运动员的噩梦 髌腱炎
髌腱炎(Patellar Tendinitis)是一种过度使用的疾病,通常会影响运动员,在一项研究中总发病率为 14% 。髌腱炎多见于跳跃运动,在排球运动员中发病率高达40%,篮球运动员的髌腱炎患病率和发病率分别为 32% 和22 %。根据症状的严重程度,受严重髌腱炎影响的运动员中有 30% 没有重返运动场,其中 50% 在诊断后 15 年仍存在膝痛 。在其他情况下,在治疗 3 到 14 天的时间后可以恢复运动。
症状:
隐匿起病的髌骨下缘膝前痛
初期:活动后疼痛
晚期:长时间屈曲疼痛(“电影院征”),活动时疼痛
在髌腱区域出现疼痛后,大多数人都会选择进行冷敷、抬高以及加压,在急性期进行软组织损伤原则的处理是正确的,然而在急性期过后髌腱的处理至关重要。
本文主要是了解髌腱炎一线治疗(保守)方案
1、非甾体抗炎药⭐
在急性期和慢性期使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID's) 治疗肌腱病仍然存在争议。据报道,非甾体抗炎药会阻碍软组织愈合。虽然疼痛可能会减轻,但它们对肌腱修复有负面影响。在反应性肌腱病中,这可能是首选效果,因为这可能会抑制导致肌腱肿胀的蛋白质。
2、皮质类固醇注射⭐
皮质类固醇用于减轻疼痛,但也减少细胞增殖和蛋白质产生,因此可用于反应性肌腱病。在肌腱注射后第 7 天和第 21 天重复使用肌腱周围皮质类固醇已显示可减小肌腱直径。
3、物理治疗⭐⭐⭐
应提供有关选择性休息的建议,以便在一段时间的急性超负荷或不习惯的运动后允许适当的肌腱愈合(证据水平:2a),应重点关注尽早恢复活动。
使用髌骨带和运动胶带对疼痛有短期效果。
髌骨带以及肌贴
在因疲劳和高 SIN 而无法进行等张运动的情况下,等长收缩被建议作为一种可能的镇痛运动。(证据等级:2a)已发现等距运动在减轻疼痛方面优于有氧运动和阻力运动。
等长收缩
离心负荷一直是最主要的康复方法。证据表明,所有负荷计划都有助于减轻疼痛和恢复功能,但离心-同心类型具有更高的患者主观满意度(证据水平:1a)。这可能是由于时间投入和计划所需的痛苦。离心-同心练习可以从自重深蹲开始,但重要的是负重。腿部推举或膝关节伸展等健身器材可控制负荷量。如果适合患者,杠铃深蹲或箭步蹲可能是一个很好的进阶。
箭步蹲
肌腱神经塑性训练
这是一种侧重于运动控制而不是肌肉力量本身作为治疗肌腱病的负荷策略
肌腱神经可塑性训练使用基于力量的训练和外部刺激作为优化神经可塑性的策略,这被证明对髌腱病有效。
动态神经肌肉稳定技术(DNS)
还研究了使用冲击波等替代疗法。已经表明,冲击波疗法对于对常规疗法无反应的患者是一种安全的方法,应始终与其他方法结合使用。(证据等级:1a)
冲击波疗法
USGET(引导电流电解技术)提供比冲击波疗法更好的结果,而且还结合离心运动疗法。(证据等级:1b)
超声引导电流电解技术(USGET)
相关证据等级:
等长运动可诱导镇痛并减少髌腱病的抑制作用。(里约热内卢 2015)(证据等级 1b)
髌腱病:临床诊断、负荷管理和具有挑战性的病例介绍的建议。(Malliaris 2015)(证据等级 1a)
髌腱病(跳跃膝)的物理治疗。(Rudavsky 2014)(证据等级 1a)
跟腱和髌腱病负荷计划。(Malliaris 2013)(证据等级 1a)
Abat, F. 等人。“比较超声引导电流电解技术 (USGET) 与常规电物理治疗治疗髌骨肌腱病的有效性的随机对照试验。” 实验骨科杂志3 (2016):PMC2017 年 12 月 19 日。(证据级别 1b)
物理治疗师可能会推荐您一下这些运动:
西班牙深蹲(等距运动)
相关视频请阅读公众号PT黄鲁
跳箱运动
下肢训练
跳箱运动
功能性训练
我们拒绝标准化“食谱”式的治疗,每个患者情况都是不同的,对于康复的反应也是不同的,每位患者都是独立的个体,任何康复计划都应该以患者目标为中心。物理治疗师是运动专家,我们会根据您的身体情况个性化定制诊疗方案。
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