拜占庭帝国大事记（年表）（三）
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备注：以下内容将按照年/月份展开，针对原文与译文的差异，我会适当增加一些补充的内容来让翻译更通俗易懂。本文有许多专有名词（如人物名字、地方名字、行政机构专属名词等），如有不准确的地方，还请各位大佬海涵与斧正，非常感谢！！！
其中，红色字体代表：补充内容（原文没有的）
蓝色字体代表：原文打了问号的（例如：? nicknamed ‘Chlorus’ ‘The Pale’）
第二部分 君士坦丁堡的正式运行 .公元约330-476年
公元330年
East 东罗马
11 May Dedication ceremony of Constantinople marks official inauguration of the new Eastern capital, with Alexander as Bishop.
君士坦丁堡的奉献仪式标志着东罗马新首都的正式落成，亚历山大担任主教。
公元331年
East/West 东/西罗马
Constantine’s chief minister Ablabius consul.
君士坦丁的首席大臣是阿布拉比乌斯（执政官，实际上，这时的执政官只是一个荣誉职位，说明皇帝足够重视他，但实际权力远不如以前）。
Constantine confiscates pagan temple treasures.
君士坦丁没收了异教神庙的财物。
? Foundation of St Peter’s Basilica, Rome.
？罗马圣彼得大教堂的地基
Arius’ supporters, led by Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia, appeal to Constantine.
阿里乌斯的支持者在尼科梅迪亚主教尤西比乌斯的带领下，向君士坦丁呼吁。
6 November Birth of Constantine’s half-brother Julius. Constantius’ second son Julian, later Emperor.
11月6日 君士坦丁同父异母的兄弟——朱利叶斯·君士坦提乌斯（Julius Constantius，罗马帝国的政治家，君士坦丁王朝的成员，是君士坦提乌斯·克洛鲁斯皇帝与他的第二任妻子弗拉维娅·马克西米亚娜·西奥多拉的儿子，是君士坦丁大帝同父异母的弟弟，朱利安的父亲）的次子朱利安（尤利安）出生了，朱利安后来成为了皇帝。
公元332年
East 东罗马
Sarmatians (in modern Wallachia) appeal to Constantine for help against Goths on steppes; Constantine and second son Constantius march into steppes to defeat Goths and Greeks in Cherson (Crimea) attack Goths in rear; Goths surrender and hand over hostages including son of ‘King’.
萨尔马提亚人（在现代的瓦拉几亚）向君士坦丁求助，要求帮助他们对付草原上的哥特人；君士坦丁和次子君士坦丁二世（如果是次子的话，应该是君士坦丁二世Flavius Claudius Constantinus）进军草原，击败哥特人，在赫尔松（克里米亚）的希腊人从后方攻击哥特人；哥特人投降并交出人质，包括其"国王"的儿子。
Constantine agrees to Arian and Alexandrian ‘Meletian’ faction’s requests for trial of Athanasius on trumped-up charges, he is acquitted.
君士坦丁同意阿里乌派和亚历山大' Melitians '派（Melitians ，有时被称为殉道者教会，是埃及早期的基督教教派。他们由艾斯尤特的主教 Melitius于 306 年创立，并作为一个小团体幸存到 8 世纪）的要求，以莫须有的罪名审判亚他那修，他被无罪释放了。
公元333年
West/East 东/西罗马
Constantine’s third son Constans made ‘Caesar’.
君士坦丁的第三个儿子君士坦斯被封为 "凯撒"。
Constantine’s half-brother Dalmatius consul, then goes to Antioch as ‘Censor’.
君士坦丁的同父异母兄弟达尔马提乌斯（弗拉维乌斯·达尔马提乌斯（Flavius Dalmatius，卒于 337 年），也被称为监察官达尔马提乌斯（ Dalmatius the Censor），他是一名监察官（333 年），是 4 世纪初 统治罗马帝国的君士坦丁王朝的成员）是执政官，后来去安提阿担任 "监察官"。
公元334年
East 东罗马
Constantius sent to Antioch as ‘Vicar’ of Eastern dioceses; Constantine’s eldest son Constantine granted Vicariate of Britain, Gaul, and Spain and Constans of Italy, Africa, and upper Danube.
