课文解读 下册 UNIT12 Post-WWII American Foreign Policy

UNIT12 Post-WWII American Foreign Policy第二次世界大战后的美国外交政策

冷战的开端

美国历史学家阿瑟·施莱辛格在《美国历史的周期》一书中写道，美国的外交政策一直在孤立主义和国际主义(干涉主义)之间摇摆。

The Beginning of the Cold War

American historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr.' writes in the "Cycles of American History" that American foreign policy has been swinging between isolationism and internationalism (interventionism). 这可以用来描述二战前的美国外交政策。  This can be used to describe American foreign policy up to the Second World War. 然而，到战争结束时，美国不仅毫发无损，而且成为世界上最强大的国家。  By the end of the war, however, the United States not only emerged unscathed but also became the strongest country in the world.? 作为唯一拥有原子弹的国家，拥有世界上70%以上的黄金储备和世界上50%以上的工业产能，美国的规划者们正在设想一个美国治下的和平。  As the sole possessor of atomic bombs, with over 70 % of the gold reserve of the world in its coffers and over 50% of industrial production of the world in its hands, the planners of the United States were visualizing a Pax Americana. 他们想要一个由美国主导的世界秩序，一个对美国商品和服务自由开放的世界市场，越来越多的国家效仿美国的制度和价值观。  They wanted a world order dominated by the United States, a world market which was free and open to American goods and services, and more and more countries modeling on American institutions and values. 在追求这一目标的过程中，美国遇到了来自苏联的顽强而坚决的抵抗。  In pursuing this goal, the United States encountered stiff and determined resistance from the Soviet Union. 苏联在战争中损失惨重。  The Soviet Union suffered great losses in the war. 超过2700万人在战争中丧生，31000多家工厂被毁。  Over 27 million people were killed in the war and over 31 000 factories were destroyed. 以这样的代价，它想保留它在战争中得到的东西——苏联、美国、英国在雅尔塔达成的势力范围。  At suchd cost, it wanted to keep what it had got in the war- a sphere of influence agreed on by the United States and Britain at Yalta.苏联不允许任何国家将其影响力投射到其控制的地区。  The Soviet Union would not allow any country to project its influence into the area under its control. 渐渐地，美国和苏联这两个战时盟友分崩离析，冷战开始在欧洲展开。  Gradually, the United States and the Soviet Union, the two wartime allies, fell apart and the Cold War began to unfold in Europe.双方都开始把国家团结在自己周围。  Both sides began to rally countries around them. 1949年成立的北大西洋公约组织(NATO)和1955年成立的华沙条约组织(Warsaw Pact)将世界分裂为两个军事集团，中间有大量不结盟国家。  The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into two military blocs with a large number of non-aligned countries in between. 军备竞赛开始了。  The Arms race began.军备竞赛为了打破美国对原子武器的垄断，苏联长期致力于制造原子弹。  The Arms RaceIn order to break the monopoly of atomic weapons by the United States, the Soviet Union had long been working on the building of the bomb. 1949年，苏联  In 1949, the Soviet

