《British cruisers》节译1

本文节选自诺曼·弗里德曼的《British cruisers：from WWII and after》第七章最后一部分。英国大型巡洋舰计划。 中英文对照，渣翻，发现错误请评论区指出。 正文部分： 1-1.Although prohibited by the 1936 treaty, larger cruisers remained interesting, not least because there were continual rumours that the Japanese were building 20,000-ton super￾cruisers, and because it was considered entirely possible that the Germans would do much the same thing. In January 1938 DNC asked his preliminary cruiser designer, W G John, to sketch a variety of heavy cruisers, beginning with a 20,000-ton ship (700ft x 70ft x 25ft), to make 33kts at standard displacement, with high endurance. Armament would be three quadruple 9.2in turrets, six twin 4.5in and four octuple pompoms, but there would be neither torpedo tubes nor machine guns (0.661in). The ship would have two aircraft and a deck catapult. Armour would be an 8in belt covered by a 4in deck, with underwater protection against a 750lb charge, as in a capital ship. The designer was to try to ‘scrape down’ to not more than 15,000 tons; cost should be about £5 million. Admiralty Board minutes do not suggest any interest in building such ships, but in January 1938 it was just becoming clear that Japan could not be enticed to abide by the new treaty restrictions (the British thought the Japanese were designing ships only slightly above the allowable tonnage), and the design may indicate British interest in a cruiser escalator agreement. The design was developed in some detail. 1-1.尽管被1936年第二次伦敦海军条约所禁止，但是海军依然对于大型巡洋舰保有兴趣，尤其是不断有关于日本人正在建造20000吨的超级巡洋舰的传闻，同时也因为德国人被认为完全有可能做类似的事。在1938年一月，DNC(Director of Naval Construction)(海军建造总监)咨询了它的巡洋舰初步设计师W G 约翰先生(此人资料不可找)以为一系列重型巡洋舰绘制草图。初步方案是一条20000吨(213.4m，长21.3m宽，7.62m吃水)，标准排水量下33节航速，适航性较强的巡洋舰。装备三座四联装9.2吋(234mm)主炮，六座双联装4.5吋(114mm)副炮以及四座八联装40mm砰砰炮，但是该草案未配备任何鱼雷以及机枪。方案有两架水机和一座甲板弹射器。8吋(203mm)侧舷主装甲带，4吋(102mm)水平装甲，水下部分的防护可以如主力舰一样抵挡750磅(340kg)炸药。设计师试图去将其削减到15000吨。方案的造价预估为500万镑。海军部的会议记录显示他们对这个方案没有兴趣，然而在1938年1月无法说服日本接受这份条约限制(英国人认为日本人仅仅是在设计略高于所允许吨位的船)，这个方案表明英国海军对超出条约的巡洋舰的兴趣。该方案的具体设计细节依然在后续发展。 1-2.The ship would be about the size of a carrier; DNC suggested starting with 132,000shp. DNO provided data on a quadruple 9.2in turret. The belt armour would resist 10in shells 40° from normal at 16,000yds; the deck was expected to resist 10in shells and also a 1,000lb AP bomb dropped from 8,000ft. DNC suggested a short forecastle design with a hangar and the usual alternating engine and boiler rooms, the machinery box being pushed well aft (as in Belfast). A cross-section showed a 16ft 6in deep belt extending 11ft 6in above the waterline, with an internal deck below the armour deck but well above water, and a side protective system inboard of the belt. Hull depth would have been 35ft 6in. The belt would have been closed by 6in bulkheads. As in recent much smaller cruisers, the belt armour, rather than armour boxes, would have protected the magazines. The 20,000-ton hull actually proved somewhat small, so John tried a 23,700-tonner as well.To get back down, John tried triple 9.2in guns, but found he did not have enough machinery weight to make 33kts. He had to reduce armour.By early February 1938 this design was being called an armoured cruiser. In mid-February John reported to DNC, who asked about the effect of substituting triple for quadruple 9.2in turrets. The docket and drawings were sent to Controller on 17 February 1938. As reported, the ship with three quadruple turrets would displace 20,750 tons and would cost £5.2 million, while the alternative with three triple turrets would displace 23,500 tons and cost £6 million. 