【帝国时代一】朝鲜文明在官方文件中的描述
注：英语原文取自最古老版本的帝国时代一的帮助文件中，关于历史的文本量相当巨大，但在win7系统更新后，以win95为基础的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已经很难找到打开hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。
注：因为原hlp文件并未随着罗马复兴资料片的更新而更新，所以这个系列不包含新增的罗马、迦太基、马其顿和巴尔米拉文明。
注：因为年代久远（1996年左右），很多记述可能已经与最新的考古发现有着显著的差异。
注：蹩脚英语，翻译腔，懒得润色的语句。
注：英语原文放在前面，汉语翻译放在后面。
更多资料：
世界地理历史小常识02——朝鲜（CV4752175）
世界地理历史小常识03——韩国（CV4755915）
Choson culture (450 BC to 108 BC)
The Korean peninsula was invaded by successive waves of Neolithic peoples, but the culture of the area remained little-changed for a long period until the use of bronze implements began around the ninth or eighth centuries BC. The Bronze Age brought significant change to Korea. Recovered bronze spear points and arrowheads indicate conquest and warfare were widespread. Towns protected by earthen walls appeared. Funerary dolmens (rock shelters covered by enormous cap stones) indicate the rise of a stratified political and social structure.The Bronze Age in Korea lasted until the fourth century BC. Sometime around 450 BC, the first large political groupings of walled-town states arose. The most advanced of these was Old Choson.
Location
The state of Old Choson was located in the valleys of the Liao and Taedong Rivers, in the southwestern part of what is now North Korea. It occupied the Taedong River basin originally and spread its influence gradually over a large region of the peninsula.
Capital
The Choson capital was Wanggom-song, now modern P'yongyang (the capital of North Korea).
Rise to power
The power of Old Choson grew from around 450 BC to the end of the fourth century. The Choson expanded possibly due to better agriculture and population growth, better use of newly available iron weapons, better leaders, or all of the above. When the Chinese kingdom of Yen encountered the Old Choson culture, they referred to them as being arrogant and cruel, which suggests that the Old Choson were formidable warriors.Despite the apparent strength of Old Choson at the end of the fourth century, they went into decline following the arrival of the Yen kingdom across the Liao River. The Chinese overlord in control of the Liaotung Peninsula changed several times during the next century and the political upheaval fostered an immigration of Chinese political, military, and economic power into Old Choson. One refugee, named Wiman, built a power base among the other refugees and eventually drove the Old Choson king from his throne around 190 BC.The new kingdom, called Wiman Choson, was a hybrid of Korean and Chinese influences. Due to its superior military and economic strength, it subjugated smaller Korean states to its north, east, and south. This placed the Wiman Choson between the now dominant Han Chinese and the remaining Korean states in the south, allowing it to control trade between the two regions. For three generations, the Wiman Choson dominated north central Korea.
Economy
The principal economic activity of Bronze and early Iron Age Korea was agriculture. Rice was the main food crop of southern Korea. Raising livestock (oxen, horses, pigs, and dogs) was more important in the north. The basic farming unit was the village, made up of headmen, free peasants, and a few slaves. Peasants and slaves worked mainly on communal farms. There were some peasant-owned lands as well. The free peasants were heavily taxed and provided labor to the state. They were not permitted to bear arms or serve in the armies. The Chinese of the time considered Korean peasants to be agricultural slaves.
Religion and culture
The leaders of the early walled towns in Korea performed both political and religious functions. The dignity and authority of these leaders was enhanced by their acknowledged descent from a sun god. Political and religious power split gradually into two separate functions as the confederation grew in size. Rituals were thereafter directed by specialists.The primitive religion of prehistoric Korea was based on animism and shamanism. Priests were magicians who attempted to move the gods by evocation. By the time of Old Choson, priests prayed to the gods humbly and earnestly for favor.The ancient Koreans believed in the immortality of the soul and buried their elite with elaborate ritual. They also practiced divination. The two most important festivals of the year were tied to the growing season. In the spring they prayed for abundance and in the fall they celebrated thanksgiving.
Government
Village communities were governed by a ruling elite that kept order, allocated land and resources, collected taxes, and provided security. The individual communities were held together in confederation by military and economic means. Old Choson took the name wang (king) for its leader about the time that the nearby Chinese kingdom of Ye employed the same title.
Military
Little is known about the armies of Choson except that they were standing armies and not levies of peasants. Evidence of horses and chariots is not widespread, suggesting that only the richest warriors could afford these enhancements. Bronze spear points and arrowheads from the early days of the Choson suggest an army of spearmen and archers. Later finds include bronze daggers and spears of distinctive styles, iron daggers, and iron spear points. The daggers suggest that these short weapons were used by infantry for close combat in addition to spears.The prowess of Choson armies can be inferred from their expansion and dominance of the region and the comments about Choson recorded by their Chinese neighbors.
Decline and fall
Unified China under the Han Dynasty was not pleased by Wiman Choson's growth and control of eastward trade, and was concerned about the possibility of an alliance between Wiman Choson and the Hsiung-nu (barbarians then expanding out of Mongolia into Manchuria). The aggressive Emperor Wu of Han launched an attack against the Wiman Choson when diplomacy failed to bring them to heel. The Wiman Choson were a tough adversary but were weakened by defections and collaborationists among the nobility. The Wiman Choson capital fell in 108 BC, and the kingdom came to an end.
