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2021大艳老师的语法长难句

2023-06-12 15:00 作者:Snowman_24  | 我要投稿

第一课


一.简单句


1.什么是英语的句子:必须具备主谓结构,并且主语一定是谓语动作的发出者,如果有宾语的话,宾语一定是谓语动作的承受者或对象。


2.英语句子的基本结构:


1).主谓


2).主谓宾


3).主谓表


4).主谓双宾


5).主谓宾宾补


主谓宾的谓语一定是实义动词,主谓表的谓语一定是系动词


系动词:

(1.)be动词 

(2.)感官动词:look(看起来,完全等于seem、appear)、smell(闻起来,当名词时意为气味)、 taste(尝起来,当名词意为喜爱、喜好have taste for sth.)、sound(听起来,当名词意为声音,当形容词意为甜美的、好的)、feel(感觉起来、摸起来)

(3.)变化动词:become、get、turn、grown、fall(一般指变坏)

(4.)保持动词:keep、remain、stay、stand


主谓双宾(两宾语无关)、主谓宾宾补(两宾语有关),区分时只需要在最后两个宾语之间加be动词,如果通顺,说明俩宾语有关系,就是宾补,如果不通顺就是双宾。



3.句子的成分(词性的问题):


谓语


1.)谓语的词性:


成分:有时态的实义动词和系动词充当谓语

一句话当中动词能不能多?

绝对不能多,一句话当中只能有一个动词的存在,并且充当谓语,多余的动词全部都要变成‘非’谓语动词。


谓语只能是动词,动词只能做谓语,所以我们需要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词全部变成不是动词:v-ing(主动)、v-ed(被动)、to do(表目的),他们叫做‘不是动词’,即非谓语动词,非谓语动词充当除了谓语的所有成分。

eg:He putting on his jacket ,locking the door,left home.


Pandas are the rarest members in bear family,mainly living in the forest of China Southwestern.


Yang Zi River flowing through diverse ecological systems, keeps(注:英语中所有的系动词都可以替换be动词)the home of a sea of endangered species,irrigating Chinese 1/5 land.


I loving you, you love me.(独立主格,也是非谓语的一种形式)


Winter approaching, spring will be around the corner.


Being a teacher, I have passion for sing songs.(分词作状语)




一句话当中谓语能不能少?

绝对不能,当一句话需要动词而又没有动词时,永远加be动词,并且be动词没有意思。


谓语的总结:


一句话当中有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词或系动词,并且充当谓语。




主语


1.主语的成分:


名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句(引导词+句子)充当主语


eg:


Handsomeness and strength are his nature.


Being handsome and strong is his nature.




2. 一句话当中主语能不能少?


绝对不能,那一句话没有主语怎么办呢?


1.) 加it作主语:必须与天气、温度、时间有关系


eg:


It feels exceedingly hot in the cabin.


2.) There be(exist、seem、remain) 句型,听到“有”的时候使用。


eg:


There exist a host of undergraduates being fascinated with me.


(写作文时用词越准确越好)


3.) 被动:当听到一句话没有主语,或者是人称代词作主语时,都可以考虑写成被动。


eg:


Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial.


(必须指出坚持很重要)


Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors.


(越来越多的人认为过度捕捞很严重)




三种情况无被动:


动词后有介词时,无被动

系动词无被动

have表达“有”的意思时,无被动



4.)人称代词做主语




If there exists a dream, glories are supposed to be achieved.


(如果有梦想,就应该会成功)




宾语


谁能充当宾语:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句充当宾语




表语


谁能充当表语:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语、




4.简单句的考点分析:


1.)写作:


①所有写不来的长难句,暂时都先写成简单句,一定保证语法正确。


②所有写不来的单词都可以写成自己会的单词,反正改卷老师也不知道我表达什么意思,哈哈哈真好呀。


2.)长难句分析:


分析长难句的第一步,就是找这句话当中的动词,也就是谓语,从而找到一句话的主谓宾。


如果一句话当中找到多个动词,就确定主句的谓语动词(前面没有引导词的谓语动词就是主句的谓语动词)




eg: Being meaningful proves to live well. Living well seems to do meaningful things.


(有意义就是好好活,好好活就是做有意义的事)



第二课




一、什么是并列句?


