Resource: an available supply that can be drawn on as needed (essentially putting an economic value)

Renewable resources: e.g. plants and animals 

Nonrenewable resources: e.g. minerals and fossil fuels

Conservation∶对于资源进行管理，防止资源的使用超出其恢复能力，考虑的是经济利益

Preservation∶保护物种或生态系统，不考虑其可能的经济利益

热力学第一定律∶能量在传递和转化的过程中，总和不变。能量不能凭空产生，也不能凭空消失。

热力学第二定律∶在能量转化的过程中，一定有一些低质量热能产生，熵的增量大于零。

能源的使用∶ transportation，industry，residence，and commerce

从多到少∶石油、煤炭、天然气、可再生能源、核能

未来的能源需求:

Clean coal 精煤∶去除杂质的煤

Remove minerals and impurities, and capture the sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide

Methane hydrates 甲烷水合物（可燃冰）∶甲烷气体和水分子形成结晶

At low temperature and high pressure; Found on land in permafrost regions and beneath the ocean surface(max. Alaska)

Oil shale 油页岩∶含有可燃有机质的沉积岩。Contain kerogen, which may convert to oil after heating

Tar sands 含油砂∶含有天然沥青的地下沙层。Contain bitumen which could be converted to oil;located in Canada and Venezuela

FOSSIL FUELS

Coal 煤炭∶

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel

Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels 

Purest: anthracite>bituminous>subbituminous>lignite>peat 

Found in long continuous deposits called seams

Waste product: CO2, NOx, Hg, SO2, fly ash,and boiler residue Scrubbers(CaSO4) and limestone can be used to reduce SOx

中国是世界上煤炭存储量最高的国家。

煤炭的利弊∶

利∶量大，价格低廉，性能稳定不易爆炸

弊∶开采破坏陆地，燃烧释放有害物质，运输费用昂贵，导致温室效应

Oil （petroleum） 石油

Remains of ancient organisms buried beneath sedirments and subjected to high temperature and pressure 

Found in a layer of porous sandstone or break in the layers of crust

Fractional distillation: separates liquid based on differences in their building points 

Oil shale and tar sands are also resources of oil

石油的利弊∶

利∶价格低廉，易于运输，可用于制作多种产品

弊∶数量有限，制造污染，易泄漏，破坏动植物栖息地

Natural gas 天然气 

Mostly methane

Produce less carbon dioxide per unit of energy 

Can be converted to liquefied natural gas (LNG)

天然气的利弊∶

利∶液化后便于运输，污染小，对于环境的影响小

弊∶液化气的制作过程昂贵，导致温室效应，释放硫化物气体

Nuclear Energy

Fission 裂变∶重核分裂的过程，U-235 受到外来中子轰击，链式反应形成更多的裂变，可控

Nonrenewable resource

Moderator 减速剂∶ slow down neutrons

Control rods控制棒∶graphite，absorb neutrons and regulate the rate reaction and energy produced

Breeder reactors 增殖堆∶ generate new fissionable material faster than they consume such material

Half-lives半衰期∶ the time it takes for half of the radioactive sample to degrade

Fusion聚变∶两个较轻原子聚合为一个，目前还不可控，能量高于裂变

Generates the sun's energy

A viable solution to solve the world's energy needs

放射性废物∶目前还没有一个长期可以放置放射性废物的地点

Yucca Mountain, Nevada: the first high-level radioactive waste repository

经过20年的努力，花费了 80亿美元的“尤卡山计划”于2008年宣告失败。

核裂变发电站迄今为止发生过两次极严重事故（1986年切尔诺贝利核电站事故及2011年福岛第一核电站事故）、一次严重事故（1957年马亚克核泄漏事故）和四次小事故（包括1979年三里岛核泄漏事故）。当然这些事故的受害者数量与烟草、车祸所造成的受害人数相比微不足道。

Chernobyl, Ukraine: the location of a meltdown in 1986 that exposed Europe to dangerous levels of radiation 

Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania: a nuclear power plant, a meltdown was narrowly averted in 1979 that exposed 

