关于 Feather Nazis的相关辟谣

英文文本和链接的提供者匿名，对译者进行了一些其他协助

翻译：本人（几乎所有网站用户名都是赤江镀），雅思阅读7.5，生物制药专业

以下是关于一些古生物爱好者对于羽毛纳粹这个组织的谣言的澄清。希望各位爱好者不要因望文生义而滥用该组织名或者肆意评价该组织。

 

太长不看版：Feather Nazis本身是一个在Deviant Art上建立的绘画小组，成立的原本目的是科普宣传羽毛在手盗龙类中的多样性，只接收符合科学又兼具艺术性的作品，并对所有解剖学方面（骨骼、肌肉等）的复原都有非常严格的要求。该小组现已重组为council-of-feathers，加入新小组的要求依然是如下本人翻译的英文文本。

羽毛纳粹并不会为恐龙添加过量羽毛，更不可能为已知或很可能无羽毛的恐龙乱添羽毛（羽绒服霸王龙就是不可能被接受的），甚至不允许给不能飞的犹他盗龙画不对称飞羽。

羽毛纳粹的创立者之一Chris Masna是尽可能尝试科学地描述地狱溪组生态的游戏《Saurian》的主要艺术家。该游戏中显然没有羽绒服三角龙和羽绒服蜥脚类。其创立羽毛纳粹的目的可类比于于“语法纳粹”：https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Grammar%20Nazi

语法纳粹（Grammar Nazi）的释义如下：使用优秀的语法，并且经常温和地或严厉地指出网民语法错误的人。

同理，Chris Masna的本意是：羽毛纳粹的成员作为优秀的羽毛恐龙爱好者，应该指出民众对于羽毛恐龙的误解并进行相关辟谣，让民众认识羽毛恐龙真实的样子。该小组仅仅是一个古生物艺术家组成的小组，并没有胡乱为恐龙添加羽毛并强迫任何人接受。

看到这还滥用羽毛纳粹这个词的，拖出去让镰刀龙打一百个嘴巴子。

 

以下是该DA站小组的主页上的投稿要求。 

 

No lizards allowed严禁蜥蜴

This group is intended to show the great diversity of feathered dinosaurs that lived in the Mesozoic (of course, that excludes today's dinosaurs, the birds). Our goal is to erradicate the awful numeric supremacy of lizard-like depictions of dinosaurs, and to educate people about the most likely appearance of these dinosaurs.

本小组的目的是展示中生代羽毛恐龙的多样性（当然包含存活至今的恐龙，也就是鸟类）。我们的目的是消灭糟糕的大量主流地位的蜥蜴式恐龙复原，并告知人们这些恐龙最为精确的形象。

Our rules are stricter than most groups, so please follow these guidelines carefully if you want your artwork to be considered here.

我们的规则比其他小组更加严格，所以如果您希望将您的作品投稿至此，请遵守以下行动准则。

 

BECOMING A MEMBER成为一名小组成员

In order to be accepted as a member of the FeatherNazis group, it is a requirement that artwork consistent with the rules detailed below be present in your gallery with intent to submit. We are solely an art group and join requests by non-artists will not be accepted, but feel free to watch the group instead.

被接受为Feather Nazis小组成员的前提是符合以下规定的作品已经被投稿在您的gallery中，而且您具有强烈的意愿想要加入。我们只是一个艺术小组，非艺术家提出的加入请求会被拒绝，但您可以随意关注我们的小组作品。

 

SUBMITTING ART投稿艺术作品

We accept only Mesozoic, feathered, and anatomically accurate dinosaurs. Accuracy will be based on a combination of the following factors.我们仅接受中生代有羽毛的解剖学正确的恐龙。准确度根据以下标准综合判断。

 

Anatomy: Follow skeletals. If - for example - the limb proportions, skull shape, tooth number, pubic boot placement, tail shape, and limb placement deviate substantially from what can be inferred as random variation from an accepted skeletal reconstruction, it will be rejected. If no skeletal exists for the animal you're illustrating, or if you are illustrating an animal for which few elements are known, please use common sense and use the known proportions of closely-related animals.

解剖学：符合骨骼图。如果作品中的恐龙——举个例子——四肢的比例、头骨的形状、牙齿的数量、耻骨靴的形状（注1）、尾巴的形状、肢体位置与公认的骨骼重建的随机变化大相径庭，该作品会被拒绝。

 

Musculature: All illustrations submitted to this group must show the musculature fully accurate to what we currently know. This primarily means the shape of the muscles should follow those of up to date studies, and the size/mass of the muscles should follow a range acceptable for individual variation. Correct musculature also means no "shrink-wrapped" animals where every detail of the musculature is visible through the integument, Greg S. Paul style. For muscle mass reference, please see the external links section below.

