英语发音技巧笔记
Pronunciation Tips (British English or BrE)
学习链接：英语口语|语音语调|连读弱读|同化省音|外教|双语字幕|BBC经典教程
1. 连音 Catenation
e.g. He’s holding an egg.
/əneɡ/
- He’s in the garden.
/zɪn/
- I used to believe in Father Christmas, but not any more.
/vɪn/ /tˈen.i/
- I had to give up jogging.
/ɡɪvvʌp/
- He had it in his office.
/dɪt/
* catenation (consonant to vowel linking):
When a word ends in a consonant sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound, the two words can link together.
当一个单词以辅音结尾而下一个单词以元音开头时，这两个单词可以连接在一起
***2. 连读 The linking /j/
e.g. I always ...
/aɪ.jˈɔːl.weɪz/
- When I go on holidays, I just want to lie on the beach.
/jɒn/
- The end of the film was brilliant.
/jend/
- I ate the whole cake in one go.
/jeɪt/
- It was too high up for me to reach.
/jʌp/
* linking /j/:
When a word ends in /aɪ/, /iː/, /eɪ/ or /ɔɪ/ and the next word begins with a vowel, a small /j/ sound can link the words together.
当一个单词以 /aɪ/、/iː/、/eɪ/ 或 /ɔɪ/ 结尾，而下一个单词以元音开头时，一个小的 /j/ 声音可以将这些单词连接在一起
3. 连读 The linking /r/
e.g. War and Peace
/wɔːræn.piːs/
- You know I really like my mother in-law.
/rɪn/
- Have you been to the Tower of London.
/rəv/
- You’ve got something in your eye.
/raɪ/
- Never again.
/rəˈɡen/
* linking /r/:
Words that are spelt with an /r/ at the end use the /r/ sound to link to the next word if that word begins with a vowel.
如果一个单词结尾有 /r/ 音，当下一个单词以元音字母开头时，会使用 /r/ 音来连接这两个单词
**4. 连读 The linking /w/
e.g. The shoe is on the wrong foot
/ʃuːwɪz/
- When do I have to be there?
/duːwaɪ/
- I haven’t got a clue at all.
/wæt/ or /wət/
- That glue is really strong.
/wɪz/
- I really can’t do it.
/duːwɪt/
* linking /w/:
When a word ends in /uː/ and the next word begins with a vowel sound the two words can link together with a small /w/ sound.
当一个单词以 /uː/ 音结束，下一个单词以元音音素开头时，这两个单词可以用一个小的 /w/ 音来连接在一起
5. 合并 Germination (twinning) /t/
e.g. It takes two to tango.
(t)s are merged
- It took him twenty years to get to the top.
(t)s are merged (t)s are merged
- You don’t have to cheat to pass the test!
(t)s are merged
- You were right to the upset.
(t)s are merged
- We took the overnight train to Venice.
(t)s are merged
* germination /t/:
When a word ends in /t/ and the next begins with /t/, the two /t/ sounds can join together to make one sound.
当一个单词以 /t/ 结尾，下一个单词以 /t/ 开始时，这两个 /t/ 音可以合并成一个音
6. 合并 Germination (twinning) /s/
e.g. He looks sad.
/lʊksæd/
- She’s silly!
/ʃiː.ˈsɪl.i/
- He’s sitting over there.
/hiː.sɪt.ɪŋ/
- Can you come this Saturday?
/ðɪ.ˈsæt.ə.deɪ/
- That’s so unfair!
/ðæ.səʊ/
* germination:
When a word ends in /s/ and the next word begins with /s/, the two sounds come together.
当一个单词以 /s/ 结尾，下一个单词以 /s/ 开始时，这两个音会合并在一起
7. 弱读 Weak form: 'and' -> /n/
e.g. Fish and Chips
/fɪʃ.n.tʃɪps/
- I’m going to go and get the shopping.
/n/
- Apples and oranges are my favourite fruits.
/n/
- I’ve been thinking and thinking but I can’t decide.
/n/
- We went for a coffee and something to eat.
/n/
* and:
When ‘and’ is an unstressed conjunction, the /d/ sound at the end is often not pronounced and the /æ/ becomes /ə/ or is not pronounced at all.
当 "and" 是一个无重音的连词时，结尾的 /d/ 音通常不发音，而 /æ/ 音会变成 /ə/，或者干脆不发音
8. 弱读 Weak form: 'been' -> /bɪn/
e.g. I have been in London seven years.