Legacy
Choson, the most ancient kingdom of Korea, was recalled in 1390 AD with the founding of the Choson dynasty that was to rule the peninsula until its annexation by Japan in 1910. The name Choson was taken to honor the greatest of the ancient Korean kingdoms. The legacy of the Choson was a Korean culture that remained separate from that of China, despite the proximity and influence of that enormous neighbor.
朝鲜文化（公元前450至公元前108年）
朝鲜半岛被多波新石器时代的人类成功占领，但这个地区的文化长期以来没有什么进展，直到公元前九世纪到八世纪才有青铜器具开始使用，这给朝鲜带来了巨大变化。出土的青铜矛尖和箭头表明此处战争的广泛。被土墙保护的城镇出现，葬洞（有巨大的岩石岩盖覆盖的坑洞）表现除政治和社会结构的形成。朝鲜的青铜时代持续到公元前四世纪，公元前450年左右，大型政治集团的城墙保护的城邦形成，这是古朝鲜最为先进的形式。
位置
古朝鲜的位置位于辽河和丹东河的河谷，位于现在北朝鲜的西南方，朝鲜原来占领了丹东河的大部分流域，并向朝鲜半岛的大片区域逐渐蔓延。
首都
朝鲜的首都是王宫桑，也就是现在的平壤（北朝鲜的首都）
发展壮大
古朝鲜的力量在公元前450年至四世纪末成长，朝鲜可能因为更好的农业和人口的增长而扩张，后来有了新的铁制武器、更好的领导人或上述所有，当中国的燕国遇到古朝鲜文明时，古朝鲜被认为是傲慢而残酷的，这表明古朝鲜人是强大的战士。尽管古朝鲜在公元前四世纪末有明显的实力，但是他们在辽河遇到燕国时却受挫。中国在后来的世纪中，辽东半岛的控制者更换了几次，这促进了中国的政治、军事、经济力量进入古朝鲜。一个名叫卫满的难民在其他难民中建立了一个有力的基地，逐渐并最终于公元前190年将古朝鲜国王从王座上赶下台，新的王国称为卫满朝鲜，是朝鲜和中国影响的混合体，由于其优越的军事和经济实力，其向北向东向南征服了许多较小的朝鲜国家。这将卫满朝鲜置于后来占主导地位的汉朝和南方其他朝鲜国家之间，使其能够控制两地之间的贸易，三代以来，卫满朝鲜主导朝鲜的中北部。
经济
青铜和早期铁器时代，朝鲜的主要经济来源是农业。大米是朝鲜地区主要的粮食作物，畜牧业（牛、马、猪、狗）在北方更为重要。基本农业单位是由小头目自由农民和少数奴隶组成的村庄。农民和奴隶主要在公共农场工作。还有一些农民是自耕农。自耕农被大量征税，向国家提供劳力。他们不被允许在军队中服役，当时的中国人认为，朝鲜的农民是农奴。
宗教文化
朝鲜的早期围墙城镇的领导人也发挥了政治和宗教功能。这些领导人的权威是由他们承认的太阳神降临而得到加强的。随着联邦规模的扩大，政治和宗教力量逐渐分裂成两个独立的功能。仪式此后由专门的人指导。史前朝鲜的原始宗教基于万物有灵论和萨满教理论，牧师是魔法师，试图通过引诱来移动神。在古朝鲜时代，牧师们谦卑的祈祷神来讨好。古朝鲜人相信灵魂不朽，用精心的仪式来埋葬他们的精英。他们也进行占卜。一年中最重要的两个节日都与生长和季节有关。在春天，他们祈求丰盛，在秋天，他们庆祝感恩。
政府
村庄社区由统治精英统治，统一管理，分配土地资源，征收税款，提供安全保护。各个社区以军事和经济联合在一起。当时，古朝鲜人以Wang（国王）称呼领导人，在附近的中国也采用了一样的头衔。
军事
对于朝鲜军队的了解甚少，只知道他们是征兵制而不是通过征税雇用。马和战车的证据不普遍，只有最富有的战士才能负担。后来发现包括青铜匕首和独特风格的矛、铁匕首和铁矛尖。匕首表示除了矛兵之外，短武器也被步兵用于近距离作战。朝鲜军队的实力可以从其扩张和主权，以及中国邻国的记录评论中推断出来。
衰落与灭亡
卫满朝鲜对于东方贸易的增长和控制使得汉朝对其并不满意，且汉朝担心卫满朝鲜和匈奴（后来从蒙古扩张到满洲的野蛮人）联盟的可能性。最终，侵略性的皇帝汉武帝在与之结盟的外交行动失败后发动了对卫满朝鲜的攻击。卫满朝鲜是一个强大难缠的对手，但是却由于贵族之间的叛变和对立而削弱。公元前108年，卫满朝鲜的首都陷落，王国走向尽头。
遗产
朝鲜，朝鲜半岛最古老的王朝，后来在公元1390年被再次使用作为国名，统治了朝鲜半岛，直到1910年被日本吞并为止。朝鲜是朝鲜人心中最伟大古老的王朝。朝鲜的遗产是朝鲜文化，尽管受到中国这个巨大邻国的接近和影响，却始终保持分离。
