考研真题笔记：翻译硕士《357英语翻译基础》
第1章 词语翻译
缩略语
专有名词
术语
网络热词
第2章 英汉翻译
政治经济类
一、英汉翻译
Practice 1
Wealth,as Mr. Hobbes says, is power. But the person who either acquires, or succeeds to a great fortune, does notnecessarily acquire or succeed to any political power,either civil or military. His fortune may, perhaps, afford him the meansof acquiring both,but the mere possession of that fortune does not necessarily convey to him either. The power which thatpossession immediately and directly conveys to him, is the power of purchasing; a certain command over all the labor,or overall the produce of labor which is then in the market. His fortune is greater or less,precisely in proportion to the extent of thispower; or to the quantity either of other men's labor, or what is the same thing, of the produce of other men's labor,which itenables him to purchase or command. The exchangeable value of every thing must always be precisely equal to the extent ofthis power which it conveys to its owner.
But though labor be the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities, it is not that by which their value iscommonly estimated. It is often difficult to ascertain the proportion between two different quantities of labor. The time spent intwo different sorts of work will not always alone determine this proportion. The different degrees of hardship endured, and ofingenuity exercised,must likewise be taken into account. There may be more labor in an hour's hard work than in two hourseasy business; or in an hour's application to a trade which it cost ten years labor to learn, than in a month's industry at anordinary and obvious employment. But it is not easy to find any accurate measure either of hardship or ingenuity.Inexchanging indeed the different productions of different sorts of labor for one another,some allowance is commonly made forboth. It is adjusted, however, not by any accurate measure, but by the higgling and bargaining of the market, according to thatsort of rough equality which thought not exact, is sufficient for carrying on the business of common life.
【参考译文】
霍布斯说：财富就是权力。但获得或承继大宗财产的人，未必就获得或承继了民政上或军政上的政治权力。他的财产，也许可以提供他一种获得政权的手段，但单有财产未必就能给他政权。财产对他直接提供的权力，是购买力，是对于当时市场上各种劳动或各种劳动生产物的支配权。他的财产的大小与这种支配权的大小恰成比例，换言之，财产的大小，与他所能购买或所能支配的他人劳动量或他人劳动生产物数量的大小恰成比例。一种物品的交换价值，必然恰等于这物品对其所有者所提供的劳动支配权。
劳动虽是一切商品交换价值的真实尺度，但一切商品的价值，通常不是按劳动估定的。要确定两个不同的劳动量的比例，往往很困难。两种不同工作所费去的时间，往往不是决定这比例的唯一因素，它们的不同困难程度和精巧程度，也须加以考虑。一个钟头的困难工作，比一个钟头的容易工作，也许包含有更多劳动量；需要十年学习的工作做一小时，比普通业务做一月所含劳动量也可能较多。但是，困难程度和精巧程度的准确尺度不容易找到。诚然，在交换不同劳动的不同生产物时，通常都在一定程度上，考虑到上述困难程度和精巧程度，但在进行这种交换时，不是按任何准确尺度来作调整，而是通过市场上议价来作大体上两不相亏的调整。这虽不很准确，但对日常买卖也就够了。
Practice 2
Prices have fallen in the food business because of advances in food production and distribution technology. Consumershave benefited greatly from those advances. People who predicted that the world would run out of food were wrong. We areproducing more and more food with less and less capital. Food is therefore more plentiful and cheaper than it has ever been.Spending on food compared with other goods has fallen for many years, and continues to drop.
Supermarkets have helped push down prices mainly because of their scale. Like any big business, they can invest in ITsystems that make them efficient.And their size allows them to buy in bulk. As supermarkets get bigger,the prices get lower.
Huge retail companies such as Wal-Mart have tremendous power and they can put pressure on producers to cut theirmargins. As a result, some producers have had to make cuts. In recent years, Unilever has cut its workforce by 33,000 to245,000 and dropped lots of its minor brands as part of its “path to growth” strategy. Cadbury has shut nearly 20 per cent of its133 factories and cut 10 per cent of its 55,000 global workforce. These cuts help keep costs down, and the price of food stayslow.
Does cheap food make people unhealthy? Cheap food may encourage people to eat more. Food companies certainly thinkthat giving people more food for their money makes them buy more. Giving people bigger portions is an easy way of makingthem feel they have got a better deal. That is why portions have got larger and larger. In America,soft drinks came in 8oz(225g) cans in the past, then 12oz (350g), and now come in 20oz (550g) cans. If a company can sell you an 8oz portion for $ 7,they can sell you a 12oz portion for $ 8. The only extra cost to the company is the food, which probably costs 25 cents.
Now companies are under pressure to stop selling bigger portions for less money. But it is hard to change the trend.
【参考译文】
由于食品生产技术和分销技术的进步，食品价格已经下降。消费者从中获益很大。预测食品会用光的人们是错误的。我们正在用越来越少的成本生产越来越多的食物。食品因此也比以前更加丰富便宜。和其他的商品比，花在食品上的钱多年来一直下降，并将持续下降。
超市由于其规模促进了价格下降。和其他商业一样，他们可以利用IT技术提高效率。其规模实现了大批量购买。随着超市变大，价格也变得更低。
像沃尔玛这样的大零售商凭借强大的力量，给生产商施加压力来削减利润。因此，生产商不得不降价。近几年，联合利华已经裁员33000至245000人。为了战略发展还砍掉了很多小名牌。Cadbury关闭了133家工厂中的20％，全球员工55000中裁掉了10％。这些裁员都有助于降低价格，所以食品价格居低不上。
便宜的食品不健康吗？便宜食品可能鼓励人们吃的更多。食品公司当然认为，顾客花钱能够买到更多的食品，当然还会买更多。份量大可以让顾客感觉得了便宜，这就是为什么分量越来越大的原因。在美国，软饮料过去是225克装，然后是350克装，现在是550克。如果225克装的卖7美元，他们就会给350克装的定价8美元。对于公司来说，额外成本仅仅是可能只值25美分的食物。现在公司不得不以价换量，但这种趋势很难改变。
文化文学类
热点生活类
法律科普类
科技环保类
第3章 汉英翻译
政治经济类
文化文学类
热点生活类
法律科普类
科技环保类
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