肌肉系统：投稿到本小组的所有插图必须完全精确地展示我们目前已知的肌肉系统。这主要意味着肌肉的形态与最新的研究相符合，而且肌肉的大小必须符合可以接受的个体差异。正确的肌肉组织也意味着不要“皮包骨”的、所有肌肉细节都能通过表皮看到的Paul风格。对于肌肉形态的参考请看本文的外部链接部分。

Secondly, to be accepted, all dinosaurs must have a tail with the musculature sufficiently suggesting the presence of a large caudofemoralis muscle. This, along with further mass from other muscles such as the ilio-ischiocaudalis means that there should be no clear distinction between the hips, the thigh and the tail. I.e., the upper leg should be enveloped in the mass of the body. Further reference for this can also be found below.

第二，能够被接受的所有作品中的恐龙都应该有一个能够充分展示大块的尾股肌。这些肌肉以及更多以肠骨坐骨一带的肌肉为代表的肌肉组织意味着作品中的恐龙在髋部、大腿和尾巴处不能具有太明显的分隔，例如腿的上半部分应该被包裹在躯干的肌肉内部。更多参考在外部链接处可见。

Thirdly, the skull and jaw musculature of dinosaurs, especially theropods is quite substantial. It should almost completely obscure all the fenestrae in the skull. Additionally, the pterygoideus posterior muscle should be clearly visible at the back of the skull, as exampled in the musculature links below.

第三，恐龙头骨和下颌的肌肉组织，特别是兽脚类的这些肌肉是非常牢充实的。这些肌肉应当足以使可见的头骨窗孔结构显得模糊。而且，翼后肌应该在头骨后部清晰可见，类似于外部链接肌肉这一段中列举的内容。

 

Feathers: By definition, all illustrations accepted to this group will include feathered animals. For maniraptorans, these animals should be fully-feathered unless you give a specific justification for leaving certain areas unfeathered. We will not accept oviraptorosaurs, deinonychosaurs or basal birds without the primaries clearly attaching to the second finger. For animals where the full extent of the feathering is known from fossils, we will be more nitpicky about feather placement.

羽毛：在定义上，所有的能够被本小组接受的插图会包括有羽毛的动物。我们不会接受初级飞羽没有连接到第二指上的窃蛋龙类、恐爪龙类和基干鸟类。对于手盗龙类，这些动物应该是羽毛丰满的，除非您提供特殊的正当理由使作品中动物身体的某些部位没有羽毛。对于全身羽毛的面积和覆盖羽毛的位置都能够从化石中得知的动物，我们对于羽毛的位置要求会更高。

However, feather placement goes both ways. We will also look critically on illustrations that involve unrealistically extensive integument. For example, Utahraptor with asymmetrical primaries would not be accepted. Common sense for feathering is a must!

然而，羽毛的放置具有两面性。我们也会批判地看待那些含有不现实的大量体表覆羽的插图。举个例子，具有不对称初级飞羽的犹他盗龙不会被接受。关于羽毛的常识是必须具备的！

 

Environment and interaction: All illustrated backgrounds must exhibit some basic knowledge of the kind of environments in which the animals lived. You don't need to look up every Mesozoic plant included in the formation, but some general rules apply: no flowing fields of grass in the Jurassic, no Archaeopteryx in a florid jungle, no clearly modern plants, etc. Likewise, no anachronistic species interacting will be accepted. Interacting animals must be known or inferred from the same formation.

环境和互动：所有的插图背景必须显示一些关于动物们生存的环境的基础知识。您不需要查找地层中包含的每一种中生代植物，但要遵守一些基本规则：侏罗纪不能有大片草地、具有开花植物的丛林里不应该有始祖鸟、不能有明显的现代植物等等。同理，跨时空的生物互动是不被接受的。互动的动物必须是已知的或存在于同一地层的。

 

Coloration: No unrealistically-colored or patterned animals will be accepted. Again, common sense is a must. For example, feather iridescence of any kind in taxa depicted without closed-vaned feathers are unlikely at best. For animals where the specific coloration has been studied and published, following these color schemes is a must. For animals where a huge number of specimens are known, like Microraptor, it is sometimes acceptable to deviate from the published coloration if you point out that the species is not intended to be the same species as the one whose pigmentation was studied, the depiction shows a speculative color morph, or if the afflicted individual has a condition such as albinism. However, such submissions would go into the "hypothetical" folder, and works of this kind that contradict known feather coloration principles will not be accepted at all.