引爆了第一枚原子弹。 Union detonated its first atomic device. 这促使美国继续制造更多的核武器。  This spurred the United States on to build more nuclear weapons. 美国在1952年进行了第一次氢弹试验，苏联在1953年紧随其后。  The United States had its first test of the hydrogen bomb in 1952, and the Soviet Union followed in 1953. 1957年，苏联发射了两颗人造卫星。  In 1957, the Soviet Union launched two Sputniks 表明他们拥有将炸弹运往美国的运载工具。  into orbit showing they had the vehicle to carry the bombs to the United States. 这引起了美国方面的恐惧和焦虑。  This caused fear and anxiety on the part of the United States. 美国在艾森豪威尔政府和肯尼迪政府时期加强了核武器及其运载工具的研究和生产。  The United States under the Eisenhower Administration and the Kennedy Administration stepped up research and production of nuclear weapons and the carrying vehicles. 到20世纪80年代，两国拥有超过5万枚核武器，可以杀死世界上所有人很多次。  By the 1980s, the two countries had more than 50 000 nuclear weapons that could kill all the people in the world many times. 美国在20世纪50年代认为自己在核军备竞赛中占了上风时，采取了“大规模报复战略”。  The United States adopted the strategy of massive retaliation in the 1950s when it felt that it had the upper hand in the nuclear arms race. 后来，当苏联加强了核军备竞赛，并在核力量上与美国平起平坐时，美国的战略转向了恐怖平衡——确保相互毁灭。  Later, when the Soviet Union stepped up its race in nuclear armaments and achieved parity with the United States in nuclear force, the American strategy shifted to the balance of terror — mutual assured destruction. 1982年罗纳德•里根(Ronald Reagan)当选总统时，他想扭转这种局面。  When Ronald Reagan became president in 1982, he wanted to reverse the situation. 他发起了《星球大战》项目。”  He initiated the Star Wars project". 他计划把苏联拖入另一轮军备竞赛，他确信这场竞赛将以苏联的破产告终。（这是美国人事后诸葛亮的说法）  He planned to drag the Soviet Union into another round of the arms race, which he was sure would end in bankruptcy for the Soviet Union.除军备竞赛外，美国在20世纪40年代末还实施了遏制政策。  The Containment PolicyIn addition to the arms race, the United States put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. 1948年杜鲁门总统提出了杜鲁门主义，一般认为这是正式宣布实施遏制政策  In 1948 President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine, which is generally regarded as the formal announcement of the implementation of containment. 美国所说的遏制意味着，它将使用包括军事力量在内的一切手段，阻止苏联扩张其势力范围。  By containment the United States meant that it would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the Soviet Union from breaking out of its sphere of influence. 在此基础上，美国试图将苏联势力范围缩小，直到苏联政治制度发生变化或崩溃。（再次事后诸葛亮，美国人的蜜汁自信）  On the basis of that, the United States would try to push back Soviet spheres until the Soviet political system changed or collapsed. 1949年国家安全委员会第68号文件明确说明了这一战略。  This strategy is clearly stated in National Security Council Document 68 of 1949. 在20世纪50年代和60年代，美国在亚洲打了两场战争:朝鲜战争和越南战争。  During 1950s and 1960s, the United States fought two wars in Asia: the Korean War and the Vietnam War. 在这两场战争中，美国各损失5万人。  The United States lost 50 000 men in each of the two wars. 越南战争持续了20多年，极大地削弱了美国。  The Vietnam War, which lasted for more than 20 years, greatly weakened the United States. 苏联利用美国在越南战争中陷入困境的机会，走上了世界扩张的道路，这使美国非常担心。美国作出了必要的调整，采取了战略收缩的策略。  The Soviet Union, taking advantage of the United States being bogged down in the Vietnam War, embarked on a path of world expansion, which greatly worried the United States.15The United States made necessary adjustments and adopted a strategy of

