。
6. when 考查连接词。空后是两个分句，填连接词。根据上下语境和句意可知，此处理应是个时间状语从句，故填when。
7. will create 考查动词时态。常用句型If sb…, sb. will …。
8. you 考查代词。缺少介词宾语填代词，根据上下语境和前面的主语you可知此处填宾语you。
9. being criticized 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，动词criticize在此作非谓语动词。而criticize与逻辑主语the person却存在被动关系，故考虑现在分词形式。但根据上下语境和句意可知，此处理应是指“这会使那个正在被批评的人非常丢脸”才对，故填being criticized作后置定语为最佳答案。此题较难。
10. it 考查代词。此处it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的that从句。
助读词汇
sensible adj. 明智的 specific adj. 具体的
offence n. 冒犯 insult n. 侮辱
privately adv. 私下地 shame vt. 使丢脸
orally adv. 口头上 interpersonal relationship 人际关系