自然色彩：颜色或者颜色样式不可能存在于现实中的动物不会被接受。再强调一遍，常识是基本要求。举个例子，彩虹色的羽毛基本上不可能存在于属于不具有闭合羽片（注2）的类群的动物身上。对于特有自然色彩已经被研究和发表的动物，必须符合已发布的色彩分布方案。对于大量标本的颜色已知的动物，比如小盗龙，有些时候你指出这个种可能并不是已发表自然色彩、研究过色素分布的那个种，该作品展示了一种推测的颜色形态，或者该个体患有诸如白化病的疾病。然而，这些投稿会被分类在“假说”文件夹里，而且这类和已知羽毛自然颜色法则矛盾的作品完全不会被接受。

Because use of carotenoid pigments (colors derived from eating certain foods) in bird feathers is a unique characteristic of the clade Neoaves, no images of non-neoavian feathered dinosaurs will be accepted if they feature pink, bright red, bright orange, bright yellow, or bright green coloration. Dull reds, dull yellows, iridescent green, etc. coloration is acceptable if it is within the range of other pigments.

由于在鸟类羽毛中利用类胡萝卜素类色素（从食物中获得的色素）是新鸟类这一演化支的独有特征，所以具有粉色、亮红色、亮橙色、亮黄色、亮绿色的自然色彩的非新鸟类恐龙的图像不会被接受。暗红色、暗黄色、彩虹绿色等自然色彩是可以接受的，如果它们属于其他类别的色素。

 

Artistic quality: The purpose of this group is to provide its watchers with the highest-quality selection of feathered dinosaur art on DA. For that reason, meeting every requirement on a simple accuracy checklist will not be enough to admit a piece of artwork. The artist must display a significant understanding of basic artistic principles, shading, texture and composition. Sketches will only be admitted if they are extraordinary in every other way. Colored images with no shading and/or extremely rough texture will likewise often be rejected unless they are otherwise outstanding. Poor scans, scans with wrinkles, bad photographs of artwork, and artwork on lined paper will probably be rejected.

艺术质量：本小组的目的是为关注者选择并提供DA站上最高质量的羽毛恐龙作品。因此，完成一个简单的精确性清单上的所有要求不足以使一件作品被承认。艺术家必须展示明显的对于艺术基础原则、明暗法、质感、创作的理解。素描只有在其他方面都非常出色才有可能被接受。没有明暗法、质感极其粗糙的有色图像同理也会被拒绝，除非在其他方面足够出色。低质量的扫描、出现褶皱的扫描、作品的低质量相片、条纹纸上的作品几乎肯定会被拒绝。

In a similar vein, art may also be rejected if it does not convey a certain sense of realism in body shape and position. For example, a textbook-accurate tyrannosaur may be rejected if it is an awkward, unrealistic-looking pose. For further example, a textbook-accurate dromaeosaur may be rejected if its body shape is clearly "reptilian" and conveys no sense of avian grace. We understand that this is something of a subjective criterion and is difficult to qualify, but it is a hallmark of excellent paleoart and we seek to include only the best. Please be aware before submitting artwork that the group has high standards; there are many other paleo-themed DA groups with more lenient requirements that may be worth looking into.

同理，艺术作品如果没有表达现实中动物身体形态和姿势也会被拒绝。举个例子，一只精确到教科书级的暴龙如果具有一个尴尬、不现实的姿势会被拒绝。再举个例子，一只精确到教科书级的驰龙如果具有一个明显是“爬行动物”的身体形态、没有鸟类的优雅感也会被拒绝。我们理解这是一种主观的评价准则，而且它很难通过，但这是一个优秀古生物艺术作品的特征，我们追求的就是仅仅包含最优秀的作品。在投稿作品之前请注意本小组的要求很高；DA站还会有很多其他值得注意的、要求更宽松的古生物主题小组。

 

Humor folder rules: This folder is for cartoons, caricatures, PSAs, comics and general humorous artwork involving feathered dinosaurs. While this folder isn't intended to be strict paleoart, submissions must still be reasonably accurate. Correct feather placement and avoidance of common mistakes is a must, though leniency may be afforded to anachronisms and reasonable degrees of anthropomorphism.

幽默文件夹的要求：该文件夹用于包含涉及羽毛恐龙的卡通、漫画表现手法、PSA、漫画、笼统的幽默作品。虽然该文件夹不是为严格的古生物艺术而建立的，但投稿依然必须遵守适度的准确性。必须遵守正确的羽毛分布和规避常见错误，虽然宽松的代价可能是时间混乱和合理范围内的拟人化表现。

 

Additional rules:附加规则

No Jurassic Park, DinoCrisis, etc. dinosaurs covered in feathers. NEVER. Those usually are not dinosaurs but monsters.