contraction. 尼克松主义明确表示，美国不再计划在亚洲打地面战，但将向该地区的盟友提供核保护，并向反对国内共产主义的国家提供军事和经济支持，但这些国家必须自己作战。  The Nixon Doctrine made it clear that the United States no longer planned to fight a ground war in Asia, but would provide nuclear protection to its allies in the region and give military and economic support to countries fighting against domestic communism, but these countries had to do the fighting themselves. 尼克松还曾在1972年访问XX，以改善与XX的关系，并利用XX牌与苏联打交道。  Nixon also made a trip to China in 1972 to improve relations with China and to use the China card to deal with the Soviet Union. 利用苏联的焦虑，美国随后于1972年与苏联谈判了《限制战略武器谈判协议》(SALT I)。  Exploiting Soviet anxiety, the United States then negotiated Strategic Arms Limitation Talks agreements (SALT I) with the Soviet Union in 1972. 在越南，尼克松政府于1973年与北越达成停火协议，很快美国军队就完全撤出了越南。  In Vietnam the Nixon Administration negotiated a ceasefire agreement with North Vietnam in 1973 and soon American troops pulled out from Vietnam completely.在欧洲，以美国为首的北约和以苏联为首的华约分别于1958年和1961年在柏林发生了对峙。  In Europe, the confrontations between NATO led by the United States and the Warsaw Pact led by the Soviet Union took place in Berlin in 1958 and 1961. 1961年柏林危机导致大量民众逃离东柏林和东德。  The crisis over Berlin in 1961 led to a large number of people fleeing East Berlin and East Germany. 为了防止技术人员和专业人员从东德流向西部，东德政府于1961年8月13日开始建造一堵混凝土墙，将东西柏林分开。  In order to prevent the flow of technicians and professionals from the Eastern bloc to the west, the East German government began on August 13, 1961 to build a concrete wall, separating East and West Berlin. 这堵墙（柏林墙）成了冷战的象征。有一次危机，美国和苏联处于核战争的边缘。  This wall became the symbol of the Cold War. On one occasion during the Cold War period, the United States and the Soviet Union were on the brink of a nuclear war. 这就是1962年的古巴导弹危机。  This occasion was the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. 1959年，菲德尔·卡斯特罗领导的古巴革命者成功推翻了巴蒂斯塔政权，并上台执政。  In 1959, Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro had succeeded in overthrowing the Batista regime and came to power.美国一直把拉美视为自己的后院，不允许其他大国在该地区拥有影响力，所以美国想要终结这个革命政府。  The United States had all along been regarding Latin America as its backyard and would not allow other powers to have influence in this region, so it wanted to put an end to this revolutionary government. 艾森豪威尔政府批准了中央情报局的一项计划，训练古巴的流亡分子与古巴革命军作战。  The Eisenhower Administration approved a CIA plan to train Cuban émigrés and use them to fight against the Cuban revolutionary forces. 许多流亡分子都是巴蒂斯塔政权的支持者。  Many of the émigrés were supporters of the Batista regime. 当肯尼迪上任时，他发出了行动的命令。  When Kennedy came into office, he gave the go ahead signal. 中情局训练的这些人在古巴的登陆遭遇了耻辱性的失败——他们不是战死就是被俘。  The landing of the CIA-trained émigrés on Cuba suffered a humiliating defeat-all of them were either killed in battle or captured. 这就是著名的猪湾事件。 This became known as the Bay of Pigs fiasco. 苏联利用这种情况扩大其在该地区的影响力，在未被美国发现的情况下向古巴输入了中程导弹。  The Soviet Union, taking advantage of the situation to expand its influence in the region, introduced medium range and intermediate range missiles into Cuba without being detected by the United States. 直到1962年10月U-2侦察机带回的照片显示发射台已接近完工，美国才意识到古巴存在导弹。  The United States was not aware of the existence of missiles in Cuba until the U-2 spy plane brought back photos in October, 1962, showing that the launching pads were near completion. 经过多次讨论和考虑，肯尼迪总统决定封锁古巴  After much discussion and deliberation, President Kennedy decided to place a blockade

以防止武器进一步运进古巴，并要求完全撤走古巴境内的导弹。 around Cuba to prevent further shipment of weapons into Cuba, and demanded the total removal of missiles in place in Cuba. 最后，苏联做出了让步，从古巴撤出了导弹。  In the end, the Soviet Union backed down and withdrew the missiles from Cuba. 肯尼迪政府的国务卿迪安·鲁斯克生动地描述了当时的情况:“我们面对面，对方只是眨了眨眼睛。”  Dean Rusk, Secretary of State of the Kennedy Administration, vividly described the situation in this way, "We were eyeball to eyeball, and the other fellow just blinked." 在亚洲，遏制政策是针对中华人民共和国的。 In Asia, the containment policy was directed against the People's Republic of China. 美国国务院1949年发表的《XX白皮书》显示出美国对即将成立的新共和国的敌意。  The White Paper on China issued by the State Department in 1949 showed American hostility towards the new republic that was going to be established. 美国的估计是，XX共产党领导的新政府将是一个过渡阶段，美国不应该承认这个政府，也不应该做任何帮助这个政府生存下去的事情  The American estimate was that the new government led by the Chinese Communists would be a passing phase, and that the United States should not recognize this government and should not do anything that would help this government survive. 朝鲜战争使美国和XX在战场上面对面，双方都遭受了巨大损失。The Korean War brought the United States and China face to face on the battlefield, and both sides suffered great losses. 朝鲜战争使两国之间的敌意固化，并将冷战扩大到亚洲。  Fighting in Korea institutionalized hostility between the two countries and extended the Cold War to Asia. 直到1972年尼克松总统访华，两国冰冻的关系才解冻。1979年，美中外交关系正常化。  The frozen relationship did not thaw until President Nixon visited China in 1972.24 The United States and China normalized diplomatic relations in 1979. 两国走到一起的战略基础是反对苏联扩张主义。 The strategic basis for the two countries to come together was the struggle against Soviet expansionism. 这一战略基础一直持续到1980年代末和1990年代初。 This strategic basis lasted until the late 1980s and early 1990s.  20世纪80年代末和90年代初，世界经历了自第二次世界大战结束以来最显著的变化。  Engagement and ExpansionIn the late 1980s and the early 1990s the world witnessed the most remarkable changes since the end of the Second World War. 1989年柏林墙的倒塌、东欧国家政府的更迭以及1991年底苏联的解体从根本上改变了世界力量的平衡  The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the change of governments of the Eastern European countries and the disintegration of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991 radically changed the balance of power in the world. 美国在国际舞台上的主要对手被除掉，在沙漠风暴(1991年针对伊拉克萨达姆·侯赛因的第一次海湾战争)中的胜利，使美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国。  The removal of its chief rival on the international arena, the triumph in the Desert Storm (the first Gulf War against Saddam Hussein of Iraq in 1991) made the United States the only superpower of the world. 美国的战略规划者们再次提出了“美国治下的和平”的概念。  American strategic planners again brought up the idea of a Pax Americana. 这一次，成功的可能性似乎更高了。  This time it seemed that the possibility of success was higher. 在克林顿政府的领导下，一百多个月的经济繁荣为美国追求霸权提供了坚实的经济基础  The more than one hundred months of economic boom under the Clinton Administration gave the American drive for supremacy a strong economic basis. 经过几次调整，美国全球战略的目标变得清晰起来:为了保持美国在世界上的领导地位，美国不会允许  After several adjustments, the goal of the United States global strategy became clear: In order to maintain American leadership in the world, the United States would not allow