1-2.这艘船的尺寸会达到航母级别，DNC建议动力系统以最低132000马力开始设计。DNO(Department of the Director of Naval Ordnance)(海军军械署)则提供了四联装9.2吋炮塔的数据。主装甲带可以抵御16000码(14.6km)外40°航向角的10吋(254mm)炮弹以及从2438m投下的1000磅(453.6kg)穿甲航弹。DNC建议采用有机库以及通常的交错式引擎和锅炉，舵机像城级一样移动到舰尾的短艏楼。横截面图显示16英尺6英寸(约5m)的装甲带在水线上延伸11英尺6英寸(约3.5m)。内部甲板低于装甲甲板但是远高于水线与在装甲带内部的侧舷防护系统。型深35英尺6英寸(约9.2m)。主装甲带其余部分为6吋(152mm)。与近期的的许多更小的巡洋舰一样，弹药库被主装甲带而非装甲盒所保护。事实上，这个20000吨的船体被证明小了，所以WG 约翰也做了23700吨的方案。为了缩减排水量，他尝试了三座三联装3.2吋主炮，然而他发现动力舱的重量不足以将其推进到33节的航速。他不得不缩减装甲防护。在1938年的2月初，这个方案被命名为“装甲巡洋舰”。在二月中旬，约翰先生向DNC做了汇报。DNC询问了用三联装炮塔替换四联装炮塔的具体效果如何。案卷与图纸在1938年2月17被送到委员会。根据他的汇报内容，装备三座三联装炮塔的方案排水量20750吨，造价约520w镑；另一个三座三联装炮塔的方案排水量23500吨，造价约600w镑。 1-3.DNC next asked what could be done with nine 8in guns (Design A), or with nine 9.2in (Design B). Speed was set at 33kts and endurance at 10,000nm at 15kts. Other armament was six twin 4.5in, four octuple and two single pompoms, and twelve torpedo tubes. Armour should defeat the ship’s own guns at 90° inclination (worst case) between 8,000 and 25,000yds (with an inch less over machinery). The deck over the magazines should defeat a 500lb SAP bomb dropped from 10,000ft (over machinery, a 500lb dive bomb); and underwater protection should, as before, defeat a 750lb charge. For the 9.2in gun, this was more than had been asked for before: 10½in C over magazines and 9½in over machinery, with a 3½in deck over magazines and 2½in over machinery. For 8in shellfire it was quite heavy, too: 9in (8in) belt and 3½in (2½in deck). Deck armour was the same in both cases because it was determined by the bombs, not the shells. This was the sort of protection the US Navy later provided in the Alaska class, not even approached in any conventional cruiser. Cutting the number of guns in Design B had little effect; the ship would still displace about 20,500 tons and would require 182,000shp to make the desired speed, probably using eight 25,000shp boilers. A sketch showed a ship with a waterline beam of 84ft, bulged underwater to 88ft, so that the battleship-style underwater (side) protective system could be 10ft deep. DNC received the report of this pair of designs on 28 February and in turn reported to Controller on 4 March. The ship with nine 8in guns was expected to displace 21,750 tons and to cost £5.5 million. 1-3.DNC随后询问了能否装备9门8吋(203mm)炮(即DesignA),或者装备9门9.2吋(即Design B)。速度达到33节，在15节下续航10000海里(18520km)。次级武装为六门双联装4.5吋炮，四座八联装，两座单装砰砰炮，以及12根鱼雷发射管。装甲应当可以在最坏的情况下，即90°倾角时在8000码(约7.3km)到25000码(约22.86km)(机械舱的防护少1英寸(即25.4mm))足以防御其自身的主炮。覆盖弹药库的装甲应当可以防御10000英尺(约3km)投下的500磅(约226.8kg)半穿甲航弹。(对应的机械仓段可以抵御500磅俯冲投弹)。水下防护部分应当抵御750磅炸药的冲击。对于其9.2吋主炮，防护比先前的更强，弹药库为10.5吋(266.7mm)，机械舱段为9.5吋(241.3mm)，弹药库段水平装甲为3.5吋(88.9mm)机械舱段顶甲为2.5吋(63.5mm)。8吋炮防护同样也十分重，9吋(机械舱段8吋)，水平装甲为3.5吋(机械舱段2.5吋)。装甲甲板的规格是相同的，因为其厚度取决于航弹而非舰炮。这就是美国海军随后的阿拉斯加级的防护，在任何常规巡洋中均从未有过这种设计。Design B削减主炮得到了一定的成效，它仍然为20500吨，要求有182000马力来达到设定航速，可能需要8座25000马力的锅炉。草图显示水线横梁宽84英尺(约25.6m)，在水下扩展至88英尺(约26.8m)，这样让船可以有10英尺深(约3m)的侧面防护系统。