词根学习1

写在前面：

1.内容来自Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder（韦小绿），大概每次5个词根

2.适合有英文基础的人轻松多记单词，并提高认生词能力。

3.当然句子的表达也挺好的，有助提高语感，建议读英文，中文仅做理解对照。

4.美式英语中，逗号、句号放在引号内。

5.所注音标亦为美式发音。

6.每个单词后第一句为英释英，后为例句或进一步解释。

7.没找到在专栏怎么标注斜体！用加粗替代了。

8.想到再补。

1『BENE』

BENE is Latin for “well.” A benefit is a good result or effect. 

BENE是拉丁语“好”的意思。例如，benefit指好的结果或影响。

benediction   [ˌbenɪˈdɪkʃn]

祝福;(基督教的)祝祷

A prayer that asks for God’s blessing, especially a prayer that concludes a worship service.

祈求上帝祝福的祈祷，尤指结束礼拜仪式时的祈祷。

The moment the bishop had finished his benediction, she squeezed quickly out of her row and darted out the cathedral’s side entrance.

主教一做完祝福，她就迅速从座位中挤出来，冲出大教堂的侧门。

Many Christians have been baptized Benedict in his honor, and 16 popes have taken it as their papal name.

许多基督徒为纪念本笃而受洗，16位教皇以本笃为教名。

*Benidict of Nursia，圣本尼迪克特，亦译本笃。

benefactor   [ˈbenɪfæktər]

恩人;施主;赞助人;捐款人

Someone who helps another person or group, especially by giving money.

为个体或团体提供帮助者，尤指通过捐款的方式。

An anonymous benefactor had given $15 million to establish an ecological institute at the university.

一位匿名人士捐赠了1500万美元，用于在该大学建立生态研究所。

beneficiary   [ˌbenɪˈfɪʃieri]

受益人;遗产继承人;(封建制度下)受封的

A person or organization that benefits or is expected to benefit from something, especially one that receives money or property when someone dies.

受益于或预期受益于某事物的人或组织，尤指在某人死亡时获得金钱或财产。

Living in a trailer in near-poverty, she received word in the mail that her father had died, naming her as the sole beneficiary of his life-insurance policy.

在拖车中过着近乎贫困生活的她收到了邮件，其中包含她父亲去世的消息，并称她是父亲人寿保险单的唯一受益人。

A college may be the beneficiary of a private donation.

大学可作为私人捐赠的受益方。

benevolence   [bə'nevələns]

仁爱;善行;厚道;捐助

Kindness, generosity.

善良，慷慨。

In those financially desperate years, the young couple was saved only by the benevolence of her elderly great-uncle.

在经济困难的年份里，这对年轻夫妇只有靠年迈叔父的捐助才能得以生存。

The novels of Charles Dickens often include a benevolent figure who rescues the main characters at some point.

查尔斯·狄更斯的小说中常有一位仁慈的角色，其在某个时刻拯救主人公。

2『AM』

AM comes from the Latin amare, “to love.” The Roman god of love was known by two different names, Cupid and Amor. Amiable means “friendly or good-natured,” and amigo is Spanish for “friend.”

AM来自拉丁语amare，意为“爱”。罗马爱神有两个名字，丘比特(Cupid)和阿莫尔(Amor)。Amiable指“友好、善良”，而amigo为西班牙语“朋友”。

amicable  [ˈæmɪkəbl]

友好的;友善的;心平气和的

Friendly, peaceful

友好，和平

Their relations with their in-laws were generally amicable, despite some bickering during the holidays.

尽管假期发生了一些争吵，但他们与亲家的关系大体上还是很友好的。

It’s always nice when two friends who’ve been quarreling manage to have an amicable conversation.

不断争吵的一对朋友最终能够实现友好交谈，这总是很好的。

enamored   [ɛˈnæmərd]

(过去分词和过去式)使倾心,使迷恋;迷恋的;爱上…的

Charmed or fascinated; inflamed with love.

迷人的;着迷的;情愫涌动的

Rebecca quickly became enamored of the town’s rustic surroundings, its slow pace, and its eccentric characters.