任何世界大国或地区大国出现挑战美国的全球领导地位以及在对美国国家利益至关重要的地区的领导地位。（霸道、霸权） any world power or regional power to emerge to challenge American global leadership or leadership in regions vital to American national interests. 克林顿政府将国家安全、经济繁荣和促进民主作为美国外交政策的三大支柱。  The Clinton Administration made national security, economic prosperity and promotion of democracy the three pillars of American foreign policy. 它的国际战略是接触和扩张，这意味着美国将更加积极地参与世界事务，更加积极地推动世界市场经济和美国式民主。  Its international strategy was engagement and expansion, which meant the United States would take a more active part in world affairs and would more actively promote the market economy and American-style democracy in the world.  1999年对前南斯拉夫进行了长达44天的猛烈轰炸，这是对911事件后美国外交政策新战略的一个考验。2001年乔治·w·布什当选总统后，他和他的高级顾问们推行了一项战略，该战略大大改变了美国多年来奉行的一些外交政策原则。  The 44-day heavy bombing of the former Yugoslavia in 1999 was a test case for the new strategy 28American Foreign Policy after September 11When George W. Bush became President in 2001, he and his top advisers pursued a strategy that significantly changed some of the principles that had been practiced in American foreign policy for years. 这一战略有两个突出的因素:单边主义和对军事力量的信心。  This strategy had two prominent elements: unilateralism and faith in military strength. 他们希望从美国国家利益的角度审视政策和国际协议。  They wanted to review policies and international agreements from the point of view of American national interests. 如果他们认为任何国际协议不符合美国的国家利益，他们会毫不犹豫地放弃它。  If they thought any international agreement was not in line with American national interests, they would not hesitate to discard it. 因此，他们废除了1972年与前苏联签署的《京都议定书》和《反弹道导弹条约》。 这种单方面行为引起了世界各国的强烈批评。  Therefore, they scrapped the Kyoto Protocol and the Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty signed in 1972 with the former Soviet Union.29Such unilateral actions drew strong criticism from countries all over the world. 就在美国即将成为世界上孤独的超级大国时，9·11恐怖袭击发生了。  Just when the United States was on the point of becoming a lonely superpower in the world, the Sept. 11 terrorist attack took place. 2001年9月11日，恐怖分子劫持了四架美国客机，两架撞向世贸大厦，一架撞向五角大楼，第四架撞向宾夕法尼亚州的田野，这都是乘客们勇敢反抗的结果。  On Sept. 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked four American passenger planes, two smashing into the World Trade Towers, one into the Pentagon, and the fourth one smashing into the fields in Pennsylvania as a result of the courageous struggle put up by the passengers. 3000名无辜的人在恐怖袭击中丧生。  Three thousand innocent lives were lost in the terrorist attacks. 全世界都感到震惊，谴责这种滥杀无辜的行为。  The whole world was shocked, condemning such indiscriminate killing of innocent people. 反恐怖主义已成为世界上大多数国家的优先议程。  Anti-terrorism became a priority on the agenda of the majority of the countries all over the world. 恐怖主义是国际现象，反恐需要国际社会共同努力。  Since terrorism is an international phenomenon, antiterrorism requires the concerted efforts of the international community. 美国相应地调整了政策，努力组建反恐联盟。  The United States adjusted its policy accordingly and worked to form an anti-terrorism coalition. 人们一度期待布什政府放弃单边主义。  For a time, people expected that the Bush Administration would drop its unilateralism. 布什政府很快就把矛头指向了以本拉登为首的基地组织  The Bush Administration soon focused on al-Qaeda led by Bin Laden as the culprit of

