Robbins basic pathology 血管疾病总论 part1
Vascular disease are responsible for some of the most common and lethal conditions afflicting mankind. Although most clinically significant disorders involve arterial lesions, venous pathologies also can wreak havoc. Vascular disease develops through two principal mechanism:
·Narrowing or complete obstruction of vessel lumina,occurring either progressively(e.g. by atherosclerosis) or acutely(e.g. by thrombosis or embolism)
·Weakening of vessel walls, causing dilation and rupture.
血管疾病是危害人类健康最常见原因,也是常见的死亡原因。大多数具有临床意义的血管疾病为动脉病变,但是静脉病变同样可以肆虐人体。血管疾病通过这两种主要的机制发作:
·血管腔的狭窄或完全阻塞,通常为进行性(血管硬化)或急性(血栓形成或栓塞)发作。
·血管壁变得薄弱,导致扩张和破裂。
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD VESSELS
Blood vessels are fundamentally all tubes composed of smooth muscle cells (SMCS) and extracellular matrix(ECM), with an inner luminal face covered by a continous lining of endothelial cells(ECs). However, the relative amounts of SMCs and ECM , and the properties of the ECs, vary throughout the vasculature depending on unique functional needs. To accommodate pulsatile flow and higher blood pressures, arterial walls are thicker than veins and invested with several reinforcing layers of SMCs. As arteries narrow to arterioles ,the ratio of wall thickness to lumen diameter increases to allow more precise regulation of intervascular pressure. Veins , on the other hand ,are thin-walled vessels with high capacitance. To facilitate maximal diffusion, capillaries are essentially single-cell linings of ECs lying on a basement membrane.
血管的基本结构是平滑肌细胞、细胞外基质以及内层内皮细胞组成,为一管道系统。然而,平滑肌细胞与细胞外基质的相对数量,以及内皮细胞的性质会根据其在循环系统中的不同功能而改变。为适应脉冲式血流及较高的血压,动脉壁比静脉更厚,平滑肌细胞增厚为主。对小动脉而言,血管壁厚度与管腔直径的比值会进一步改变以适应更加精确的血压调节。另一方面,静脉是一种有着很大容量的薄壁血管。为了促进最佳的组织灌注量,毛细血管则是由单层内皮细胞覆盖于基膜形成的血管。
Since various vessels have unique structural features, it is not surprising that certain lesions characteristically involve only specific regions of the vasculature. For example, atherosclerosis occurs mainly in large , muscular arteries, while hypertension affects small arterioles, and specific forms of vasculitis selectively involve vessels of only a certain caliber.
因为不同的血管有着不同的结构特征,因此特定的病变会有代表性地影响特定的血管系统部分。例如,动脉粥样硬化主要发生在大的肌性血管,而高血压影响小动脉,特定类型的血管炎会选择性地发生在一定直径的血管。
Vessel walls are organized into three concentric layers: intima, media, and adventitia. These layers are present in all vessels but are most apparent in larger vessels and particularly arteries. The intima consist of an EC monolayer on a basement membrane with minimal underlying ECM; it is separated from the media by a dense elastic membrane called the internal elastic lamina. The media is composed predominantly of SMCs and ECM, surrounded by loose connective tissue, nerve fibers, and smaller vessels of the adventitia. An external elastic laminal is present in some arteries and defines the transition between media and adventitia. Diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the lumen is adequate to sustain thin-walled vessels and the innermost SMCs of all vessels. In large and medium-sized vessels, however, small arterioles within the adventitia (called vasa vasorum literally, "vessels of the vessels") perfuse the outer half to two-thirds of the media.
血管壁可分为同轴的三层:内膜,中间层,外膜。这些血管层会出现在所有的血管当中,但在大血管以及特定的动脉最为典型。内膜由单层的内皮细胞覆盖在一层基膜以及少量的细胞外基质组成;内膜与中间层之间被一层致密的弹性层分开,被称为内弹性层。中间层主要由平滑肌细胞与细胞外基质组成,同时被包含疏松结缔组织,神经纤维,细小的营养血管的外膜所包绕。某些动脉中会出现一层外弹性层,成为中膜与外膜的过渡。直接从管腔中扩散的氧气与营养物质可以满足薄壁血管与所有血管最内层的平滑肌细胞的需求。然而在大动脉和中动脉中,外膜中的小血管(称为血管滋养管,即血管的血管)会为中膜外层三分之二的平滑肌细胞提供养分。