DNC在2月28日收到了这些设计的报告，然后在3月4日向管理者(应该是第三海军大臣)报告。装备9门8吋炮的方案排水量21750吨，造价约550w镑。  1-4.Based on this work, in December 1938 DNC asked for details of an Alaska-like supercruiser, at 20,000 tons, armed with six 12in guns, with 7in belt and 3in deck, which was what the Japanese were (incorrectly) reported to be building. Unlike the 8in and 9.2in cruisers, it was legal under the 1936 treaty, because it came in above the prohibited cruiser zone (8,000-17,000 tons, 6.1in to 10in guns). The estimate was based on the 9.2in ship reported the previous February (700ft x 84ft x 23ft), the twin 12in turret being comparable to the triple 9.2in. Work on such ships resumed in February 1939, with analysis of an 18,000-tonner armed with six 10in guns and twelve 4in HA/LA guns, protected against 8in fire, with a speed of 32/34kts and a cost of about £5 million. Protection was that calculated the previous year, 9in side and 3in deck, offering immunity (against 8in fire) between 8,000 and 25,000yds. The deck could resist 1,000lb AP bombs dropped from 4,000ft and 500lb SAP from 7,000ft. On 10 February John reported to Lillicrap that a ship with six 10in guns, otherwise armed as Belfast and protected against 8in shell, with a speed of 33kts, could be built on 18,000 tons (weights added up to 18,550 tons). The ship had 9in belt armour over her magazines and 8in over her machinery, covered by 3½in and 2½in decks respectively. References in the Notebook suggest that there was still interest in 9.2in main armament. Presumably 10in guns, which no major navy used, was interesting because it was the smallest calibre permissible for a capital ship (i.e. not a prohibited heavy cruiser) under the 1936 treaty. Estimated shell weight was 500lbs, roughly twice that of the 8in cruiser gun.  1-4.基于此，在1938年12月，DNC咨询了类似阿拉斯加级一样的超级巡洋舰，排水量约20000吨，装备有6门12吋(305mm)主炮，7吋(177.8mm)主装与3吋装甲甲板，也就是报告中宣称的日本人正在建造的(事实证明，情报并不正确)。与8吋与9.2吋大型巡洋舰不同，这一设计在1936年条约下是完全合规的，因为其超过了巡洋舰重量的限制(8000-17000吨，装备6.1吋(155mm)到10吋(254mm)主炮)。预估方案是基于先前2月报告中的9.2吋巡洋舰，双联装12吋效能也与三联装9.2吋主炮相当。1939年2月此类船只的研究继续。分析得到排水量18000吨装备有6门10吋主炮，12门4吋(102mm)高炮，足以抵御8吋火炮的火力，航速32/34节，预计造价500w镑的船。防护在去年已经经过计算，9吋侧舷主装，3吋装甲甲板，足以在8000到25000码具有对8吋炮的免疫区。水平装甲可以抵抗在4000英尺(约1.2km)投下的1000磅(约453.6kg)穿甲航弹，在7000英尺(约2.1km)投下的500磅半穿甲航弹。在2月10日，约翰先生向利利克拉普(查尔斯·斯威夫特·利利克拉普爵士(1887-1966)，1944-1951年DNC的领导者)报告了装备有6门10吋主炮，防护布局类似城级第三批次，可以防护8吋火炮，航速33节，可以在18000吨(排水量被加到18550吨)排水量下建成。方案弹药库段侧面装甲为9吋，水平装甲3.5吋，机械舱段侧面装甲8吋，水平装甲2.5吋。笔记中的参考资料显示，海军对9.2吋火炮仍然有兴趣。想必是因为10吋这一并非是海军惯常使用的口径是因为它是1936年条约下允许在主力舰上使用的最小口径。预估中的炮弹重500磅，大约是8吋火炮弹重的两倍。 1-5.In June, DNC asked for studies of a 10,000-ton cruiser armed with 8in guns, in effect a ‘County’ using current technology. Presumably Controller (and the Board) envisaged a partial but not complete breakdown of the treaty, so that 10,000-ton 8in cruisers could once more be built under the specific treaty clause allowing a breakout without mutual agreement as to new limits. Hence, as calculations were made, small excess displacements over 10,000 tons were rejected as unacceptable. DNC envisaged a flush deck ship armed with three triple 8in guns, four twin 4in, four multiple pompoms, and two triple torpedo tubes, plus the usual aircraft and catapult, capable of 32kts, with a 2in