他们发现基地组织的成员得到了阿富汗塔利班的支持。 the terrorist attacks, and they found that the operatives of al-Qaeda were supported by the Taliban in Afghanistan. 美国向塔利班发出最后通牒，要求他们交出本·拉登和他的主要同伙，并允许美国军队进入摧毁所有的训练营。  The United States sent an ultimatum to the Taliban, demanding that they hand over Bin Laden and his key associates and allow the American forces in to destroy all the training camps. 塔利班拒绝了最后通牒。  The Taliban turned down the ultimatum. 于是在2001年10月，美国对阿富汗发动了全面进攻，并在两个月内取得了决定性的胜利。（美国人又可爱了，结果：阿富汗成为了又一个越南，美国仓皇撤出，颜面尽失）  So in October 2001, the United States launched an all round attack on Afghanistan and won a decisive victory in two months.   The quick and relatively easy victory greatly boosted American arrogance, In the State of the Union message of 2002, President Bush surprised the world by naming Iraq, Iran and North Korea as the Axis of Evil. 美国的单边主义再次显现。  American unilateralism again became evident. 在对西点军校毕业生的演讲中，布什总统第一次提出了先发制人的战略  In an address delivered to the West Point graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put forward the strategy of preemption. 2002年9月发布的《国家安全战略》正式规定了先发制人。  Preemption was formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in September 2002. 所谓先发制人，美国的意思是，当它确定一个对美国具有敌意的专制国家已经获得或生产了大规模杀伤性武器，或者有可能拥有这种武器时，美国应该使用武力消除对美国安全的威胁，而不应该等到危险迫在眉睫或美国受到攻击时才采取行动  By preemption, the United States meant that when it determined that a country which was repressive and hostile to the United States had acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or had the potential to possess such weapons, the United States should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger became imminent or until the United States was attacked.  这就是众所周知的布什主义。  This has come to be known as the Bush Doctrine. 虽然这一原则被批评为不符合国际法和联合国宪章，但布什政府坚持这一原则，并在第二次海湾战争中进行了考验。  Although this doctrine was criticized for not being in accord with international law and the UN Charter, the Bush Administration adhered to the doctrine, putting it to test in The Gulf War II. 2003年3月20日，美国未经联合国授权对伊拉克发动大规模空袭。  On March 20, 2003, the United States launched large-scale air attacks on Iraq without United Nation authorization. 在猛烈轰炸之后，美国和英国地面部队进驻。  After heavy bombing, American and British ground forces moved in. 布什总统宣称，这场战争是为了解除伊拉克的武装，结束萨达姆政权，建立一个新的民主政府。  President Bush asserted that the war was to disarm Iraq, to end the Saddam regime and to put in a new and democratic government.根据一些分析，伊拉克战争只是一场更广泛、更长期的战争中的一场战斗，目的是改变叙利亚、伊朗和沙特阿拉伯政府的性质。换句话说，布什政府想按照自己的计划和形象重塑中东。  d According to some analysis, the War on Iraq was only a battle in a wider and longer war to change the nature of the governments in Syria, Iran and Saudi Arabia.35 In other words, the Bush Administration wanted to remake the Middle East according to its plan and in its image. 美国在推翻萨达姆政权的过程中取得了迅速的胜利，但却陷入了与伊拉克武装派别的长期战争中。  America won a quick victory in toppling Saddam Hussein in Iraq, but got bogged down in a protracted war with the Iraqi armed factions. 如果伊拉克人民欢迎，或者至少对美军的到来保持中立（就好了），（但）伊拉克人很快就转而反对占领军。  If the Iraqi people had welcomed, or at least had been neutral towards the arrival of American forces, they soon turned against the occupation forces. 美国政府提出的发动战争的理由- -拥有大规模毁灭性武器和与萨达姆政权与基地组织有联系- -证明是没有根据的。  The reasons put forward by the American Government for the warthe possession of weapons of mass destruction and the link with al-Qaeda of the Saddam regime- proved to be unfounded. 布什政府的信誉和美国的形象受到严重损害。  The credibility of the Bush Administration and the image of the United States were severely harmed.  