君士坦提乌斯（二世）被派往安提阿担任东方教区的 "代理"；君士坦丁的长子君士坦丁（二世Flavius Claudius Constantinus）被授予不列颠、高卢和西班牙的代理权，君士坦斯被授予意大利、非洲和多瑙河上游的代理权。
Constantine campaigns against Sarmatians, but loses nerve and abandons camp to retire by sea as attack threatened by superior enemy force.
君士坦丁对萨尔马提亚人发动战争，但由于受到多于己方的敌军攻击，他失去了战斗的勇气，放弃了营地，从海上撤退了。
Athanasius tried at Caesarea (Palestine) for magic practices and murder, at instigation of ‘Meletian’ faction in Alexandria; he is acquitted after produces a Bishop the charges said had been murdered by him.
亚他那修在凯撒利亚（巴勒斯坦）因受亚历山大'Meletian'派的唆使、以魔法行为和谋杀罪受审；在出现了一位被指控的主教后，他被无罪释放。
公元335年
East/West 东/西罗马
Constantine makes the younger Dalmatius ‘Caesar’ and destined successor in lower Danube lands; his brother Hannibalianus to rule Pontus and Armenia.
君士坦丁让年轻的达尔马提乌斯成为 "凯撒"，并指定其为多瑙河下游地区的继承人；他的兄弟汉尼拔亚努斯则统治庞特和亚美尼亚。
Rebellion of Calocaerus, commander of Camel Corps in Cyprus; defeated and killed by Dalmatius.
驻塞浦路斯骆驼军团指挥官卡洛卡鲁斯叛乱；被达尔马提乌斯击败并杀害。
August Church council at Tyre, where Arian Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia secures Athanasius’ deposition for acts unworthy of Christian Bishop; he shows Constantine evidence that Athanasius threatened dock-strike at Alexandria to halt grain-supplies to Constantinople; Athanasius exiled to Trier.
8月，在提尔举行的教会会议上，尼科美迪亚的阿里派主教尤西比乌斯以不符合基督教主教身份的行为罢免了亚他那修；他向君士坦丁出示证据，证明亚他那修威胁要在亚历山大码头罢工以阻止对君士坦丁堡的粮食供应；亚他那修被流放至特里尔。
Constantine holds inauguration of Church of Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, with accompanying Church council to reconcile orthodox ‘Nicenes’ and Arians; Bishop Marcellus of Ancyra refuses to attend so he is deposed.
君士坦丁在耶路撒冷举行了圣墓教堂的落成典礼，同时召开了教会会议，他调和了正统的 "尼西亚"派和阿里教派；安西拉的马塞勒斯主教拒绝出席，因此他被废黜了。
31 December Death of Bishop Sylvester of Rome.
12月31日 罗马的西尔维斯特主教去世了。
? Constantine settles Sarmatians in Empire.
？君士坦丁将萨尔马提亚人安置在帝国内。
公元336年
West 西罗马
18 January Mark becomes Bishop of Rome.
1月18日，马克成为罗马主教。
East 东罗马
Hannibalianus, as designated ‘King of Kings’, marches into Armenia and
restores Roman authority.
汉尼拔亚努斯作为 "万王之王"，进军亚美尼亚，恢复了罗马的权威。
Early Athanasius deposed by council at Constantinople; Arius is invited to
capital to be reconciled with Constantine and receive communion and dies
suddenly there, according to his enemies in public lavatory.
亚他那修在早期被君士坦丁堡的议会废黜；阿里乌斯被邀请到首都与君士坦丁和解，并接受圣餐。但他突然死在那里。据他的敌人说是死在公共厕所里的。
West 西罗马
7 October Death of Bishop Mark.
10月7日，马克主教逝世。
公元337年
West 西罗马
6 February Julius elected Bishop of Rome.
2月6日 朱利叶斯当选为罗马主教。
East 东罗马
Paul succeeds Alexander as Bishop at Constantinople.
保罗接替亚历山大成为君士坦丁堡的主教。
Shapur II of Persia invades Armenia, deporting and blinding King Diran; Constantine prepares war to take over Armenia and starts to march East to join troops at Antioch.
波斯的沙普尔二世入侵亚美尼亚，刺瞎并驱逐了迪兰国王；君士坦丁为接管亚美尼亚而备战，并开始向东进军，他在安提阿与部队会合。
Constantine falls ill in Bithynia, receives baptism from the Arian Bishop Eusebius of Nicromedia at Helenopolis as condition deteriorates, and May dies at a nearby village aged probably 61/63.
