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先变形,再证明(2021全国乙导数)

2022-10-13 16:12 作者:数学老顽童  | 我要投稿

(2021全国乙,20)设函数f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%20a-x%20%5Cright)%20,已知x%3D0是函数y%3Dxf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20的极值点.

(1)求a

(2)设函数g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%2Bf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%7D%7Bxf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%7D,证明:g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C1.

解:(1)y%3Dxf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3Dx%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%20a-x%20%5Cright)%20

%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%09y'%26%3D1%5Ccdot%20%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%20a-x%20%5Cright)%20%2Bx%5Ccdot%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Ba-x%7D%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%20-1%20%5Cright)%5C%5C%0A%09%26%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%20a-x%20%5Cright)%20%2B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Bx-a%7D%5C%5C%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D

由题可知y'%5Cleft%7C%20_%7Bx%3D0%7D%20%5Cright.%20%3D%5Cln%20%20a%3D0

解得a%3D1.

所以“a%3D1”是“x%3D0是函数y%3Dxf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20的极值点的必要条件.

下面证明:“a%3D1”是“x%3D0是函数y%3Dxf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20的极值点的充分条件.

(不证不专业)

a%3D1时,

%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%09y'%26%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201-x%20%5Cright)%20%2B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Bx-1%7D%5C%5C%0A%09%26%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201-x%20%5Cright)%20%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx-1%7D%2B1%5C%5C%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D

易知y'%5Cleft(%20-%5Cinfty%20%2C1%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D

并且y'%5Cleft%7C%20_%7B%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bx%3D0%7D%7D%20%5Cright.%20%3D%5Cln%20%201%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B0%7D,所以

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20-%5Cinfty%20%2C0%20%5Cright)%20%7Dy'%3E0y%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%200%2C1%20%5Cright)%20%7Dy'%3C0y%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D

所以x%3D0是函数y%3Dxf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20极大值点.

综上所述:%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%3D1%7D.

(2)由(1)知g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%2B%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201-x%20%5Cright)%7D%7Bx%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201-x%20%5Cright)%7D

g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C1,即%5Cfrac%7Bx%2B%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201-x%20%5Cright)%7D%7Bx%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201-x%20%5Cright)%7D%3C1

其等价于%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201-x%20%5Cright)%20%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x%7D-1%3E0%7D.

h%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201-x%20%5Cright)%20%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x%7D-1

其中x%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%20-%5Cinfty%20%2C0%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccup%20%5Cleft(%200%2C1%20%5Cright)%20

%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%09h'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%26%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x%7D%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%20-1%20%5Cright)%20-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cleft(%201-x%20%5Cright)%20%5E2%7D%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%20-1%20%5Cright)%5C%5C%0A%09%26%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7B%5Cleft(%201-x%20%5Cright)%20%5E2%7D%5C%5C%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20-%5Cinfty%20%2C0%20%5Cright)%20%7Dh'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0h%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%200%2C1%20%5Cright)%20%7Dh'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0h%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D

h%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3Eh%5Cleft(%200%20%5Cright)%20%3D0,证毕.


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