【龙腾网】印度铁路的历史是怎样的?

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What are the history of Indian railways?

印度铁路的历史是怎样的?

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Sourindra Laha
Indian Railways is the living legacy of the Britishers. The first commercial rail may run between Bombay and Thane, but the first Railways in India was used by the Britishers in present Uttrakhand. The first train in the country had run between Roorkee and Piran Kaliyar on December 22, 1851 to temporarily solve the then irrigation problems of farmers, large quantity of clay was required which was available in Piran Kaliyar area, 10 km away from Roorkee. This made the first way for our present Railway system. Later in 1852, prior to the first commercial run of the train in India, Britishers broke the Western Wall of Shahjhanabad, to lay down the rail lines from the fort to the then developing Delhi Cantonment. But this thing is very less known to the people. Because of being a Military movement for the British Colonial Government.
History of Associations: 1845, along with Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, Hon. Jaganath Shunkerseth (known as Nana Shankarsheth) formed the Indian Railway Association. Eventually, the association was incorporated into the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, and Jeejeebhoy and Shankarsheth became the only two Indians among the ten directors of the GIP railways. As a director, Shankarsheth participated in the very first commercial train journey in India between Bombay and Thane on 16 April 1853 in a 14 carriage long train drawn by 3 locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib. It was around 21 miles in length and took approximately 45 minutes.

印度铁路是英国人留下的不朽遗产。第一条商业铁路可能在孟买和塔那之间运行，但印度的第一条铁路是由英国人在现在的北阿坎德邦使用的。1851年12月22日，该国第一列火车在鲁尔基和皮兰卡利亚尔(Piran Kaliyar)之间运行，以暂时解决当时农民的灌溉问题，需要大量粘土，而这些粘土在距离鲁尔基10公里的皮兰·卡利耶尔地区可以得到。这为我们现在的铁路系统开辟了第一条道路。1852年晚些时候，在印度的第一次商业列车运行之前，英国人推倒了Shahjhanabad堡的西墙，铺设从堡垒到当时正在开发的德里军营的铁路线。但是这件事很少为人们所知。因为这是英国殖民政府的军事运动。
协会历史：1845年，贾格纳特·尚克塞斯阁下（又名Nana Shankarsheth）与Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy爵士一起成立了印度铁路协会。最终，该协会被并入大印度半岛铁路公司，Jeejebhoy和Shankarsheth成为大印度半岛铁路公司十名董事中仅有的两名印度人。作为一名董事，Shankarsheth于1853年4月16日乘坐一列14节车厢长的列车参加了印度孟买和塔那之间的第一次商业列车旅行，该列车由由三辆分别命名为Sultan、Sindh和Sahib的火车头牵引。该铁路线长约21英里，耗时约45分钟。

But actually at that present time Calcutta was the capital of British India, hence was first decided to operate the first Railways in India from Calcutta, now Kolkata. But the ship which sailed from Britain to India, somehow met with a fateful accident and hence get submerged in the deep ocean waters. And hence the first contract of Railways went to Bombay/Mumbai now.
The Railway Companies: After the formation of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), opened in 1853, between Bombay and Thane. The East Indian Railway Company was established 1 June 1845 in London by a deed of settlement with a capital of ￡4,000,000, largely raised in London. The Great Southern India Railway Co. was founded in Britain in 1853 and registered in 1859. Construction of track in Madras Presidency began in 1859 and the 80-mile lix from Trichinopoly to Negapatam was opened in 1861. The Carnatic Railway founded in 1864, opened a Madras-Arakkonam-Kancheepuram line in 1865. The Great Southern India Railway Company was subsequently merged with the Carnatic Railway Company in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company.

但实际上，当时加尔各答是英属印度的首都，因此首先决定从现在的加尔各答运营印度的第一条铁路。但是这艘从英国驶往印度的船，不知怎的遭遇了一场致命的事故，因此被淹没在了深海中。因此，铁路公司的第一份合同给了孟买。
铁路公司：大印度半岛铁路（GIPR）成立后，于1853年在孟买和塔那之间开通。东印度铁路公司于1845年6月1日在伦敦根据契约成立，资本为400万英镑，主要在伦敦筹集。大南印度铁路公司于1853年在英国成立，并于1859年注册。马德拉斯管辖区的轨道建设始于1859年，从特里奇诺波利到奈伽帕塔姆(Negapatam)的80英里长的铁路于1861年开通。卡纳蒂克铁路成立于1864年，于1865年开通了马德拉斯-阿拉科南-坎奇普兰线。大南印度铁路公司随后于1874年与卡纳蒂克铁路公司合并，成立了南印度铁路有限公司。

