机体生物学 38 - L28/29: Study Questions

回顾问题不定期更新 Study Questions are Made by Prof. Cruz & Prof. Moore from Oberlin College & Conservatory 

Lecture 28 & 29: Immunity 

1. How does innate immunity differ from acquired immunity? Describe important differences. 

2. How do phagocytic leukocytes differ from secretory leukocytes? Despite their differences, how do these cells work together to counteract pathogens? 

3. Trichomes, such as the ‘hairs ‘of stinging nettle, contain histamines, which deter or prevent feeding by animals. Mast cells of the vertebrate immune system not only contain, but also release, histamines in response to an irritant, such as pollen, fungal spores, etc. Histamines are cytokines, used by immune-system cells to signal to one another. Why are histamines useful to you? 

4. Allergies are hypersensitivity (extreme or overblown) responses to certain antigens. Inflammation of the epithelium of respiratory tubes can accompany allergic responses, causing these tubes to narrow, thus making breathing difficult. Explain how antihistamines might work to relieve allergy symptoms. 

5. How do leukocytes differ from lymphocytes? How and where do these cells move around in the body? 

6. How do B cells differ from T cells? What role do they play in acquired immunity? What role do antigens play in acquired immunity? How would you define ‘antigen’? 

7. Vaccines are preparations containing antigens or weakened (not virulent enough to cause disease) pathogens carrying antigens administered to prevent future encounters with the pathogen from causing disease. Explain how vaccines do their job. 

8. Propose an explanation for why you would need a tetanus shot every ten years or so. The tetanus shot is a vaccine made from the toxin made by an anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium tetani, which causes uncontrollable spasms of skeletal (not cardiac) muscles as well as lockjaw. 8. How are the B cell receptor (BcR) and the T cell receptor (TcR) similar? How are they different? Make a list of criteria you could use for comparing these proteins. 

9. What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? Give examples. 

10. What are the functions of memory B cells, memory T cells, plasma cells, respectively? 

11. B cells do not require antigen presentation, but T cells do. Explain why. (Hint: What would happen if antigens weren’t presented to helper T cells? What would happen if antigens weren’t presented to cytotoxic T cells?) 

12. What is the role in acquired immunity of the proteins called Clusters of Differentiation (CD) 4 and 8, respectively? 

13. What is the function of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I? MHC II?

14. Why is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), unlike other viruses, considered deadly even if it does not directly kill its victim? 

15. Why does the immune system need a “secret handshake” that uses MHC II and CD8 proteins? Why isn’t the binding between MHC I and CD8 sufficient? 

16. To help organize your studying, it will be useful to make lists or a grid (really good to do!) that will summarize which immune cells do what, which proteins bind what, and the immediate result of ligands binding to which receptors and MHCs. 

17. Instructions: Label the kinds of cells (there may be more than one) shown in the binding interactions below:

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