反美主义变得普遍起来。  Anti Americanism became widespread. 2008年12月布什卸任时，他的支持率为24%。  When Bush was to leave office in December 2008, his approval rating stood at 24%.在布什政府执政的8年里，美国有10万多名军人在这两个国家作战，造成7千多人死亡，耗资数万亿美元。（军工集团和美军势力赚的盆满钵满）  Throughout the eight years of the Bush administration, the United States had more than 100 000 troops fighting in the two countries with a death toll of more than 7 000 and a cost of trillions of dollars. 2007年，一场金融危机首先在美国爆发，然后蔓延到全世界。  In 2007, a financial crisis broke out first in the United States and then spread to the whole world. 这是自1929年大萧条以来最严重的金融危机。  It was the greatest financial crisis since thed Great Depression of 1929. 到2008年，美国人民已经受够了战争和大萧条。  The American people, by 2008, had enough of the wars and the depression. 他们要求改变。  They demanded a change.2008年大选与紧缩在两场战争和经济衰退的背景下，巴拉克·奥巴马以“变革，我们可以”的口号当选美国第44任总统。  The Election of 2008 and the Retrenchmen tAgainst the background of two wars and an economic recession, with the slogand of "Change, We Can", Barack Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States. 他采取了全球紧缩和地区扩张的大战略。  He adopted a grand strategy of global retrenchment and regional expansion. 他开始结束这两场战争，首先从伊拉克撤军，这一行动于2011年基本完成。  He started to end the two wars by first withdrawing troops from Iraq, which was basically completed in 2011. 在阿富汗，他首先向那里派遣了更多的军队，希望在战场上占据上风，然后从该国撤军。  In Afghanistan, he first dispatched more troops there hoping to get the upper hand on the battlefield, and then taking out troops from the country. 他承诺在离开白宫前完成这项任务，但美国军队仍在那里作战，尽管人数少了得多（共和党和军工集团不想丢掉这个捞钱的好地方啊）。  He promised to fulfill the task before he left the White House but American troops are still fighting there, although in much smaller numbers. 与此同时，奥巴马将美国的注意力转向亚太地区，这一战略最初被称为“重返亚洲”，后来被重新定义为“再平衡”。  At the same time, Obama redirected US attention to the Asia-Pacific region, which was first called Pivot to Asia, then redefined as rebalancing. 美国采取军事、政治和经济措施，扩大和加强其在亚太地区的影响力，以对抗美国人所谓的XX在该地区的影响力扩张。  The United States took military, political and economic measures to expand and strengthen its influence in the Asia-Pacific region to counter what the Americans called China's expansion of influence there. 美国宣布将把其60%的海军力量部署到该地区，并将在那里部署最先进的飞机。  America declared that it would move 60% of its naval force to this region and would station the most advanced aircraft there. 美国努力在该地区建立一个联盟伙伴关系网络，并努力将其愿景强加于人。  The United States worked hard to knit an alliance-partnership network in the region and made a great effort to impose its vision. 美国违背了自己的承诺，公然干预XX南海，支持小国（菲律宾等）挑战XX。  The United States broke its promise and intervened blatantly in the South China Sea and backed the claimants to challenge China.在欧洲，美国通过颜色革命缩小了俄罗斯的生存空间。  In Europe, the United States engaged in narrowing the living space of Russiad through color revolutions. 但事情并没有像奥巴马希望的那样发展。  But things did not move as Obama wished. 当亲俄政府被美国支持的示威活动推翻时，俄罗斯采取了吞并克里米亚的行动，并支持乌克兰部分地区的抵抗活动。  Russia took action to annex Crimea and supported resistance in part of Ukraine when the proRussian government was toppled by American-supported demonstrations. 美国及其北约盟国对俄罗斯实施了严厉制裁 （把俄国GDP打掉了一半） The United States, together with its NATO allies, imposed strict sanctions against Russia, which