deck. Could such a ship have 6in side armour? Variants should be (a) protected against 11in fire (i.e. German‘pocket battleship’ fire) at fine inclinations; (b) with armament forward; (c) well protected against 8in fire; and (d) without 4in guns and pompoms. The ship would have new heavy 8in shells (290lbs). On DNO advice it was assumed that the 8in turrets would elevate to 60-70°and that the guns would be as far apart as in the twin mounts of the ‘County’ class – which guaranteed that turrets would be large. Analysis suggested that a 32kt ship would displace just over 10,000 tons. Data were worked up for both a 32kt (80,000shp) ship (Design A) and a 30kt (58,000shp) ship (Design B), both with 5in belt and 2in deck, Design B coming closer to 10,000 tons, but by surprisingly little. As an alternative, John considered a ship with four twin 8in mounts. That lengthened the citadel and thus required more armour (1,920 tons vs 1,850 tons). The estimated weight of an 8in triple was 328 tons, compared to 218 tons for the twin, so in this analysis adopting twin mounts saved considerable weight (984 tons for triples, 856 tons for twins). Designs C and D were 32kt and 30kt alternatives with the four twin mounts (10,250 tons and 9,995 tons), Design D having ½in more belt armour. The next possibility was eight guns distributed as two triples and one twin: 10,165 tons. All versions used the same hull, presumably to make comparison easier. Different levels of protection were also evaluated.  1-5,在6月，DNC问询了关于装备8吋炮的10000吨巡洋舰，也就是使用当下技术的“郡”级。大概是总监(以及董事会)设想条约会部分(并非全部)失效，因此10000吨排水量，装备8吋主炮的巡洋舰可以在某些特定条款下建造，允许其在双方没有就新条款达成一致情况下取得突破。因此，在就方案进行相关计算时，超过10000吨的微小的超量排水量被认为不可接受。DNC设想的是一条平甲板巡洋舰，装备有三座三联装8吋主炮，四座双联装4吋副炮，四座砰砰炮以及两座三联装鱼雷发射管，加上往常的水机和弹射器，航速32节，有2吋(50.8mm)水平装甲。这条船能否有6吋装甲带呢？a变种可以抵抗11吋(德国的“袖珍战列舰”)，b变种的主炮前置，c变种可以抵御8吋火炮，d变种没有装备4吋炮与砰砰炮。该船将装备新式290磅(约131.5kg，弹重系数0.56)8吋重弹。根据DNO的建议，假设火炮仰角高达60-70°且火炮间距类似“郡”级的双联装8吋炮——这使得炮塔会很大。分析得到这条航速32节的船的排水量仅仅超过10000吨。计算得到一条32节的船(80000马力)，即Design A；30节的船(58000马力)，即Design B，都会配备5吋主装和2吋甲板，Design B来到将近10000吨，这出乎意料的少。作为备选，约翰先生考虑了装备有四座双联装8吋炮。它的更长的核心舱要求更多的装甲(1920吨对比1850吨)。三联装8吋炮塔的预估重量是328吨，相对应的双联装炮塔重218吨，所以这一分析中，采用双联装炮塔的版本节约了相当大的重量(三联装合计984吨，双联装合计856吨)。Design C(10250吨，32节)与Design D(9995吨，30节)是装备四座双联装炮塔的替代方案。Design D的侧舷主装甲带性比而言厚了0.5吋(17.7mm)。另一种可能是一条装备两座三联装炮塔，一座双联装炮塔，排水量10165吨的船。上述的方案使用相同的船体，这大概是为了方便比较。不同的防护同样也经过评估。 1-6.DNC preferred the ship with three triple 8in guns, and E-in-C was asked about machinery. It would be the 80,000shp Fiji plant, but possibly with the 4in magazine forward of the machinery instead of between the after boiler and engine rooms, pushing the machinery box aft. By July, DNO was working up a turret design. As sketched on 29 June 1939 the ship looked like a cross between Belfast and Fiji, with a substantial gap between her bridge structure and a hangar built around her forefunnel. Like a Fiji, the bridge carried a DCT on its centreline and HADTs on either side. The forward 4in guns were in this gap. The ship was flush-decked, but with cut-outs in the forecastle deck so that the after 4in guns (between the two funnels) and the torpedo tubes were a deck lower. An after superstructure just forward of ‘X’ turret carried a third HADT on its centreline, with the after DCT below and adaft it. This structure also carried the ship’s pompoms. This version superseded a more Fiji-like ‘first attempt’. John ended up with a 580ft x 69ft 3in x 17ft ship (10,576 tons). 