/bɪn/
- I’ve been working here for several years.
/bɪn/
- How long’ve you been waiting?
/bɪn/
- It’s been years since I went to the cinema.
/bɪn/
- What’ve you been up to since we last met?
/bɪn/
* weak form been:
When the auxiliary ‘been’ is unstressed, its pronunciation changes from /biːn/ to /bɪn/.
当助动词 "been" 无重音时，它的发音会从 /biːn/ 变为 /bɪn/
9. 弱读 Weak form: 'can' -> /kən/
e.g. I can speak two languages.
/kən/
- Can you help me bring in the shopping, please?
/kn/
- I can swim further than I can run.
/kn/ /kn/
- You can succeed if you work hard.
/kn/
- How far can you throw a tennis ball?
/kn/
* weak form can:
When the modal auxiliary ‘can’ is not stressed, the pronunciation changes from /kæn/ to /kən/ or /kn/.
当情态助动词 "can" 无重音时，发音会从 /kæn/ 变为 /kən/ 或 /kn/
10. 弱读 Weak form: 'Have to' -> /hæf.tə/
e.g. I have to get up at 8 o’clock.
/hæf.tə/
- They have to be there by ten.
/hæf.tə/
- We have to find another flat.
/hæf.tə/
- You have to tell me the gossip.
/hæf.tə/
- I always have to take the train.
/hæf.tə/
* have to:
When the verb ‘have to’ means an obligation, ‘have’ is pronounced /hæf/ and ‘to’ is pronounced /tə/.
当动词“have to”表示义务时，“have” 发音为 /hæf/，而“to”发音为 /tə/
11. 弱读 Weak form: 'have' -> /əv/
e.g. I’d’ve been late.
/dəv/
- Your parcel should’ve been delivered yesterday.
/dəv/
- I would’ve done it differently.
/dəv/
- We might’ve made a mistake.
/təv/
- The police’ve arrived.
/səv/
* contracted ‘have’:
When the auxiliary ‘have’ is contracted after a consonant sound, it is pronounced /əv/.
当辅助动词 “have” 在辅音音节后缩写时，其发音为 /əv/
*12. 弱读 Weak form: 'he' -> /iː/, 'her' -> /ə/
e.g. He looks like he’s had an accident.
/hiː/ /kiːz/
- I really like his cooking.
/kiːz/
- We think he’s left the country.
/kiːz/
- They let him leave early.
/tiːm/
- They offered her a promotion.
/dərə/
* pronouncing 'he':
At the beginning of a sentence or clause, 'he' is pronounced as /hiː/. In the middle of a sentence or clause and after a consonant, the /h/ is often not pronounced. The same is true for words like 'his' and 'her'.
在句子或从句的开头，“he” 的发音为 /hiː/。在句子或从句的中间以及辅音后面，“h” 通常不发音。对于单词 “his” 和 “her” 也是如此
13. 弱读 Weak form: 'was' -> /wəz/, 'were' -> /wə/
e.g. I was out drinking.
/wəz/
- I was there when it happened.
/wəz/
- We were delighted with the results.
/wə/
- We were having a good time until it rained.
/wə/
- He was feeling much better last night.
/wəz/
* weak forms was & were:
When ‘was’ and ‘were’ are unstressed they are pronounced with schwa as /wəz/ and /wə/.
当 “was” 和 “were” 在无重音时，它们的发音使用弱读音标，分别为 /wəz/ 和 /wə/
14. 音变 The
e.g. I prefer the blue one to the orange one.
/ðə/ /ðiː/
- In a restaurant, I always order the apple pie.
/ðiː/
- I think the autumn is the best time of year.
/ðiː/
- The earlier I get up, the happier I am.
/ðiː/
- It’s the one over there.
/ðə/
* the:
When unstressed, the pronunciation of 'the' before a consonant sound is /ðə/. Before a vowel sound it’s /ðiː/.
当冠词“the”在辅音音节前面是不重读时，其发音为 /ðə/；而在元音音节前面时，其发音为 /ðiː/
15. 懒音 Schwa
e.g. It’s a piece of cake.
/əˈpisə/
- I like a cup of tea in the morning.
/əˈkʌpə/ /ðə/
- Could you get me a packet of biscuits?
/ə/ /əv/
- Can you give it to me?
/kən/ /jə/ /tə/
- I had an apple for lunch today.