就是用连词连接两个句子。


二、英语中常用的并列连词(和常见逻辑关系词):


1.平行关系:and、not only...but also


(similarly,equally, likewise, at the same time)


2.转折关系:but、yet、while、whereas


(however, nevertheless, on the contrary, conversely, unexpectedly, unfortunately, by contrast)




3.选择关系:or、whether...or...


(alternatively)




4.因果:for、 so


(therefore、thus、consequently、as a result)




5.递进关系:then


(besides、furthermore、moreover、additionally、subsequently、in addition)




三、并列句的考点分析:


1.写作:


只要写作的上下句之间有逻辑关系,就一定要用逻辑关系词(连词、副词、介词和介词短语)




eg: Romance has evaporated,but she still misses the past.


(Romance has evaporated,and on the contrary she still misses the past.)




连词与其他逻辑关系词的区别:连词的前面有无逗号均可,而其他的逻辑关系词的前面,要么用句号要么加and。




eg: There remain an army of companies coming from afar, and consequently i feel more than delighted.(有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎。)




I am claimed changeable like water.By contrast , my clarity keeps consistent.(都说我如水百变,可知我清澈不变。)




Do you still keep that day in mind? I failed to pass CET4 ,and as a result, I shed tears in the rain alone.At the same time, you came up to me and subsequently you beat my shoulder and told me "there exists no destination in life."


(还记得那天吗?我没有通过四级考试,一个人在雨中哭泣,你走过来,拍拍我的肩膀,告诉我人生没有终点。)




2.完型填空:


只需要读懂逻辑关系词前后两句话的意思就OK




3.长难句分析:


在分析长难句时,只要见到有并列连词的出现,通常都会有省略,翻译的时候先把省略的部分补充上后在做翻译,分析长难句的第二步就是找连词,但是当连词在连接两个单词的时候,这个连词就装作没看见。


那如何查找省略的内容呢?


一句话只要有省略,就一定会省略在连词后而不是连词前——所以连词后面有的成分连词前面通常都要有(通常:如果连词后只有一个成分,连词前一定能找到它的对应成分,如果有多个成分,不一定都能找到,但至少能找到一个)——连词前面有而连词后没有的内容便是省略的内容。


eg: I was beaten and you.



书上例题词汇拓展:

specialize in 在.....地方很特别/专业


peculiar=weird=odd古怪的,奇怪的,


peculiar to ......所特有的,.....所专属的


specific=concrete 具体的,


special特殊的


particularly尤其是


代词指代题的做题方法:就近原则和一致原则,就近原则就是跟谁近就指谁,一致原则就是意思相符合。




第三课 名词性从句


一、名词(短语)能做什么成分


1.主语


eg: The movie looks terrific .


2.宾语


I admire his mother.


3.表语


Gump is a man.


4.同位语


I enjoy the part , the beginning.


(同位语:用来解释名词的成分就是同位语 eg: I , university student , like Eason ,a well-know singer from Hong Kong .


My mother ,a typical housewife, enjoy playing MaJong, a chinese entertainment.


只要在作文中见到名词,都可以有意识地在它后面给它加一个同位语,对该名词进行补充说明。


Persistence , an active mentality, plays a critical role in the glories of all children and adults.


(同位语成分:名词、代词、非谓语、从句)


二、什么是名词性从句


1.What i saw looks terrific .(主语从句)


2.I admire what she said.(宾语从句)


3.Gump is who we should learn from .(表语从句)


4.I enjoy the part that a bird is flying.(同位语从句)


名词在句子中能够充当的成分从句都能充当,这就是名词性从句


三、名词性从句的引导词


That he has got divorced is my fault.


Whether he has got divorced is obvious.


Who he will marry is a secret.


名词性从句的引导词按照从句的类型分,一共分为三类:


1.that:当从句是陈述句时,并且that在从句中不充当任何成分也没有任何意思。


2.whether:当从句时一般疑问句时,并且whether在从句中也没有充当成分,意思是是否。


3.所有的特殊疑问词:当从句是特殊疑问句时。


并且英语中所有的从句都一定是陈述句的形式,也就是引导词+主语+谓语




eg :I am wondering whether aliens exist .(宾语从句)


That ladies tend to be right remains common knowledge.(主语从句)


My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains a chinese conventional virtue.(表语从句)


Someday, one will perceive that career , kinship, friendship are prove more indispensable than romance.(that引导的宾语从句)


The point seems when wealth will become available for you.


四、名词性从句的考点分析:


1.写作:


①主语从句:主语从句的满分表达就是:把主语从句放到句末去,加it来加形式主语。


eg :It remains common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.