Expansion of British Indian Railways: A British engineer, Robert Maitland Brereton, was responsible for the expansion of the railways from 1857 onwards. The Allahabad-Jabalpur branch line of the East Indian Railway had been opened in June 1867. Brereton was responsible for lixing this with the GIPR, resulting in a combined network of 6,400 km (4,000 mi). Hence it became possible to travel directly from Bombay to Calcutta. This route was officially opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Verne's book Around the World in Eighty Days. At the opening ceremony, the Viceroy Lord Mayo concluded that "it was thought desirable that, if possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country should be covered with a network of lines in a uniform system".
Hence in between, when the Railways were expanding itself in India, Britishers launched there first elite train, East Indian Mail in 1866, between Calcutta and Simla. This train later went on to become the oldest train in Indian Railways and the train with most no of coaches.Not to mention now known as Kalka Mail.
Then came the first luxurious train of India, the Imperial Mail. At that time this train is just like the present day Palace on Wheels.

英属印度铁路的扩建：1857年起，英国工程师罗伯特·梅特兰·布里尔顿（Robert Maitland Brereton）负责铁路的扩建。东印度铁路的阿拉哈巴德-贾巴尔普尔支线于1867年6月开通。布里尔顿（Brereton）负责将其与大印度半岛铁路（GIPR）连接起来，形成了一个6400公里（4000英里）的综合铁路网络。因此，从孟买直接前往加尔各答成为可能。这条路线于1870年3月7日正式开通，是法国作家儒勒·凡尔纳（Jules Verne）的《八十天环游世界》一书的灵感来源之一。在启动仪式上，总督梅奥勋爵总结道，“人们认为，如果可能的话，应尽早在全国范围内铺设统一系统的铁路网络”。
因此，在这期间，当铁路公司在印度扩张时，英国人于1866年在加尔各答和西姆拉之间开通了第一列精英列车“东印度邮政（East Indian Mail）”。这列火车后来成为印度铁路中最古老的火车，也是车厢最少的火车。更不用说现在被称为“卡尔卡”(Kalka Mail)号特快列车了。
然后是印度的第一列豪华火车“皇家邮政”。在那个时候，这列火车就像现在车轮上的宫殿。

Later stage: By 1875, about ￡95 million were invested by British companies in India. By 1880 the network had a route mileage of about 14,500 km (9,000 mi), mostly radiating inward from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. By 1895, India had started building its own locomotives, and in 1896, sent engineers and locomotives to help build the Uganda Railways. In 1900, the GIPR became a British government owned company. The network spread to the modern day states of Assam, Rajasthan, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and soon various independent kingdoms began to have their own rail systems. In 1901, an early Railway Board was constituted, but the powers were formally invested under Lord Curzon. It served under the Department of Commerce and Industry and had a government railway official serving as chairman, and a railway manager from England and an agent of one of the company railways as the other two members. For the first time in its history, the Railways began to make a profit.
Revenues: The period between 1920 and 1929 was a period of economic boom. Following the Great Depression, however, the company suffered economically for the next eight years. The Second World War severely crippled the railways. Trains were diverted to the Middle East and later, the Far East to combat the Japanese. Railway workshops were converted to ammunitions workshops and some tracks (such as Churchgate to Colaba in Bombay) were dismantled for use in war in other countries. By 1946 all rail systems had been taken over by the government

后期：到1875年，英国公司在印度投资了大约9500万英镑。到1880年，该网络的路线里程约为14500公里（9000英里），主要从孟买、马德拉斯和加尔各答三个主要港口城市向内辐射。到1895年，印度开始建造自己的火车头，并于1896年派遣工程师和火车头帮助建造乌干达铁路。1900年，大印度半岛铁路（GIPR）成为英国政府所有的公司。该网络扩展到现代的阿萨姆邦、拉贾斯坦邦、特伦甘纳邦和安得拉邦，很快各个独立王国开始拥有自己的铁路系统。1901年，成立了早期的铁路委员会，但这些权力是在寇松勋爵的领导下正式授予的。它隶属于商务部和工业部，由一位政府铁路官员担任主席，另外两位成员是一位来自英国的铁路经理和一家铁路公司的代理人。铁路公司有史以来第一次开始盈利。
收入：1920年至1929年期间是经济繁荣时期。然而，在大萧条之后，该公司在接下来的八年里遭受了经济损失。第二次世界大战使铁路严重瘫痪。火车被转移到中东，后来为了与日本人作战又被转移到远东。铁路车间被改建为弹药车间，一些轨道（如孟买的从教堂门站到克拉巴站）被拆除，用于其他国家的战争。到1946年，所有的铁路系统都被政府接管了