不能投稿有羽毛的侏罗纪公园、恐龙危机等作品的恐龙。永。远。不。能。这些一般不是恐龙而是怪物。

No copyrighted material (unless you are the author). If reference was heavily used that does not belong to you, it MUST be cited in your description.

不能投稿有版权的作品（除非您是作者）。如果使用了大量非原创的参考，必须在您的描述中指出。

No explicit fanart (even from documentaries like Dinosaur Revolution).

不能投稿明确的同人（即使是来自恐龙革命等纪录片的）。

No anthropomorphism outside of the humor folder.

投稿在幽默文件夹以外的作品不能出现任何拟人化表现。

External links: Please utilize this reference material!

 

外部链接：请利用以下参考材料！

骨骼图和普遍参考Skeletals & general reference: 

https://www.skeletaldrawing.com/

https://www.deviantart.com/deinonychosauria/gallery/31683395/Skeletals-and-anatomy-studies

姿势和姿态Poses and positioning:

http://skeletaldrawing.blogspot.com/2011/03/tails-of-woe.html?m=1

http://dinogoss.blogspot.com/2011/05/know-when-to-fold-em.html?m=1（关于前肢折叠的参考在此，“羽毛纳粹强调要把所有近鸟类前肢折叠到鸟类水平”是一个典型的谣言）

是否需要添加喙？To beak or not to beak?

http://dinogoss.blogspot.com/2011/01/theropods-that-fit-bill.html?m=1

Teeth：http://dinogoss.blogspot.com/2011/04/youre-doing-it-wrong-birds-with-teeth.html?m=1

肌肉系统参考Musculature reference: 

https://www.deviantart.com/tomozaurus/art/Pterygoideus-posterior-example-253155185

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0025763

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004532

http://skeletaldrawing.blogspot.com/2011/03/t-rex-baby-got-back.html?m=1

https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-GTT9SKvIJGs/TXh7UOK5-kI/AAAAAAAAEEQ/CZ8tJipitn8/s1600/sue+caudofem+small.jpg

自然颜色Coloration:

http://dinogoss.blogspot.com/2010/10/guide-to-feather-colors.html?m=1

http://z13.invisionfree.com/Hell_Creek/index.php?showtopic=436 (这个好疑似打不开)

对于某些羽毛恐龙的注意事项（伶盗龙、始祖鸟、黄昏鸟）Dos and Don'ts for specific featheries: 

http://dinogoss.blogspot.com/2010/03/youre-doing-it-wrong-1-archaeopteryx.html?m=1

http://dinogoss.blogspot.com/2011/05/restoring-hesperornis.html?m=1

https://www.deviantart.com/tomozaurus/art/Common-errors-for-Velociraptor-178827028

（注1）耻骨靴：某些恐龙耻骨远端一个宽的扩张。

（注2）闭合的羽片：羽小枝上的羽小沟接触相邻羽小枝上的槽，将羽枝钩联在一起的羽片。

 

此外，国外也有一些与国内类似的关于羽毛纳粹的误解，但只能追溯到2018年：https://dinosimulator.fandom.com/wiki/Thread:28374?useskin=oasis

而正统羽毛纳粹的提出是在2012年：https://www.deviantart.com/chrismasna/art/Heil-Feather-308309216

（这张图下原有加入小组的通道，小组解散后被修改成前述的灵感来源的链接了。）

 

以下是一些组员的复原作品。

 

 

 当然，由于小组成立及条款发布时间为2012年，其中的建议难免存在时效性。例如近年髫髻山组出产的多属“近鸟龙科”（不一定为单系群）标本具有简化的丝状羽毛或开放的羽片，显示基础伤齿龙科或鸟翼类仍可发育较为原始阶段的羽毛。

由于组员自身知识结构、观点择取和语言表达难免存在局限和侧重，条款也存在其它值得商议之处。例如尽管侏罗纪被子植物尚无可信的直接化石证据，但目前发现的早白垩世被子植物已较为特化，可以肯定被子植物在侏罗纪已存在，分子钟甚至指向更早期。因此，条款的举例中直接拒绝对侏罗纪显花植物和类似草地的描写应当不妥，可改为需要在作品中提供特设性的文字说明，或投稿至“假说”文件夹。

无论如何，这些问题都可以通过平和地、有依据的讨论而解决，绝不存在任何简陋强制的“所有恐龙必须加羽毛”式的错误。