丽贝卡很快就爱上了小镇质朴的环境、缓慢的节奏和古怪的人们。

A friend at work complains that she’s not enamored of the new boss.

工作中的一位朋友抱怨她不喜欢新老板。

amorous   [ˈæmərəs]

表示性爱的;含情脉脉的

Having or showing strong feelings of attraction or love.

持有或表现出强烈的吸引力或爱情。

It turned out that the amorous Congressman had gotten his girlfriend a good job and was paying for her apartment.

原来，这位多情的国会议员给他的女朋友安排了一份好工作，并买了公寓送她。

The word is often used a bit sarcastically, as when a tabloid newspaper gets hold of some scandalous photos and calls the participants “the amorous pair.” In such cases, we may be encouraged to think the attraction is more physical than emotional.

“amorous”一词常被用在讽刺语境，比如小报上刊登了一些丑闻照片，并称内容主人公为“the amorous pair”。这种情况下的吸引力，与其说是情感上的，不如说更多在于肉体上。

paramour   [ˈpærəmʊr]

情人;情妇;情夫

A lover, often secret, not allowed by law or custom.

情人，尤其是法律与习俗不容许存在的情人，且通常是秘密的。

He had been coming to the house for two years before her brothers realized that he was actually the paramour of their shy and withdrawn sister.

男人来这家已经两年了，兄弟们才意识到他其实是自家害羞、孤僻的妹妹的情人。

Since par amour meant “through love,” it implies a relationship based solely on love, often physical love, rather than one social custom or ceremony. So today it tends to refer to the lover of a married man or woman, but may be used for any lover who isn’t obeying the social rules.

由于“par amour”（法语）即为“出于爱”，意味着一种完全基于爱的关系，通常是身体上的爱，而不是来自社会习俗或仪式。因此，今天它倾向于指已婚男人或女人的情人，也可用于任何有悖社会伦理的情人。

3『BELL』

BELL comes from the Latin word meaning “war.” Bellona was the little-known Roman goddess of war; her husband, Mars, was the god of war.

BELL来自拉丁语，意为“战争”。贝罗娜（Bellona）是鲜为人知的罗马战争女神；她的丈夫马尔斯（Mars）则为战神。

antebellum   [ˌæntiˈbeləm]

战前岁月的;(尤指)美国内战前的

Existing before a war, especially before the American Civil War (1861-65).

存在于战争之前的，尤指在美国内战（1861-65）之前的。

When World War I was over, the French nobility found it impossible to return to their extravagant antebellum way of life.

第一次世界大战结束时，法国贵族们发现自己不可能再享受到战前的奢侈生活。

Antebellum often summons up images of ease, elegance, and entertainment that disappeared in the postwar years.

“antebellum”这个词常使人们想起在战后消失的那些轻松、优雅与娱乐。

bellicose   [ˈbelɪkoʊs]

好争辩的;好斗的;好战的

Warlike, aggressive, quarrelsome.

好战、好斗、爱争吵。

The more bellicose party always got elected whenever there was tension along the border and the public believed that military action would lead to security.

每当边境局势紧张，民众认为军事行动能保证安全时，好战的政党总会当选。

The international relations of a nation with a bellicose foreign policy tend to be stormy and difficult, and bellicosity usually makes the rest of the world very uneasy.

一个奉行好战外交政策的国家的国际关系往往是风雨飘摇、困难重重的，且好战通常会让世界其他地区感到非常不安。

belligerence   [bəˈlɪdʒərəns]

好战;斗争性;好战性;交战状态;交战

Aggressiveness, combativeness.

好斗，好战。

The belligerence in Turner’s voice told them that the warning was a serious threat.

特纳声音中的好战情绪告诉他们，这警告是严肃的威胁。

Unlike bellicose and bellicosity, which are generally applied to nations and their leaders, the word belligerence can be used at every level from the personal to the global.

“bellicose”与“bellicosity”一般用于国家及其领导人，而“belligerence”可以用于自个体至国际的各个层次。

rebellion   [rɪˈbeljən]

谋反;叛乱;反叛;(对权威的)反抗;不服从;不顺从;叛逆

Open defiance and opposition, sometimes armed, to a person or thing in authority.