Later Developments: In 1904, the idea to electrify the railway network was proposed by W.H White, chief engineer of the then Bombay Presidency government. He proposed the electrification of the two Bombay-based companies, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and the Bombay Baroda and Central India Railway (now known as CR and WR respectively).
Collapsing of Railways: With the arrival of World War I, the railways were used to meet the needs of the British outside India. With the end of the war, the railways were in a state of disrepair and collapse. Large scale corruption by British officials involved in the running of these railways companies was rampant. Profits were never reinvested in the development of British colonial India. In 1920, with the network having expanded to 61,220 km (38,040 mi), a need for central management was mooted by Sir William Acworth. Based on the East India Railway Committee chaired by Acworth, the government took over the management of the Railways and detached the finances of the Railways from other governmental revenues.The period between 1920 and 1929 was a period of economic boom; there were 41,000 mi (66,000 km) of railway lines serving the country; the railways represented a capital value of some 687 million sterling; and they carried over 620 million passengers and approximately 90 million tons of goods each year.

后来的发展：1904年，时任孟买总统府总工程师W.H White提出了铁路网电气化的想法。他提议对两家总部位于孟买的公司进行电气化改造，即大印度半岛铁路和孟买巴罗达铁路和印度中部铁路(现在分别被称为CR和WR)。
铁路崩溃：随着第一次世界大战的到来，铁路被用来满足英国在印度以外的需求。随着战争的结束，铁路处于失修和坍塌的状态。参与这些铁路公司运营的英国官员的大规模腐败十分猖獗。利润从未再投资于英国殖民地印度的发展。1920年，随着网络扩展到61220公里（38040英里），威廉·阿克沃斯爵士提出了中央管理的必要性。在阿克沃斯主持的东印度铁路委员会的基础上，政府接管了铁路的管理工作，并将铁路的财务与其他政府收入分离。1920年至1929年期间是经济繁荣时期；有41000英里（66000公里）的铁路线为该国服务；铁路的资本价值约为6.87亿英镑；它们每年运送超过6.2亿名乘客和大约9000万吨货物。

Following the Great Depression, the railways suffered economically for the next eight years. The Second World War severely crippled the railways. Starting in 1939, about 40% of the rolling stock including locomotives and coaches was taken to the Middle East. The railway workshops were converted to ammunition workshops and many railway tracks were dismantled to help the Allies in the war. By 1946, all railway systems had been taken over by the government.
The British Colonial Railways went to this state from a huge revenue collecting company to a debt ridden company. After the World War 2 British Colonial Railways lost 151 Billion Dollars.
Reason for shutdown: For the need of the British forces and it allies, about 1573 km of railway line was dismantled, almost all the locomotives were taken to the middle east for the services there. All the Railway Workshops were either closed or converted into ammunition factory. While the rolling stocks were dismantled for the need of metals in the war. Moreover the crippling corruption that has taken over the Railway system was also the one of the prime factor for the crippling of the Railways in India.

大萧条之后，铁路在接下来的八年里遭受了经济损失。第二次世界大战使铁路严重瘫痪。从1939年开始，包括火车头在内的大约40%的铁路车辆被运往中东。铁路车厢被改建为弹药车间，许多铁轨被拆除，以帮助盟军参与战争。到1946年，所有的铁路系统都被政府接管了。
英国殖民地铁路公司（British Colonial Railways）从一家庞大的税收公司发展成为一家负债累累的公司。第二次世界大战后，英国殖民地铁路公司损失了1510亿美元。
停运原因：为了英国军队及其盟友的需要，大约1573公里的铁路线被拆除，几乎所有的火车头都被送往中东，在那里服役。所有的铁路车间不是关闭了就是改成了弹药厂。由于战争需要金属，铁路车辆被拆除了。此外，接管铁路系统的严重腐败也是印度铁路瘫痪的主要因素之一。