君士坦丁在比提尼亚病倒了，在赫勒诺波利斯接受阿里派主教尤西比乌斯的洗礼，因为病情恶化，在附近的一个村庄去世了，去世时年龄可能是61/63岁。
Constantine’s campaign abandoned and body returned to Constantinople; sons join assembly of leadership in capital for funeral; Bishop Eusebius plots against Constantine’s half-brothers and nephews and spreads rumours.
君士坦丁的远征计划取消了，他的尸体被送回君士坦丁堡；他的儿子们在首都参加领导层集会，并参加父亲君士坦丁的葬礼；尤西比乌斯主教策划反对君士坦丁的同父异母兄弟和侄子，并散布谣言。
June Shapur invades Mesopotamia and unsuccessfuly besieges Nisibis; Bishop James dies during 63-day siege.
6月，沙普尔入侵美索不达米亚，围攻尼西比斯未果；詹姆斯主教在63天的围攻中死亡。
Constantine buried in Church of Holy Apostles at Constantinople, but his sons resist Dalmatius’ claim to lower Danube and Hannibalianus’ to Pontus and Armenia.
君士坦丁被埋葬在君士坦丁堡的圣徒教堂。他的儿子们抵制达尔马提乌斯对多瑙河下游的要求、抵制汉尼拔亚努斯对庞都和亚美尼亚的要求。
Imperial guardsmen riot and murder Dalmatius, Hannibalianus, their father Dalmatius, and latter’s brother Julius Constantius together with some sympathetic ministers, probably at Constantius’ initiative – the sons of Constantine are left sole heirs. Julius’ sons Gallus and Julian hidden in church and are spared.
帝国卫兵暴动，谋杀了尤利乌斯·君士坦提乌斯、汉尼拔以及他们的父亲达尔马提乌斯，后者的兄弟朱利叶斯-君士坦丁也死于暴乱之中，还有一些支持他们的大臣也遭殃，这可能是君士坦提乌斯（二世）的计划—君士坦丁的儿子们被留下作为唯一的继承人（君士坦丁的三个儿子——君士坦提乌斯二世、君士坦丁二世、君士坦斯一世）。朱利叶斯的儿子加勒斯和朱利安被藏在教堂里，得以幸免。
9 September Constantine’s sons agree to division of Empire in meeting at Viminiacum in Illyricum. Constantius sends Gallus to school at Tralles, and Julian to Nicomedia under Bishop Eusebius.
9月9日 ,君士坦丁的儿子们在伊利里库姆的维米尼亚库姆会议上讨论了帝国的划分。君士坦提乌斯将盖鲁斯送到特拉勒斯的学校，将朱利安送到尤西比乌斯主教手下的尼科美迪亚。
Shapur of Persia attacks Nisibis.
波斯的沙普尔（Shapur）进攻尼西比斯。
Athanasius returns to Alexandria and Marcellus to Ancyra with the acceptance of the Emperors, but they are refused entry by opponents led by Arians; they return to West with other expelled anti-Arian Bishops and Bishop Julius publicly accepts orthodoxy and admits them to communion.
亚他那修回到亚历山大，马塞勒斯回到安西拉，并得到了皇帝的认可，但他们被阿里派领导的反对者拒绝入境；他们与其他被驱逐的反阿里派主教一起回到西方，朱利叶斯主教对外公开接受这批人，接纳他们为圣徒。
公元338年
West/East 东/西罗马
September Division of Empire confirmed in formal agreement – Constantine II senior and in Spain, Gaul, and Britain; Constans Italy, Africa, Illyricum; Constantius East.
9月，帝国的划分在正式协议中得到确认--君士坦丁二世在西班牙、高卢和不列颠；君士坦斯在意大利、非洲、伊利里库姆；君士坦提乌斯二世在东方。
East 东罗马
Spring Constantius at Sirmium; he crosses Danube and campaigns successfully against Sarmatians.
春季，君士坦提乌斯二世在锡尔米乌姆；他穿过多瑙河，成功地打击了萨尔马提亚人。
公元339年
East 东罗马
Constantius returns to Constantinople, deposes Bishop Paul, and replaces him with his Arian adviser Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia; he starts Eastern tour en route to Persian war, as Persians withdraw to frontier.