对当权者或事物的公然反对和反抗，有时含武装手段。

A student rebellion that afternoon in Room 13 resulted in the new substitute teacher racing out of the building in tears.

当天下午，13号教室的一场学生作乱导致新的代课老师哭着跑出教学楼。

The American War of Independence was first viewed by the British as a minor rebellion what would soon run its course, but this particular rebellion led to a full-fledged revolution-that is, the overthrow of a government.

美国独立战争最初被英国人视为一场很快就会结束的小叛乱，但正是这场叛乱最终引发全面革命，推翻政府。

4『PAC』

PAC is related to the Latin words for “agree” and “peace.” The Pacific Ocean-that is, the “Peaceful Ocean”-was named by Ferdinand Magellan because it seemed so calm after he had sailed through the storms near Cape Horn.

PAC与拉丁语中的“同意”和“和平”有关。太平洋（the Pacific Ocean），即“平静的海洋”（Peaceful Ocean），由费迪南德·麦哲伦命名。因为与好望角（Cape Horn）附近的风暴相比，它显得如此平静。

pacify   [ˈpæsɪfaɪ]

安抚;平息;抚慰;使平静;平息战争;使实现和平

(1) To soothe anger or agitation. (2) To subdue by armed action.

(1) 平息愤怒或激动的情绪。(2)用武力制服。

It took the police hours to pacify the angry demonstrators.

警察花了好几个小时才使愤怒的示威者平息下来。

Someone stirred up by a strong emotion can usually be pacified by some kind words and the removal of its causes.

因强烈情绪激动的人通常可以通过一些善意的话语和消除其激动诱因来安抚使平息。

Unhappy babies are often given a rubber pacifier for sucking to make them stop crying.

大人通常会给不高兴的婴儿橡皮奶嘴吮吸，以使他们停止哭泣。

During the Vietnam War, pacification of an area meant using armed force to drive out the enemy, which might be followed by bringing the local people over to our side by building schools and providing social services.

在越南战争期间，对一个地区的“pacification”意味着使用武装力量驱逐敌人后，通过修建学校和提供社会服务将当地人团结到我方。

pacifist   [ˈpæsɪfɪst]

和平主义者;绥靖主义者;反战主义者;非战主义的

A person opposed to war or violence, especially someone who refuses to bear arms or to fight, on moral or religious grounds.

反对战争或暴力的人，尤指出于道德或宗教原因拒绝携带武器或战斗的人。

Her grandfather had fought in the Marines in World War II, but in his later years he had become almost a pacifist, opposing every war for one reason or another.

她的祖父在第二次世界大战中曾服役于海军陆战队，但晚年几乎成为了和平主义者，出于这样那样的原因反对每一场战争。

Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King are probably the most famous American pacifist.

亨利·大卫·梭罗和马丁·路德·金可能是美国最著名的和平主义者。

Refusing to fight ever, for any reason, calls for strong faith in one’s own moral or religious convictions, since pacifism during wartime has often gotten people persecuted and even thrown in prison.

无论出于何种原因拒绝战斗，都需要对自己的道德或宗教信仰抱有坚定的信念，因为战时的和平主义经常会让人们受到迫害，甚至被关进监狱。

pact   [pækt]

契约;协议;条约;公约

An agreement between two or more people or groups; a treaty or formal agreement between nations to deal with a problem or to resolve a dispute.

双方或多方（个人或团体）之间的协议；国家间处理问题或解决争端的条约或正式协议。

The girls made a pact never to reveal what had happened on that terrifying night in the abandoned house.

女孩们一致达成协议，决不透露那个可怕的夜晚在废弃的房子里发生了什么。

Pact is generally used in the field of international relations, where diplomats may speak of an “arms pact,” a “trade pact,” or a “fishing-rights pact.” But it may also be used for any solemn agreement or promise between two people.

“pact”通常用于国际关系领域，如外交官们提出的“武器公约”（arms pact）、“贸易公约”（trade pact）或“捕鱼权公约”（fishing-rights pact）。但它也可用于只是两人之间的任何庄严协议或承诺。

pace [‘pase]

(用于人名前，委婉提出不同意见)请…原谅

Contrary to the opinion of.