几个满分句型:


It ......that......


It is apparent that ......


It looks beyond dispute that ......


It has been widely accepted that ......


It is universally acknowledged that ...... 以上四个都是“显而易见/众所周知的是。。。”


It keeps my argument that ...... 我认为。。。


主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面,用来拉长句子。


eg: It looks beyond dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into the limelight.


显而易见关于勤奋这个话题已经引起广泛的关注了。


②.同位语从句:


eg: The matter that he managed to find a girlfriend makes his superiors rejoiced.


他已经找到了一个女朋友这件事使他的家人很开心。


(同位语从句即可放在它所解释的名词后,也可以放在整句话的后面。)




Nothing can hide the truth that she is getting old.


没有什么能够掩盖她正在变老这个事实。




The outlook proves wrong that private individuals in He Nan seem all deceivers.


河南人都是骗子这种想法是不正确的。




The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms indicates that kids should by no means be spoiled by their senior citizens.


温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子。




2.长难句分析:


能够识别各个名词性从句并且把它们通顺地翻译出来。


①如何识别主语从句


只要见到有引导词放在句首,并且从句后没有被逗号隔开,一定是主语从句。主语从句从名词后开始,到主句的谓语动词之前结束。除此以外,在分析长难句的时候,见到it.....that,通常都是主语从句,主语从句从that开始到句末结束。


②如何识别宾语从句


只要实义动词的后面有引导词就暂定为宾语从句(状语从句还没有讲呦,也就是实义动词的后面也有可能是状语呦)


in doing sth :在......的过程中




③如何识别表语从句


只要系动词的后面有引导词就是表语从句,


例题在书上




④如何识别同位语从句


只要名词后面有引导词就暂定为同位语从句(更可能是定语从句呦)




第四课 定语和定语从句




一、什么是定语?


只要听到...的+名词,...的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分




二、定语的成分


1.形容词作定语


The innocent(naive) nightingale died.


那只善良的夜莺死了。


The nightingale brave and innocent died.


那只善良又勇敢的夜莺死了。




2.名词(短语)作定语


The nightingale's singing can make the rose bloom.


The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.


那只夜莺的歌声能够让玫瑰花盛开。




3.介词短语作定语


The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the youngster.


那只窗外的夜莺听见了年轻人的叹息。




4.非谓语动词作定语


The singing nightingale lost his life.


那只唱歌的夜莺失去了他的生命。




5.从句作定语




6.形容词性物主代词做定语




三、定语的位置




前小后大:


当一个单词修饰名词的时候,通常放在名词前;


当多个单词修饰名词的时候,通常放在名词后。




This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.


这个故事是关于一只夜莺和一朵玫瑰的。


(介词短语修饰名词)




The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.


那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会。


( 非谓语动词修饰名词+名词修饰名词)




The reject boy looks pitiful.那个被拒绝的男孩看起来很可怜。


The boy rejected looks pitiful.(当过去分词修饰名词时,即使只有一个单词,也通常放在名词后。)




I have something important to tell you.


(当形容词修饰不定代词时,即使只有一个单词,也通常放在名词后。)




定语从句


1.定语从句的构成:


n.+引导词+句子




2.定语从句的引导词


定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类,一共分五类:


①当先行词是人的时候,引导词有:


who whom whose


(that在正式文体中一般不指人)


②当先行词是物的时候,引导词有:


that which whose


③当先行词是时间的时候,引导词有:


that which when


④当先行词是地点的时候,引导词有:


that which where


⑤当先行词是原因的时候,引导词有:


that which why




到底是谁决定了定语从句引导词的用法?


1.先行词


2.引导词在从句中能够充当的成分




eg:



填when


为什么呢?


一看先先行词是the day,表时间,考虑that、which、when,后面的从句不缺主谓宾,而that、which是代词,在句子中要做成分,所以不填,(在定语从句中,一般that就等于which)when是副词,不做主谓宾,所以填when。




(在名词性从句中,that、which等是引导词,不做成分,而在定语从句中,that等是关系代词,扮演一个代词的角色,所以要做成分。)




定语从句引导词新的分类标准:


定语从句的引导词还可以按照引导词本身的词性分类,一共分为三类:


1.代词(在从句中一定要充当主语或宾语):


who whom that which


2.副词(在从句中不能充当任何主干成分):


where why when


3.形容词(在从句中修饰离它最近的那个名词):


whose


(先行词是人或物,主谓宾都不缺,一定填whose)






练习:


The rose that/which the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.


夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了。




Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.


这些圆顶的建筑物看起来很漂亮。




It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those with dreams.


成功属于有梦想的人已经被无数个事实给证明了。




Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.


穿自己的鞋不仅方便,而且还确保了一点,不用去管别人的感受。




The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics.


问题的关键是谁应该为道德的沦丧而负责呢?




He whose appearance looks indecent proves noble in his mind.


外表看起来非常邋遢的他其实内心很高尚。




It seems indispensable that those who spare no efforts to realize their dreams never feel pitiful although glories fail to be achieved.


那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人,即使没有成功也不会感到遗憾,这是很重要的。




Students who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly tend to find that the consequence proves less impressive.


上课不集中精力,而又想通过考试的同学,往往发现结果差强人意。




定语从句的特殊用法:


1.that做引导词时的省略:


如果that在从句中充当的是宾语,that可以省略。


例:I enjoy the book (that) my bought for me.


我喜欢我妈妈给我买的这本书




在分析长难句的时候,如果见到有两个名词或者代词直接放在一起,中间没有被连词或者是标点符号隔开,通常都是省略了that的定语从句。




2.区别限制和非限制性定语从句:


例:


I love ryz, who is beautiful.


I love ryz who is beautiful.


区别就在于,在分析长难句的时候,非限制性定语从句就相当于插入语,完全可以不看。




3.如果先行词和引导词之间有介词的话,人不用who,只能用whom;物不用that,用which。


例:He is the man from whom we should learn.


他是个值得我们学习的人。


例:I will never forget the day on which i met you.


我永远不会忘记我们遇见的那一天。






4.区别the same...as;the same... that引导的定语从句。例:


He is the same man as i love.他就像我爱的那个男人。


He is the same man that i love .他就是我爱得那个男人。




5.as和which引导的非限制性定语从句


which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整个句子,as也可以;但是,which只能放在主句的后面,而as则可前可后。例句:


He enjoys talking with young ladies, which drives me mad.




6.定语从句中引导词的which和that的区别




区别定语从句和同位语从句


I have a dream that sounds funny.(定语从句)


我有一个梦想,听起来很搞笑。


I have a dream that i will become a rich lady.(同位语从句)


我有一个梦想,我会变成一个有钱人。




1.相同点:都是先行词加引导词加句子


2.不同点:


①看从句本身的意思,定语从句是对前面名词的修饰,而同位语从句是对前面名词意思的解释。


②看引导词that在从句中是否充当了成分,如果充当了成分就是定语从句,如果没有就是同位语从句。


③定语从句的先行词可以是所有名词,而同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词。


④定语从句的引导词有8个,而同位语从句的引导词一般都是that。




定语从句的至难点


定语从句的至难点是寻找先行词。


如何寻找?(例句见讲义p110)


1.定语从句的先行词就是离它最近的那个名词


2.定语从句的先行词是它前面的几个名词。


n+n+n+...+定语(定语修饰前面所有名词)


3.定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句。


4.定语从句的先行词是它前面的以及个句子。


5.定语从句的先行词和引导词被隔开了。


必须先读懂这句话,否则谁也找不到。




定语从句的考点分析——写作


 定语和定语从句在写作中的使用:


1.只要在作文中见到名词,都可以有意识地给它加一个定语的成分,把句子拉长。


例:Pets which looks cute as well as healthy can reduce loneliness of senior citizens without any children who can take care of them.养可爱又健康的宠物可以减少那些没有子女照顾的老人的孤单。


Reading books which keep beneficial to our physical and mental health can add knowledge of all children and adults.

读那些对我们身心健康有益的书可以增长所有人的知识。

英汉差异对比:

1.中文:意合;英文:形合

A.句子结构上

B.逻辑关系词的使用上

2.汉语多主动,英语多被动

In the past decades, A variety of actions were adopted by the authorities to prevent disasters.过去十年,政府采取了多种行动去阻止灾害的发生。

3.汉语多短句,英语多长句

WuZhen is a water town in ZheJiang province, locating near the river from BeiJing to HangZhou.