君士坦提乌斯二世回到君士坦丁堡，用他的阿里乌派顾问——尼科梅迪亚的尤西比乌斯主教取代了保罗主教；当波斯人撤到边境时，他开始在前往波斯边境的途中进行东方之旅。
公元340年
East 东罗马
Constantius at Antioch and starts campaigns against Persia. (or 341) Eusebius consecrates Ulfilas as Bishop to convert Goths – to Arianism.
君士坦提乌斯二世在安提阿开始了对波斯的作战行动。(或 341年) 尤西比乌斯任命乌尔菲拉斯为主教，他使哥特人皈依了阿里乌教义。
West 西罗马
Constantine II attempts to invade Italy, but is ambushed near Aquileia and killed, aged 28; Constans rules all of West and proceeds to Trier to take over.
君士坦丁二世试图入侵意大利，但在阿奎莱亚附近遭到伏击，被杀，时年28岁。君士坦斯统治了整个西部地区，并前往特里尔接管事务。
Autumn Bishop Julius calls religious council at Rome which backs Athanasius and Marcellus of Ancyra as orthodox; he reproaches their congregations for deposing them without reference to other Bishops, particularly Rome, but Eastern Bishops do not attend or respond.
秋季，朱利叶斯主教在罗马召开宗教会议，会议支持亚他那修和安西拉的马塞勒斯为正统；他指责会众在没有征求其他主教，特别是罗马的意见的情况下就把他们赶走，但东部的主教们没有出席或作出回应。
公元341年
East 东罗马
Constantius in Antioch for 6 January dedication of ‘Greek Church’ (cathedral); the accompanying Church Council there supports Eusebius of Nicomedia against Nicene orthodoxy as interpreted by Marcellus of Ancyra, omitting phrase in Nicene creed; Bishop Julius of Rome appeals for general Church Council.
君士坦提乌斯二世在安提阿为1月6日的 "希腊教堂"（大教堂）献礼。随后的教会会议支持尼科美迪亚的尤西比乌斯，反对安西拉的马塞勒斯所解释的尼西亚正统，省略了尼西亚信条中的一些短语；罗马的朱利叶斯主教呼吁召开教会总会议。
Death of Bishop Eudoxius of Constantinople; Paul elected after dispute and riots.
君士坦丁堡主教尤多克斯去世；保罗在争议与骚乱后当选主教一职。
公元342年
East 东罗马
? Death of theologian Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia.
？神学家尼科美迪亚的尤西比乌斯主教去世了。
Constantius returns to Constantinople to sort out disputed election of Bishop, sacks Paul, and installs Macedonius.
君士坦提乌斯二世回到君士坦丁堡，解决有争议的主教选举问题，罢免了保罗，并扶持了马塞多尼乌斯。
Western and Eastern Bishops assemble at Sardica/Sofia in Balkans to sort out the correct orthodoxy and the positions of Athanasius and of Marcellus of Ancyra.
西方和东方的主教们在巴尔干半岛的萨迪卡/索菲亚集会，整理出正确的正统观念以及对亚他那修和安西拉的马塞勒斯的立场。
公元343年
East/West 东/西罗马
(or end of 342) General Council at Sardica/Sofia, but it breaks up as Western Bishops insist on Athanasius and Marcellus of Ancyra participating and Easterners refuse, withdraw and anathematize all concerned; two separate Councils follow, and Western majority upholds Athanasius and Nicene orthodoxy and issues revised creed that can admit Marcellus (accused of ‘Sabellianism’) to communion but which East condemns; West also anathematizes pro-Arian Bishop Valens of Mursa.
(或342年底)在萨迪卡/索非亚召开的总会议，西方主教坚持要求亚他那修和安西拉的马塞勒斯参加；而东方人拒绝，他们退出并诅咒所有相关人员，因此会议破裂；随后召开了两个独立的会议，西方多数人坚持亚他那修和尼西亚正统，并发布修订的信条，可以接纳马塞勒斯（被指控为 "萨伯利亚主义"），但东方对此强烈谴责；西方还诅咒穆尔萨的亲阿里派主教瓦伦斯。
Constantius campaigns in Adiabene against Persia.