/ənˈæp.l/ /fə/ /təˈdeɪ/
* /ə/ - schwa:
/ə/ is the most common sound in English, it’s never stressed and is in all kinds of words from articles and prepositions to nouns with more than one syllable.
/ə/ 是英语中最常见的音标，它从冠词、介词到多音节的名词等各种词汇中都有。/ə/ 音标从未被重读过
16. 省音 Elision /d/
e.g. I prefer steamed potatoes to boiled potatoes.
/d/ is not pronounced - elision
I peeled my finger.
/d/ is not pronounced also.
- My best friend let me borrow his car.
(d)
- Don’t hold back, say what you mean.
(d)
- His bike rolled down the hill without him.
(d)
* elision:
When a /d/ sound comes between two consonant sounds, it is often not pronounced.
当 /d/ 音标出现在两个辅音音标之间时，通常会省略不发音，这也是常见的英文“弱读音规则”之一。这种现象被称为“辅音删除法”或“d音轻声”。因此，在正常的发音中，需要注意这种情况，使其更加自然也更加地流畅
17. 省音 Elision /t/
e.g. Sorry, I can’t do that.
(t) is not pronounced here.
- I can’t stand the rain.
(t)
- It must be time to leave.
(t)
- Am I the first person here?
(t)
- I don’t want it.
(t)
* elision:
When a /t/ sound comes between two consonant sounds, it is often not pronounced.
当 /t/ 音标出现在两个辅音音标之间时，通常会省略不发音，这也是英文的一个常见“弱读规则”。这种现象被称为“辅音删除法”或 “t音轻声”
***18. 无声除阻 Unreleased stop
e.g. I’d like to visit Greece.
(d) is not fully pronounced here
- How about a quick chat?
(k) is not fully pronounced
- You should thank her.
(d) is not fully pronounced
- It was a sad time in his life.
(d) is not fully pronounced
- Why don’t you sit down?
(t) is not fully pronounced
* unreleased stop:
When a plosive (/d/, /t/, /b/, /p/, /ɡ/, /k/) comes before another consonant sound, the plosive is not fully pronounced as the release of the blocked air is not heard.
当一个破璧音（如/d/，/t/，/b/，/p/，/k/或/ɡ/）出现在另一个辅音音标之前时，在发音中一般这个破璧音不能被完整地发出，因为音标后的声音阻碍了其空气的释放。这种现象被称为“未完全发音的破璧音”。这在英语口语中非常常见
***19. 加音 Intrusive /r/
e.g. Law and order
(r) is intrusively added since it flows better though a bit controversial
- Can you draw a circle freehand?
(r) is added
- My dog hurt its paw on some broken glass.
(r) is added
- There was a flaw in the argument.
(r) is added
- I saw a good film last night.
(r) is added
* intrusion
When a word ends in an /ɔː/ sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound, an /r/ sound is sometimes added, even if there is no ‘r’ in the spelling.
当一个单词以 /ɔː/ 音结束，并且下一个单词以元音音开始时，有时会添加一个 /r/ 音，即使在单词拼写中并没有“r”
20. 同化 Assimilation /d/ comes before /b/
e.g. Speed boat
/spiːbəʊt/
- My son is a really good boy.
(d) is merged into b
- I’m sorry if I was rude before.
(d) is merged into b
- My car had to be towed back to the ‘garage.
(d) is merged into b
- You should buy him a present.
(d) is merged into b
* assimilation: /d/ comes before /b/:
When a word ends in a vowel sound then /d/ and the next word starts with /b/, the /d/ changes to /b/ and merges with the following /b/.
当一个单词以元音音 /d/ 结尾，并且下一个单词以 /b/ 开始时，/d/ 会变成 /b/ 并与后面的 /b/ 融合在一起
21. 同化 Assimilation /d/ comes before (/ɡ/ or /k/)
e.g. The dog has been a bad girl
(d) changes to /ɡ/
- He’s a really good cook.
(d) changes to /ɡ/
- Last night we had guests for dinner.
(d) changes to /ɡ/
- Can you print out a hard copy?
(d) changes to /ɡ/
- I’d love to walk down the red carpet one day.
(d) changes to /ɡ/
* assimilation /d/ comes before (/ɡ/ or /k/):
When a word ends in /d/ and the next word begins with /k/ or /ɡ/, the /d/ can change to /ɡ/.