使美俄关系降至历史最低点。 brought US-Russian relations to a historic low.在中东，美国及其北约盟国对利比亚进行了干预，造成了混乱的局面。  In the Middle East, the United States and its NATO allies intervened in Libya and left a chaotic situation there. 他们再次对叙利亚进行干预，导致有史以来规模最大的难民潮涌向欧洲。  Again they intervened in Syria, which brought about the largest exodus of refugees to Europe. 难民问题已成为所有欧盟国家头疼的问题，并引发了国内冲突。  The refugee problem has become a headache to all the EU countries and causes domestic conflicts. 这些干预为伊斯兰国的崛起提供了可能，其影响力一度蔓延到一些阿拉伯国家。  The interventions made it possible for the rise of IS, whose influence for a time spread to a number of Arab countries. 今天，你可以看到伊拉克、叙利亚、苏丹、也门和利比亚的战斗仍在继续，伊斯兰国的影响正在非洲蔓延。  Today you see fighting going on in Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Yemen and Libya, and IS influence is spreading in Africa.这样的事态发展使美国不可能将其注意力和资源完全转移到亚太地区。  Such developments made it impossible for the United States to carry out the shift of its attention and resources completely to the Asia-Pacific region. 一位美国战略家这样说:奥巴马政府犯了一个战略错误，即同时与俄罗斯和XX这两个大国对抗，并成功地将这两个大国拉近了距离。  One American strategist had this to say: the Obama Administration made a strategic mistake of confronting two powers, Russia and China, at the same time and succeeding in driving the two closer together. 但其他右翼学者和评论员认为奥巴马在外交政策上不够强硬。  But other right-wing scholars and commentators thought Obama was not tough enough in foreign policy. 然而，人们对奥巴马和他的团队达成伊朗核协议、对古巴开放以及与XX合作达成环境保护方面的《巴黎协定》表示赞赏。  However, people give credit to Obama and his team for reaching the Iran nuclear deal, for opening up to Cuba and for working with China to bring about the Paris Agreement in environmental protection. 当奥巴马离开白宫时，他的支持率在54%到58%之间，这在二战后的总统中是非常高的。  When Obama left the White House, his approval rate was between 54% and 58%, which is very high among post World War Two presidents.美国现在有了一位新总统。  The United States now has a new president. 美国第45任总统唐纳德·特朗普将如何执行美国的外交政策?  How will Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States conduct American foreign policy? 存在很大的不确定性。  There is great uncertainty. 所有的迹象都表明，美国的传统做法可能会出现急剧的突破。  All signs show there might be a sharp break with America's traditional approach. 只有历史才能告诉我们将会发生什么。  Only history will tell what will happen.第二次世界大战以来的美国外交政策可以分为两个阶段:1945年至1991年的第一阶段和1991年以后的第二阶段。  ConclusionAmerican foreign policy since the Second World War can be divided into two phases: the first between 1945 and 1991 and the second after 1991. 在第一阶段，美国外交政策的基本目标是遏制苏联的扩张，并最终促成苏联政治制度的变革。  In the first phase, the basic goal of the foreign policy of the United States was to contain Soviet expansion and to finally bring about change in the Soviet political system. 在第二阶段，基本目标是尽可能长时间地保持美国在世界上的统治地位，并以美国为模板重塑世界。  In the second phase, the basic goal is to maintain American domination in the world as long as possible and to remake the world in America's image. 美国在过去半个多世纪奉行的任何政策，都是基于对世界形势的分析和对美国核心利益的维护。（扯淡，许多政策出于党派利益、个人喜好和政治利益，掏空美国的政策太多了）  Whatever policy the United States has pursued in the past half a century and more, it is based on the US analysis of the world situation and on the determination of American core interests. 

美国人如何看待自己的基本国家利益，应该始终是理解美国外交政策的出发点。

How Americans view their basic national interests should always be the starting point in understanding American foreign policy.