君士坦提乌斯二世在阿迪亚波纳对波斯发动进攻。
公元344年
East 东罗马
Stephen, Bishop of Antioch and opponent of Athanasius, discredited for attempt to frame a Bishop with a harlot during Constantius’ church council at Antioch.
安提阿主教和亚他那修的反对者斯蒂芬（Stephen），因在君士坦提乌斯二世的教会会议期间试图陷害主教与妓女而名誉扫地。
Persians invade Roman Armenia across the river Tigris; Constantius II defeated at battle of Singara.
波斯人越过底格里斯河入侵罗马亚美尼亚；君士坦提乌斯二世在辛加拉之战中被击败。
公元345年
East 东罗马
Persians besiege Nisibis, which Constantius II relieves.
波斯人围攻尼西比斯，君士坦提乌斯二世解救了它。
公元346年
East 东罗马
Bishop Macedonius of Constantinople deposed; Paul restored.
君士坦丁堡的马其顿（一世）主教被废黜；保罗复职。
Athanasius visits Constantinople, gains imperial approval, and is allowed to return to Alexandria as Bishop; Gregory expelled.
亚他那修访问了君士坦丁堡，他获得了帝国的批准，并被允许回到亚历山大城担任主教；格雷戈里被驱逐。
公元348年
West 西罗马
Constans holds Games to celebrate 1100th anniversary of traditional date of Rome’s foundation.
君士坦斯举行运动会，庆祝罗马传统建城日期的1100周年。
公元350年
West/East 东/西罗马
18 January Marcellinus the Count of Privy Purse (‘Res Privatae’) hails German general Magnentius as Emperor at his son’s birthday-party at Augustodunum, Gaul, while Constans is out hunting, troops join in and revolt and Constans is killed in flight, aged 33. Magnentius secures control of West, aided by his Arian wife Justina (later married to Valentinian I) and Marcellinus, and sends to Constantius who refuses to recognise him and marches West into Balkans.
1月18日，枢密院伯爵马凯利努斯在高卢欧坦举行的儿子生日宴会上，欢呼日耳曼将军马格尼提乌斯为皇帝。当时君士坦斯正外出打猎，他的军队加入马格尼提乌斯并发动起义，君士坦斯在逃亡中被杀，时年33岁。马格尼提乌斯在他的阿里安派的妻子贾斯蒂纳（后来嫁给瓦伦提尼安一世）和马塞利努斯的帮助下，确保了对西部的控制，并派人去找君士坦提乌斯二世；君士坦提乌斯二世拒绝承认其合法性，并进军巴尔干地区。
Constantia, widow of Constantine I’s half-brother Hannibalianus, raises Vetranio, governor of Illynicum, to throne as her candidate but he refrains from fighting Constantius and assures him of good will.
君士坦丁一世（父亲：君士坦提乌斯·克洛鲁斯；母亲：海伦娜）同父异母的兄弟汉尼拔亚努斯（父亲：君士坦提乌斯·克洛鲁斯；母亲：弗拉维娅·马克西米亚娜·西奥多拉）的遗孀君士坦蒂娜（君士坦丁大帝与第二任妻子法乌斯塔），将伊利尼库姆的总督韦特拉尼奥推上王位作为候选人。总督避免与君士坦提乌斯二世作战，并向他保证会有好的结果。
3 June Nepotianus, nephew of Constantine I, leads revolt outside Rome and he enters to evict Praetorian Praefect Anicetus, 10 June Marcellinus restores Magnentius’ control of city after fighting, and Nepotianus and his mother Eutropia among the killed.
6月3日，君士坦丁一世的侄子尼波提安努斯在罗马城外领导起义，他进城驱逐禁卫军禁卫军阿尼塞图斯。6月10日，马塞利努斯（马格南蒂乌斯的将军）在战斗后恢复了马格尼提乌斯对城市的控制，尼波提安努斯和他的母亲欧特罗皮亚也被杀了。
Persia invades Armenia, deports King Tiridates II, and installs son Arsaces III as ruler. Late Constantius summons nephews Gallus and Julian from Cappadocian exile to Sirmium.
波斯入侵亚美尼亚，驱逐亚美尼亚的国王提里达特二世，并让儿子阿尔萨塞斯三世成为当地的统治者。君士坦提乌斯二世后期将侄子加勒斯和朱利安从卡帕多西亚流放到锡尔米姆。
未 完 待 续 !