East Coast of the U.S. to nuclear fallout

反应堆∶

Boiling water reactor

核能的安全问题∶meltdown，explosion，nuclear weapons；highly radioactive waste，thermal pollution, radioactive elements

各种不可再生能源的比较∶

Hydroelectric Power

水力发电

Make use of the potential energy of water stored in an elevated reservoir

Hydropower produces more energy than any other renewable energy source in the world

Dams大坝∶利用河流资源建立的水利枢纽

影响

Habitat fragmentation 生境破坏∶the river ecosystem will be damaged

Water-borne infectious diseases 传染病∶spread in slow-moving and stagnant water behind a dam

Sedimentation 沉淀∶sediments are normally carried downstream by a river, accumulate behind dams, resulting silting. Silting can be removed by dredging.

水力发电的利弊∶

利∶控制洪水，使用价格低廉，没有污染，使用寿命长，能量大

弊∶破坏栖息地，导致淤泥沉淀，造价高，抬高水面海拔

Energy Conservation

能源节约

Decrease energy for transportation 

Decrease energy for heating 

Decrease electricity use

Energy efficiency: the quantity of work or energy that is produced/ the quantity of energy that was used 能源效率提高就可以节省能源，从而起到保护环境的作用

Corporate Average Fuel Economy （CAFE）Standard∶公司平均燃料经济标准

It requires automobile manufacturers to produce cars that meet a minimum fuel efficiency standard

Hybrid-electric vehicles 混合动力汽车∶

Combing an electric motor with a small gasoline engine (40-50 mpg)

Some of the kinetic energy of the car is used to drive an alternator that charges the batteries needed to power the electric motor

Electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles 电动汽车和插电式混合动力汽车

Charge batteries in the car

Renewable Energy

Solar energy 太阳能∶

Passive solar energy technology: makes direct use of sunlight to heat a building

Active solar energy technology: makes use of pumps to move water or a fluid-like antifreeze through solar collectors

Photovoltaic cells 光电管∶ useful in remote locations far from an chemical grid

Solar power plants 太阳能发电站∶ track the sun;ideal locales to deserts; cause habitat loss

Long parabolic mirrors 长柱状反光镜∶filled with a fluid that is heated by the concentrated sunlight

Solar power tower 塔式太阳能发电站∶ focus sunlight at a single point where it heats a fluid

Wind energy 风能∶

大量的空气由高压地区流向低压地区，产生动能

地点∶mountain ridges and other locations with concentrated reliable winds 

Turbine: the wind that blows into the wind turbine spins the blades 

Nacelle: the base of windmill Wind farms: groups of wind turbines

优缺点∶

优点建造速度快，没有污染，一地多用，维持成本低

缺点适合的位置少，需要后备计划，噪音，鸟类受影响，通讯受影响

Geothermal energy 地热能∶

Tapping into high-temperature, high-pressure steam below the earth's surface 用于供暖和发电

优缺点∶

优点∶无限供应，较少的空气污染，价格合适

缺点：存储地点少，破坏生态系统平衡，噪音和难闻气味

Biofuels生物燃料∶

From plant matter and animal waste

Methane digesters 沼气池∶ produce electricity

Crops (corns, sugar cane, etc.) can be fermented into ethanol and used in automobiles

Biodiesel fuel 生物柴油

优缺点∶

优点∶可持续，可能会满足地球上一半的电力需求，减少土壤侵蚀

缺点∶使用杀虫剂，不完全燃烧导致空气污染

Hydrogen fuel cells 氢燃料电池

利用化学反应（最常见的是2H2 + O2= 2H2O）产生所需的电流

优缺点∶

优点∶生成物只有水，原料易得，对环境的影响极小

缺点∶造价高，氢气易爆炸且不易储存

Ocean waves and tidal energy 海浪和潮汐能

海水涨潮落潮形成高度差Turn turbines and generate electricity

优缺点∶

优点∶没有污染，对环境的影响极小

缺点∶合适地点少，造价高，海上风暴可能会侵蚀或损坏设备