把句子写成长句:加非谓语,加连词,加从句。

Playing football yesterday, i came a cross a lady on the playground whose son was running.我昨天在操场打球是碰到一个女人,她的女儿正在跑步。


定语从句的考点分析——长难句分析

能够找到一句话中的定语成分,并且把它们通顺的翻译出来。

关键是找到名词,只要名词后有一坨东西且不是动词,就暂定为修饰这个名词的定语成分(还有可能是状语呦,虽然可能性小)。

定语从名词后开始,到主句的谓语动词前结束。如果定语在主句的谓语动词之后的话,定语就从名词后开始,通常到句末结束。

一个大定语中通常都会有多个小定语,每个小定语都是到下一个名词后结束,但是固定搭配除外。如果定语后有连词,定语不是到句末结束,是到连词前结束。

第五课 状语和状语从句

1.状语的含义:状语就是在一个句子中,用来修饰实义动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。状语除了名词,什么成分都可以修饰。

2.状语的成分:副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句

3.状语的位置:随便放

4.状语从句:

引导词的分类标准——状语从句的引导词按照引导词本身的意思分类,一共9类:

(1)时间状语从句

when=while=as 当……时候

当while译为“当……的时候”时,后面跟进行时态。

before在……以前

after在……之后

since自从

只要一句话用since引导时间状语从句,主句一定用完成时态。

比如:I have fallen in love with you, since I met you.

the moment 一……样

by the time 到……为止

until 直到……才

not until直到……才

-状语从句的时态问题:

例句:

When love comes, i will hold her hands.

在所有的状语从句中,如果主句的动作和从句的动作都尚未发生的话,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表现将来(主将从现)。

When love came, i failed to hold her hands.

-区别until和not…… until:

I will wait here until you came.

I will not leave until you came.

区别在于,看主句的谓语动词是延续性动词还是瞬间动词:如果是延续性动词,用until;如果是瞬间动词用not……until。

I didn't realize the greatness of mothers until I grow up.

-when 引导的时间状语从句省略的情况

When a kid, I enjoy singing songs.

when引导的时间状语从句,如果主从句的主语一致,并且从句的谓语中有be动词,此时从句的主语和be动词可以省略。

(2)地点状语从句

The kind of trees grow well in moist places.

=The kind of trees grow well where it is moist.

做地点状语的通常都是介词短语,很少是从句。

(3)原因状语从句

-引导词:because;as;since;in that; seeing that; considering that; now that; given that

-for(连词,只能放在两个句子中间)

-because of; due to; owing to; thanks to; for the sake of;(这些介词短语之后全部+名词或现在分词); as a result of(全部是介词短语

He had a car accident because he was careless.

He had a car accident for he was careless.

He had a car accident because of his careless.

(4)目的状语从句:

-to; in order to; so as to这三个后面全部跟动词原型

-引导词:so that; in order that

so that表目的通常放主句后。

We will ascend higher, in order to overlook farther.为了看得更高我们爬得更远。

(farther具体的远 further抽象的远)

In order that we will ascend higher, we overlook farther.

(5)结果状语从句

so+(形容词/副词)that+句子(用来替换very+形容词/副词这个句型)

such+(名词)that+句子

作文只要出现形容词/副词的地方都可以用so……that的句型。

(6)让步状语从句

引导词:

although、though、even though、even if

这四个都译为虽然、尽管

Raising pet can cultivate the loving heart of kids, although they might be injurious to their families or neighbors.养宠物可以培养孩子的耐心,尽管它们会造成家人和邻居的困扰。

as

while译为尽管时只能放句首(当while译为“但是”时放中间;译为“当……时”时跟进行时态。)

while的特殊用法:

as的部分倒装:as引导的让步状语从句,从句的表语可以放在句首部分倒装。

Ugly as I seem, I keep gentle.我很丑可是我很温柔。

Simple as the chart looks, the outlook behind proves far reaching------national products become increasingly popular with Chinese customers.虽然这个图表看起来很简单,但是它的背后的观点是很深刻的——中国消费者越来越支持国货了。


(7)方式状语从句:

as、the way、as if/though、好像、似乎(这四个是引导从句做状语)

She looks as if she were made of ice.(虚拟语气)

by/through/be means of/in……way/manner通过……方式(这几个是介词短语做状语)

(8)条件状语从句

suppose that

supposing that

if

unless

provided that

as long as

so long as

As long as there seems a ghost of hope, I will never give up.只要有一丝希望我也不会放弃。

(9)比较状语从句

as……as……

比较结构

You are as beautiful as I.你看起来和我一样漂亮。

状语从句在的考点分析:

1.写作中的使用:用来拉长句子;

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