与…的观点相反。

She had only three husbands, pace some Hollywood historians who claimed she had as many as six.

事实是她只有过三个丈夫，而非一些好莱坞历史学家声称的六个。

The costs of the program, pace some commentators, will not be significant.

并不像某些评论员们说的那样，事实上，该项目的成本不会很高。

*如何理解pace与peace的关系：I don’t want to start an argument; I just want to correct the facts.（人家没有要吵架，只是纠正一下啦）

5『CRIM』

CRIM comes from the Latin words for “fault or crime” or “accusation.”

A crime is an act forbidden by the government, which the government itself, will punish you for, and for which you may be branded a criminal.

A crime is usually more serious than a tort, a “civil wrong” for which the wronged person must himself sue if he wants to get repaid in some way.

CRIM来自拉丁语“过失，犯罪”或“指控”。

“crime”是政府禁止的行为，政府会惩罚你，你会因此被判为“criminal”。

犯罪（crime）通常比侵权行为（tort）更严重，“tort”是一种“民事错误”（civil wrong），若被侵权人想以某种方式得到赔偿，他必须自己起诉。

criminology   [ˌkrɪmɪˈnɑːlədʒi]

犯罪学

The study of crime, criminals, law enforcement, and punishment.

对犯罪、罪犯、执法和惩罚的研究。

His growing interest in criminology led him to become a probation officer.

对犯罪学愈发浓厚的兴趣使他成为了一名缓刑监督官。

Criminology includes the study of all aspects of crime and law enforcement-criminal psychology, the social setting of crime, prohibition and prevention, investigation and detection, capture and punishment. 

犯罪学包括对犯罪和执法的各个方面的研究——犯罪心理学、犯罪社会背景、禁止和预防、调查和侦查、抓捕和惩罚。

Thus, many of the people involved-legislators, social workers, probation officers, judges, etc.-could possibly be considered criminologists, though the word usually refers only to scholars and researchers.

因此，许多相关人员——立法者、社会工作者、缓刑监督官、法官等——都可能被视为“criminologists”，尽管“criminologists”（犯罪学家）通常只指学者和研究人员。

decriminalize  [diːˈkrɪmɪnəlaɪz]

使合法化（无罪化）

To remove or reduce the criminal status of.

消除或降低…的犯罪身份。

An angry debate over decriminalizing doctor-assisted suicide raged all day in the statehouse.

一场关于医生协助自杀是否应无罪化的激烈辩论在州议会中持续了一天。

Decriminalization is not the same as legalization; decriminalization may still call for a small fine.

无罪化（decriminalization）也不严格等同于合法化（legalization）；可能仍然需要小额罚款。（请根据英文理解）

incriminate   [ɪnˈkrɪmɪneɪt]

使负罪;连累

To show evidence of involvement in a crime or a fault.

显示参与犯罪或过错的证据。

The muddy tracks leading to and from the cookie jar were enough to incriminate them.

通往饼干罐的泥泞足迹足以泄漏他们的“罪行”。

Testimony may incriminate a suspect by placing him at the scene of a crime, and incriminating evidence is the kind that strongly links him to it.

证词可以通过将嫌疑人置于犯罪现场而使其入罪，而入罪的证据（incriminating evidence）是那种能将其与犯罪紧密联系起来的证据。

A virus has been incriminated as the cause of a type of cancer.

一种病毒被证实为特定癌症的病因。

recrimination  [rɪˌkrɪmɪˈneɪʃn]

指责;反诉;反控

(1) An accusation in answer to an accusation made against oneself. (2) The making of such an accusation.

(1) 回答或反击对自己提出的指控。(2) 提出这种指控。

Their failure to find help led to endless and pointless recriminations over responsibility for the accident.

他们没有求得援手，导致了对事故责任无休止和无意义的互相指控。

Divorces and child-custody battles usually involve recriminations between husband and wife.

离婚和子女监护权之争通常引发丈夫和妻子之间的互相指责。