当一个单词以 /d/ 音结尾，下一个单词以 /k/ 或 /ɡ/ 音开始时，/d/ 音可以变成 /ɡ/ 音
*22. 同化 Assimilation /d/ comes before /j/
e.g. Would you do me a favour?
/wʊdʒuː/ or even /wʊdʒə/
- I'm sad you decided to quit.
/dʒ/
- Could you get here by midnight?
/dʒ/
- Should you see him, can you give him a message?
/dʒ/
- I don't think the gold you bought was real.
/dʒ/
* assimilation /d/ comes before /j/:
When a word ends in a vowel sound then /d/ and the next word begins with /j/, the /d/ and /j/ can join together and change to /dʒ/.
当一个单词以元音音 + /d/音结尾，下一个单词以 /j/ 音开始时，/d/ 和 /j/ 可以合并并变成 /dʒ/ 音
23. 同化 Assimilation /n/ + (/b/, /p/, /w/ or /m/)
e.g. Green Park
/ɡriːm/
- I own ten pairs of socks.
/m/
- He didn’t do it on purpose.
/m/
- I would love to live in Paris.
/m/
- Can you come on Wednesday?
/m/
* assimilation:
When a word ends in /n/ and the next word begins with /p/, /b/, /w/ or /m/, the /n/ may change to /m/.
当一个单词以 /n/ 音结束，下一个单词以/p/、/b/、/w/或/m/音开始时，/n/ 音可能会变成 /m/ 音
*24. 同化 Assimilation /s/ + (/j/ or /ʃ/)
e.g. Bless you!
/bleʃjuː/
This shirt
/ðɪ.ʃɜːt/
- Can you jus(t) shut the door, please?
/ʃ/
- This yacht is beautiful.
/ʃ/
- Don’t worry, that’s usual.
/ʃ/
- He always makes you feel good.
/ʃ/
* assimilation /s/ + (/j/ or /ʃ/):
When a word ends in /s/ and the next begins with /j/ or /ʃ/, the /s/ can change to /ʃ/.
当一个单词以 /s/ 音结尾，下一个单词以 /j/ 或 /ʃ/ 音开始时，/s/ 可以变成 /ʃ/ 音
*25. 同化 Assimilation /t/ + /j/
e.g. Nice to meet you. (How do you do)
/miːtʃuː/
- That shirt won’t suit you.
/tʃ/
- Don’t you want to come to the party?
/tʃ/
- I bet your boss doesn’t know.
/tʃ/
- Can I get you anything?
/tʃ/
* assimilation /t/ + /j/ = /tʃ/:
If a word ends in the sound /t/ and the next word begins with /j/, both sounds may come together to make /tʃ/.
如果一个单词以 /t/ 音结束，下一个单词以 /j/ 音开始，这两个音可能会合并成 /tʃ/ 音
26. 同化 Assimilation /t/ + /k/
e.g. Credit card
/ˈkredɪkɑːd/
- Don’t let it get cold!
/k/
- You have to do it quickly.
/k/
- There’s not a short cut to learning a language.
/k/
- I didn’t like that cake.
/k/
* assimilation /t/ + /k/:
If the sound /t/ comes after a vowel and before /k/, it can change to /k/.
当 /t/ 音出现在元音音之后并在 /k/ 音之前时，/t/ 音可以转变为 /k/ 音
27. 同化 Assimilation /t/ + /p/
e.g. a white piece of paper
/waɪp piːs/
- There are lots of great parks in London.
/p/
- I love split pea soup.
/p/
- I hate potatoes.
/p/
- My mate picked us up from the airport.
/p/
* assimilation /t/ + /p/:
When a word ends in /t/ and the next word begins with /p/, the two sounds come together with the /t/ changing to /p/.
当一个单词以 /t/ 结尾，并且下一个单词以 /p/ 音开始时，这两个音会合并并且 /t/ 音变成 /p/ 音
28. 同化 Assimilation /nd/ + (/b/, /p/, /m/, /w/)
e.g. It’s an egg sandwich.
/ˈsæn.wɪdʒ/
- My grandparents have been married for 50 years.
/m/
- I got a standby ticket.
/m/
- The band played until midnight.
/m/
- I left my handbag on the train.
/m/
* elision and assimilation:
/nd/ changes to /m/ before the consonants /b/, /p/, /m/ or /w/.
在辅音 /b/、/p/、/m/ 或 /w/ 之前，音素 /nd/ 会变成音素 /m/