1-6.DNC更偏向于三座三联装炮塔的方案，总工程师问询了机械系统。它将会是殖民地级的80000马力动力组，但是可能4吋炮弹药库会在机械舱前而非处在后部锅炉和引擎舱之间，使得机械舱更偏后。7月，DNO开始了炮塔的设计。根据1939年6月29日的草图显示，它看起来是殖民地级和城级的交集，在它的舰桥和围绕前烟囱建造的机库上有较大的间隔。类似殖民地级，舰桥中轴线上布局有主炮火控，两侧布局有高炮火控。前部的4吋炮布置在间隔处。这条船是平甲板的，但是前部舰桥甲板上有切口以便于向后的4吋炮(在两个烟囱之间)和鱼雷可以布局在低一层甲板上。在X炮塔前部的后部舰桥在中轴线上布局了高炮火控，主炮火控在高炮火控后且位置更低。这里还同时有砰砰炮。这一方案取代的类似殖民地级的初案。约翰先生的最终设计为580英尺长(约176.8m)69英尺3英寸宽(约21.1m)吃水17英尺(约5.18m)，排水量约10576吨。 1-7.Once war broke out, there was no longer any point in a 10,000-ton limit, and Winston Churchill, back as First Lord of the Admiralty, pushed for a powerful ship. John was assigned to develop a new 14,000-15,000-ton cruiser armed with 9.2in guns and protected against 8in shellfire, with a good radius of action, higher speed than the German 8in cruisers (say 33/34kts), six twin 4.5in anti-aircraft guns, and four quadruple pompoms; she would have no torpedo tubes. The ship would carry the usual two aircraft and one catapult, and she would be protected against aircraft torpedoes.Given the earlier studies, John chose a 7in belt and 2in deck (3in if possible), considering a 9in belt excessive. Cruisers would generally fight at something other than 90° inclination. At 90°it took 9in to keep out 8in fire at 8,000yds, but 7in would be enough at 8,800yds at a reasonable 60° inclination. The end of treaty restrictions shows in DNC’s instruction:‘Let the displacement come to what it will.’The ship quickly grew back to what John had been sketching early in 1938, about 21,500 tons and 700ft long.The design was reported on 8 September, and it formed the basis for a further armoured cruiser project described in Chapter 9. As an alternative, John was asked for a ship armed with four triple 8in, but otherwise as the 9.2in ship.Both the ship armed with nine 9.2in guns and the one with four triple 8in were expected to displace 21,500 tons and to cost £5.5 million.  1-7.伴随战争的爆发，10000吨的吨位限制不再生效，同时温斯顿·丘吉尔(温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士，1874-1965)成为第一海军大臣(任期1939.9-1940.5)，推动更强大的舰船的建造工作。约翰先生被委派设计一型装备9.2吋主炮，六座双联装4.5吋副炮，四座八联装砰砰炮，不配备鱼雷，足以抵御8吋炮弹，续航更长，航速超过德国重巡(情报显示约为33/34节)的排水量为14000-15000吨的巡洋舰。它可以携带2架水机，一座弹射器，足以抵御航空鱼雷。基于此前的设计，约翰先生选择了7吋主装(考虑到9吋主装过厚了)，2吋装甲甲板(可能的话会是3吋)。巡洋舰通常会在超过90°航向角下作战。在90°下，需要9吋 主装才足以在8000码距离防御8吋火炮，然而7吋主装便足以在60°下在8800码(约8km)外抵御8吋火炮了。条约限制的终结也显示了DNC的指导“让排水量达到它应当有的水平”。它迅速回到了约翰先生在1938年早期的设计尺寸，约21500吨，长700英尺。设计在9月8日汇报给上级部门，它成为未来的装甲巡洋舰设计的基础(即所谓的15500吨巡洋舰方案)，这将在本书的第九章“战时巡洋舰设计”中的第一小节“1941年巡洋舰方案”中详细介绍。作为替代方案，约翰先生被要求在除了9.2吋方案外设计四座三联装8吋的方案。装备三座三联装9.2吋炮和四座三联装8吋炮的方案排水量均为约21500吨，造价550w镑。 1-8.These designs suggested that the earlier 10,000-ton cruisers had been a mismatch of guns and ships, and that the ideal was something far larger – and far less affordable.Director of Plans concluded that it would be much better to build as many fast capital ships as possible. Big cruisers were clearly poorly suited to work with the fleet: they would rather fight enemy cruisers in minor actions and on the trade routes. Under such circumstances much would depend on effective range, because it might take hours for a cruiser to close from the range at which an enemy was spotted to firing range. The larger gun offered longer range, both absolutely and because its splashes were easier to spot. Against that, although a design for an 8in turret was proceeding, nothing was being done about the 9.2in. The pits used to build 6in turrets could probably be adapted to 8in, but not to 9.2in, so adopting the larger gun would make for further delays. If any ships were to be built, perhaps they should be faster 8in cruisers more likely to close their targets before nightfall. This reasoning led to the decision to design a new fast battleship using four existing twin 15in turrets, HMS Vanguard.However, the 8in (but not the 9.2in)heavy cruiser survived in British building plans. 1-8.这些设计表明了先前的10000吨巡洋舰方案的排水量与武装水平严重不符，理想的情况远远比其更大，也更贵。计划总监总结到尽可能的建造快速主力舰会更好。大型巡洋舰在与舰队一起作战时表现欠佳，它们更适合执行次要的任务，诸如与敌方巡洋舰作战或贸易护航。在这种情况下，这将更取决于有效射程，因为巡洋舰可能要花上数个小时才能在发现敌人后进入其射程。更大口径的提供更远的射程，因为它的跨射更容易被观测到。与之相反的是，8吋火炮的设计仍在进行中，9.2吋火炮却没有什么进展。用于制造6吋炮的设备可以用于8吋炮的建造，却不适合9.2吋炮的建造，所以更大口径火炮的开发被进一步延迟。如果要建造这些船的话，或许它们应当是装备8吋炮的快速巡洋舰，这使得它们可以在夜幕降临之前快速接近目标。这一原因导致了建造装备已有的15吋炮的快速战列舰，即前卫号。然而，装备8吋炮的重型巡洋舰(而非9.2吋)依然在英国造舰计划中得以保留。 1-9.Director of Plans decided that sacrificing speed might be better than sacrificing armour, so John estimated the effect of holding speed to 27 or 29.5kts. By December 1939, John was working on a cruiser with three triple 8in turrets, other characteristics being as in the earlier 21,500-ton ship. This design is best described as part of the wartime design series, in Chapter 9. 1-9.计划总监决定牺牲速度比牺牲装甲更优，所以约翰先生对航速在27节或29.5节的效能进行评估。到1939年12月，约翰先生继续了装备三座三联装8吋炮的巡洋舰方案，其其他特征与之前21500吨方案类似。这一设计在随后的战时巡洋舰设计中被认为是最优的，详见第九章。 1-10.The 8in and 9.2in cruisers were conceived in response to reports that the Japanese were building four or five ‘pocket battleship’ equivalents armed with 12in guns. The choice in 1939 (for the 1940 programme) was two such ships or a 40,000-ton fast battleship. The latter was chosen; it became HMS Vanguard. 1-10.装备8吋和9.2吋火炮的巡洋舰的设想是对于情报中显示的日本人正在建造四或五条“袖珍战列舰”的对等回应。在1939年的决议(为1940年造舰计划所作)中是两条这种巡洋舰或是一条40000吨级别的快速战列舰。后者成为最终选择，它即是后世的前卫号。 1-11.In the months before war broke out, the Admiralty developed a new fleet plan including 100 (rather than the earlier seventy) cruisers, because it had to take into account three potential enemies rather than one: Germany, Italy and Japan. The 100-cruiser force would have comprised twenty heavy, forty medium, and forty small cruisers. The Royal Navy had fifteen heavy, thirty-six medium (including thirteen building) and thirty-five small (including ten building) cruisers, a total of eighty-six, but four Hawkins and twenty-one ‘C’ and ‘D’ class were either overage or soon would be. Pre-war planning was complicated by a treaty requirement to inform the Germans of near-term building plans, which the Germans in turn might use to justify breaking out of the limits imposed on them by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935. 1-11.在战争爆发的几个月前，海军部提出了新的舰队计划包括100条巡洋舰(比先前的70条更多)，因为它将三个敌人纳入考虑，即德国，日本和意大利。这100条巡洋舰包括20条重型巡洋舰，40条中性巡洋舰和40条小型巡洋舰。皇家海军已有15条重型巡洋舰，36条中型巡洋舰(包括正在建造的13条)以及35条小型巡洋舰(包括正在建造的10条)，总共86条，然而4条霍金斯级和21条“C”级和“D”级已经超龄或即将超龄。条约要求将近期的建造计划通知给德国人，这使得战前的计划变得更加复杂，而德国人可能会利用这些建造计划来证明他们打破1935年签订的《英德海军协定》的行为是合规的。